Index

Page numbers in bold indicate a table on the corresponding page

advice book 5, 8, 10–11, 23, 25, 28, 33, 35, 49

age: era 4, 6, 30, 235; life-course 40, 44, 46, 58–63, 73; marriage 6, 25, 83; schooling/training 104–6, 144–5, 209, 211–13, 245–6; as a tool for social categorization 25–6, 30, 33, 35, 46, 51, 56, 104–6

Americanization 233–6, 242–6, 248–54

apprentice 3, 12, 81, 91, 104, 105–6, 111, 116n16, 159; apprenticeship 43, 47, 51

artisan 10, 12–13, 49, 102–6, 108–9, 110, 113, 115n8, 116n11; blacksmiths 102, 107; goldsmith 177; shoemakers 102, 107–9, 111–13, 117n28, 177, 180; smith 102, 106–14, 116n22, 117n26; taylor 102, 106–14, 131–2, 134, 180

assimilation 121, 124, 157–8, 262, 266–7, 269, 272–3, 276, 286

association: non-profit 129, 240, 242, 283, 295n2; professional 191, 284, 294; voluntary 172, 187, 189, 201n8, 239, 266, 291

authority: formal 13, 41, 45, 48; parental 26, 30–2, 40, 240; patriarchal 11, 13, 23, 27, 34, 41–2, 52, 105; religious 44, 48–9, 51, 124

baby boomers 60, 144, 148, 156, 162

Baltic German 80, 83–4, 86, 90, 95n2

body 31–2, 173, 206, 210

business: family 12, 80, 82–4, 87, 91–5, 105, 107, 111, 113–14, 131, 133, 159; livelihood 93–4, 97n16, 122, 131–3, 137, 213, 220, 228; private 178, 220; studying 13, 142, 151, 246

capital: cultural capital 82, 83, 93, 95, 178, 181, 187, 189, 192, 194; economic capital 199; family capital 73, 74, 83; social capital 12, 80, 82–4, 86–8, 94–5, 143, 187–90, 192, 194–5, 197, 199, 248

Catechism 4, 44, 48–9, 51, 251, 256n14

chastity 26, 27, 197

child labour 6, 7, 268

child welfare 6, 220, 222, 223

citizenship 8–10, 121, 123, 127, 233–6, 239, 243–5, 248–9, 251–4, 255n2

co-education 88, 210, 213, 215, 221, 223

collective biography 15n12, 103, 207, 225n3

communism 125, 244–5, 250, 253, 285

community 1, 2, 11, 14, 191, 194; academic 206, 210, 211, 212, 216; early modern 31, 32, 41, 42, 43, 46, 47, 51, 52; German 80, 82–4, 88, 90, 93–4; immigrant 56, 58–9, 63, 68, 72–4, 236, 238, 242, 249, 254; Jewish 120, 126, 128–9, 131, 133, 137, 286; rural 47, 106, 108, 114, 115n2; Sami 263, 264, 278

craft guilds 102, 104; guild order 104, 116n12; journeyman 3, 104, 106

death 15n3, 31–2, 62, 87, 103, 109, 123, 135, 153, 176, 189–91, 199, 200, 225n6

democracy 14n1, 68–9, 174, 233, 235, 250, 254, 276

diary: as ego document 9, 15, 81, 190; as memoir 192–5, 199; as tool of self-education 196–8, 201n12

disciplinary correction 5, 23, 24, 30–1, 33–5

discipline: in community/society 24, 30, 41, 43, 45, 48–50, 105; in household 2, 11, 29, 31–4, 45, 48, 49, 50, 239, 290

domestic violence 24, 31–2, 34–5, 41

duty: of children 7; of father/male 34, 42, 48, 95, 109, 153, 198, 238; of mother/female 217, 250; as a norm 12, 43, 48, 155, 197, 199, 240; of parents 11, 23, 31–3, 51; of society 8, 46, 49

Eastern Europe 120–2, 124, 126–9, 131, 135–6, 138, 139n5, 187, 289

education/schooling: civic 13, 233–6, 239, 242–3, 245–6, 253–4; comprehensive 15n10, 284, 286; compulsory 7, 8, 15n9, 142, 146, 150, 154, 156, 283, 288, 295n3; as a duty 7, 271, 273; female 208–9, 224; formal 2, 13, 43–4, 87, 90, 96n9, 143–4, 146, 149–50, 152, 155, 160, 162, 264–8, 273, 284, 287, 291; higher 9, 13, 68, 161, 162n3, 186, 206–10, 215, 224, 270, 278, 285; multicultural 293; Nordic model 8; as an opportunity/resource 6–8, 63, 143, 155, 180, 251, 263, 268, 277–8; private 46, 80, 88–90, 96n10, 97n16, 150–1, 221, 295n3; religious 41, 43–4, 51, 251; subjects /objects of 283, 287–8; vocational 13, 61, 66, 146, 150–8, 161–2

