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Conclusions

In examining these data on the Middle East and North Africa, I have attempted to connect spatial patterns of disease incidence with characteristic fea­tures of the local environments.

The study has indi­cated how the geography, topography, and resulting climates have been used and misused by humankind over time. The negative aspects of all these factors led to low populations in this region until very re­cently. With the introduction Ofhydroelectric power and petroleum, the ensuing industrialization has en­abled even greater proportions of the populations to live on the seacoast or river banks, and to develop urban centers.

The disease ecologies resulting from the peculiar rural environment, mainly with insufficient water; the specific problems of overcrowded, spatially lim­ited living areas near water; and the general nutri­tional deficiencies of poor economies have now been augmented by increasing population. This phenome­nal population rise following the establishment of post—World War II stability has especially aggra­vated conditions of overcrowding, substandard hous­ing, and sanitation and poor nutrition in the urban communities. Although the economic and political patterns of the region vary among the countries, the interrelationships of many of the other factors re­main similar.

LaVerne Kuhnke

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Source: Kiple Kenneth F. (Editor). The Cambridge World History of Human Disease. Cambridge University Press,1993. — 1200 p.. 1993

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