elite: aristocracy 84, 213; cultural 208; German (urban) 9, 12, 80, 83, 86, 87; merchant 79, 80, 93, 95; Swedish-speaking 94, 186–8, 190, 195–7, 199

entrepreneurship 57, 68, 73, 123–4, 131, 137

equality: economic 13; gender 13, 14, 83, 88; social 13, 85, 162n3, 174, 261; as a value/idea 1, 4–5, 8, 57, 234, 239–40, 250, 253–4, 255n3, 276

experience: in education 2, 20, 26, 211–12, 214, 223; generation 58, 60, 144, 156; key experience 60; life experience 60–1, 63–4, 67; migration 1, 121, 250, 287; in schooling 63, 66, 157, 261, 263–5, 272, 276, 287, 290

family history 5, 61, 62, 173

family strategy 12, 82–4, 93, 95

Fennoman movement 172, 177, 180–1, 181n2, 188, 190, 195, 197–9, 201n13, 209, 224, 225n5, 239, 255n3

gender: as a category 26, 42, 81, 122, 124, 131, 133–5, 137, 255n1; related to hierarchy 11, 14, 23, 26, 46, 218; related to societal order 25, 27, 34–5, 44, 207, 212, 215, 217, 224, 240, 265

generation: biological 58–60, 59; Fennoman 197; inter-generational 73, 173, 187–8; social 28, 59, 59–60, 126

Hajnal model 5

hierarchy 4, 27–9, 30, 35, 88, 135, 239–40, 294

Holy communion 4, 103

household: early modern 11, 13, 23–31, 33–4, 41–7, 52; rural 7, 102–3, 105, 107, 109, 112, 114, 115n8, 116n17; urban 71, 80, 84, 90, 126, 151, 153, 155, 160, 176–7, 193–4, 196

Imperial Russia 96n14, 120–1, 124–5, 138n4, 187

intelligentsia 7, 186–200

justice 24, 30–1, 81, 139n8, 213, 240, 247

labour movement 5, 238, 239–41, 244–5, 250, 252, 255n3, 268

learning by doing 91, 106, 114

life course 9, 56–7, 59–60, 62–4, 69–70, 73, 103, 117n33, 143

love 6, 29, 30, 34, 41, 43, 48–9, 50, 197, 239–40, 252

Lutheran Church 4, 7, 44, 63, 84, 240, 251, 255n8

marriage: age 6, 51; as an institution 26–7, 29–30, 80, 87, 103, 107, 117n33, 223; as a network 1, 5, 14n3, 81, 83, 112, 113–14, 122, 124, 128–30, 129–30, 138, 179; as a pattern 1, 5, 14n3, 81–3, 113–14, 113, 122, 124, 128–30, 138, 179; as a strategy 9, 12, 79, 81–2, 84, 88, 93–5, 111–12, 117n34, 135, 171, 179, 181, 188

matriculation examination 153, 187, 206–12, 215, 218–24, 225n3

merchants 9, 49, 79–80, 82, 84, 87, 89–93, 95, 96n9, 120, 132, 134–5, 137, 177, 182n13, 213

middle class: family 14, 84, 137, 146, 150, 152–4, 161, 163n6, 189, 209; life style 138, 188, 193, 200, 233–4; woman/girl 134–5, 221, 223–4

migration: to America 68–9, 234, 237, 242–4, 248; to Nordic countries 120–2, 124–6, 128, 130, 283–4, 286–90, 292, 294; as a phenomenon 1, 11, 57, 74, 81, 117n34, 121

nation building 2, 7, 8, 10–11, 13, 234, 239, 248

networks: business 79, 133; as a category 8–12; cultural 191–2, 195, 199; family 11, 12, 80–3, 93–4, 103, 105, 199–200, 214, 237; local 189, 191; transnational 8, 11, 83, 86

Nordic countries 3–8, 12–14, 15n5, 120–4, 126–9, 131–2, 134–7, 174, 209, 263, 265, 289

occupation: choices of 103, 125, 146, 157, 159–61, 164n17, 192–3, 220, 222; learning of 110, 112, 146, 148, 151–2, 156–8, 163n12, 224; as livelihood 70, 102, 131, 142, 146, 162n4, 193, 201n10, 222; as social background 58, 103, 108, 113, 115, 159, 163n6, 174–5, 177–8, 213, 225n3, 265

parenting 8, 10–11, 23, 25, 30, 32, 40

patriarchy 24, 35

play 4, 45, 46, 47, 51, 292

power: as a category 4, 8, 23, 42, 43, 48, 57, 74, 173, 246, 264, 292; disciplinary 51–2; ecclesiastical 4, 9, 172; gendered 24, 45, 84; parental 28, 30, 33–4, 41, 52, 71–2, 93–4, 157; patriarchal 32, 33, 48, 52; political 4, 64, 235; relation 24, 45, 264

prosopography 15n12, 103, 115n7, 207

punishment 30–2, 34, 48, 50–2, 265

Reformation 3, 4, 25, 47

Sami language 261, 262, 265, 267, 269–77

school: ambulatory 4, 201n10, 277; American school system 245–8; attendance (compulsory) 7, 15n9, 245, 267; boarding/residential 86, 94–5, 256, 267, 272; cadet school 89, 96n14; cathedral 47; commercial/vocational 142, 149, 151, 156, 222; comprehensive 8, 15n10, 162, 284, 286; Danish school system 283–95; elementary/primary 7, 13, 15n9, 63, 142, 144, 146, 148, 151, 157, 162–3, 181, 193–4, 220, 222, 261, 263, 266–78; Finnish school system 144–5, 145, 150, 162n3, 175, 180, 187, 220–1; grammar/secondary school 172, 144, 146–7, 147, 149, 150–1, 159, 162–3, 186–90, 192–5, 197–200, 208, 211, 215, 219–20, 267, 288; Marxist/socialist 244, 252, 254, 256n10; private school 88–90, 150–1, 221; Sami school system 261–78; Sunday School 251, 253; transition from school to work 143, 157–8, 161; university 171, 173–4, 209, 225n3

self-improvement 195–7, 199

skills: business/trade 87–8, 91, 125, 136; civic 148, 235, 246, 248, 252, 290; craft 12–13, 103–7, 111, 114, 116n11; cultural 58–9, 86, 90, 122, 177, 277; language 49, 61, 80, 92, 151, 181, 243, 247–8; professional 8, 88, 163n9, 175; social 82, 94–5, 208, 246; vocational 144, 151, 154, 156, 158–61

socialisation 1, 2, 12, 51, 59, 72–3, 264

socialism 125, 236, 267, 241, 243–5, 250, 252, 254, 255n8

social mobility: as a category 7–9, 12, 66, 123, 125, 143, 174–5, 177–8, 180–1, 182n11, 187, 246; down ward 122, 131, 137–8, 149, 154, 171–4, 177, 180, 199, 246; upward 188

social position: as a category 6, 14, 57, 82, 86, 114, 126, 156, 163n13, 172–6, 178–9; middle class 7, 9, 10, 13, 137, 150, 172, 175, 178, 182n6, 186, 189, 199–200, 201n10, 212–14; upper class 6, 12, 14, 87, 135, 187, 207, 208, 211, 213; upper middle-class 84, 193, 199, 200, 209, 213, 223, 224; working class 132, 146, 153, 160–1, 201n11, 213, 240

social reproduction 79, 82, 93, 94, 95, 143

sphere: cultural 5, 209; domestic/private 25, 32–3, 46, 51, 138; gendered 42, 211–12; national 264

St Petersburg 15n3, 80–1, 83, 87–90, 92, 95n2, 96n6, 97n16, 125, 173, 177, 182n13

student nation 173–5, 175, 177–81, 182n7, 183n18, 216–18, 220, 224, 235

teacher training 7, 218, 221, 246, 266, 269, 274

university: Cambridge 206, 214, 216; career 177, 180; as an educational institution 12, 14, 90–1, 171–3, 187–8, 194, 290; Helsinki 91, 96n12, 172, 173, 187, 207, 211, 212, 220, 221, 222, 223, 225nn2–4; London 206, 214, 216; Manchester 210, 211, 215; Oxford 206, 214, 216; Switzerland 206; Uppsala 213, 225; Abo 223;

upbringing: as a category 1, 8–10, 29, 32, 42, 45; in community 8, 14, 52, 240, 251, 253; in family 10–11, 26, 31–2, 46, 71, 105, 239, 271; gendered 13–14, 105, 116n19, 122, 207, 238; in society 2, 24, 41, 43, 49, 51

values: gendered values 11, 13, 253; good life 8, 11, 27, 56–7, 61–74, 70; hard work/“sisu” 61–2, 64–5, 71–3, 155, 174, 237–9, 249; middle-class values 122, 131, 137–8, 189; patriarchal values 11, 14, 44; religious values 4, 8, 10–11, 15n9, 43–4, 63, 73, 251–2; transfer of values 1, 5, 43, 79, 123, 128

Vyborg 79–85, 89–92, 94, 95n2, 96n3, 97n16, 131, 173, 177–8, 181, 182n8, 183n15, 208, 211–12, 214–15

welfare state 1, 4, 8, 15n8, 57, 58, 66, 68–70, 73, 156, 162n3, 274, 288

whipping 31–4, 208

workhouse 189, 193, 195, 200, 201n10

Yiddish 120, 125, 128, 138n2