Contents

List of figures x

List of maps xii

List of table xiii

List of contributors xiv Preface xv Acknowledgments xxi

i ∙ Introduction and overview 1

DAVID CHRISTIAN

PART i:

HISTORIOGRAPHY, METHOD, AND THEMES

2 ∙ Writing world history 41

MARNIE HUGHES-WARRINGTON

3 ∙ The evolution of world histories 56

DOMINIC SACHSENMAIER

4 ∙ Evolution, rupture, and periodization 84

MICHAEl lANG

5 ∙ From divergence to convergence: centrifugal and centripetal forces in history 110

DAVID R.

6 ∙ Belief, knowledge, and language 132

lUkE ClOSSEy

7 ∙ Historiography of technology and innovation 165 DANIEL R. HEADRICK

8 ∙ Fire and fuel in human history 185

JOHAN GOUDSBLOM

9 ∙ Family history and world history: from domestication to Biopolitics 208 MARYJO MAYNES AND ANN WALTNER

10 ∙ Gendered world history 234

MERRY E. wIESNER-HANKS

11 ∙ What does anthropology contribute to world history? 261

JACK GOODY

12 ∙ Migration in human history 277

pATRICK MANNING

PART ii:

THE PALEOLITHIC AND THE BEGINNINGS OF HUMAN HISTORY

13 ∙ Before the farmers: culture and climate from the emergence of Homo sapiens to about ten thousand years Ago 313

Felipe Fern_jAndez-Armesto

14 ∙ Early humans: tools, language, and culture 339

CHRISTOPHER EHRET

15 ∙ Africa from 48,000 to 9500 bce 362

CHRISTOPHER EHRET

16 ∙ Migration and innovation in palaeolithic europe 394

John f. hoffecker

17 ∙ Asian Palaeolithic dispersals 414

ROBIN DENNELL

Contents

ι8 ∙ The Pleistocene colonization and occupation of Australasia 433 PETER HISCOCK

19 ∙ The Pleistocene colonization and occupation of the Americas 461

NICOLE M. WAGUESPACK

Index 478

Figures

6.1 Tesla coil XKCD cartoon (www.xkcd.com).

6.2 Graph of wealth and religiosity (www.pewglobal.org/2007/ 10/04/world-

publics-welcome-global-trade-but-not-immigration). 144

6.3 Chart of the spread of mathematical ideas (Figure 1.4, pp. 14-15, George

Gheverghese Joseph, The Crest of the Peacock: Non-European Roots of Mathematics, 2nd edn., London: Penguin Books, 2000). 148

6.4 1890 map of areas with history and those without (from Synchronological

Chart of Universal History, Edward Hull, 1890). 156

6.5 Percentage of world history textbook content about science or religion,

by era. 158

6.6 Percentage of world history textbook content centred on “the West” for

science and religion. 158

7.1 “The Opening of the Great Exhibition by Queen Victoria on 1 May 1851” by Henry Courtney Selous, 1851-2 (oil on canvas) (reproduced by kind permission of the Trustees of the Victoria & Albert Museum). 167

7.2 The Enoia Gay, the Boeing B-29 Super Fortress bomber, which dropped the first atomic bomb over Japan in the Second World War (© Richard

T. Nowitz/Corbis). 170

7.3 James Watt's (1736-1819) prototype steam engine ‘Old Bess' c. 1778 (World

History Archive/Alamy). 171

9.1 Reconstruction of a house at Catalhoyuk (© Mauricio Abreu/JAI/

Corbis). 213

9.2 Coffins of children unearthed at a Yangshao burial site at Luoyang, in

China's central Henan province (© Imaginechina/Corbis). 216

9.3 Stela depicting a woman presenting a jaguar mask to a priest, from

Yaxchilan (stone), Maya (Museo Nacional de Antropologia, Mexico City, Mexico/Bridgeman Images). 218

9.4 “Black and Indian Produce a Wolf,” c. 1715 (oil on canvas), Juarez, Juan Rodriguez (1675-1728). In the title of this casta painting, the term “wolf’ refers to one of the fanciful names for a racial category (Breamore House, Hampshire, UK/Bridgeman Images). 223

9.5 Advertisement for a German public information brochure titled “Healthy

Parents - Healthy Children!”, 1934 (colour litho) (Deutsches Historisches Museum, Berlin, Germany/DHM/Bridgeman Images).

List of figures

9.6 US advertisement showing a man returning from work to a suburban home, greeted by his family in the front yard, 1956 (© GraphicaArtis/ Corbis). 230

10.1 Elderly women in Moscow wait in front of a counter on a food line to buy

blocks of butter (© Shepard Sherbell/CORBIS SABA). 237

10.2 Hijras at a Pride March organized by the LGBT community in Mumbai, February 2014, to protest Indian laws that criminalize sexual acts between consenting adults of the same sex (© Subhash Sharma/ZUMA Press/

Corbis). 243

10.3 US Army enlistment poster by H. R. Hopps, 1917-18 (© Heritage Images/

Corbis). 252

10.4 British Second World War poster recruiting female factory workers

(© Heritage Images/Corbis). 253

10.5 British First World War recruiting poster (© Corbis). 254

10.6 Indian nationalist BJP party officials, including Narendra Modi, who

became Prime Minister in 2014, light a candle in front of an image of

Mother India (© AMIT DAVE/Reuters/Corbis). 257

15.1 Elands, hunters, and spirit beings: Khoesan Rock art at Game Pass, South

Africa (photograph by Christopher Ehret). 374

15.2 Batwa Rock Art (photograph by Benjamin Smith). 375

16.1 Jaw and teeth dated from 1.2 to 1.1 million years ago, found at Atapuerca in

northern Spain (© Sani Otero/epa/Corbis). 398

16.2 Neanderthal man skull (Homo sapiens neanderthalensis) (De Agostini Picture

Library/A. Dagli Orti/Bridgeman Images). 401

16.3 Head and shoulders of a sculpted model of a female Neanderthal, National

Geographic Society, Washington, D.C. (© Mark Thiessen/National

Geographic Society/Corbis). 405

16.4 Venus of Dolni Vestonice, a small ceramic statue dating from 30,000 to

25,000 bce, from a Gravettian era settlement in Moravia (© Walter

Geiersperger/Corbis). 411

17.1 The climatic pulse of the Pleistocene. 424

17.2 Summary model of population dynamics under the climatic shifts of the

Pleistocene in continental Asia.

17.3 The Tajik loess and palaeosol record (reprinted from Quaternary Science

Reviews, 18 (10-11), Tungsheng Liu, Zhonglli Ding, and Rutter, N., “Comparison of Milankovitch periods between continental loess and deep sea records over the last 2.5 Ma.,” pp. 1205-12, copyright 1999, with permission from Elsevier). 427

19.1 A sample of Early Paleoindian projectile point types: (a) Clovis, (b) Folsom,

(c) tapered-base point from South America, (d) Chindadn. 466

Maps

5.1 DNA evidence of global human migration since about 170,000 years ago.

Source: Wikipedia Commons, licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution-Share Alike 3.0 Unported license. 114

5.2 African language map, showing Bantu language area (Niger-Congo B). Source: Wikipedia Commons, licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution-Share Alike 3.0 Unported license; created by Mark

Dingemanse. 118

6.1 “Knowledge makers” in courses taught at the University of Cambridge. 155

12.1 Shifting climate and migration in Africa, 200,000 to 100,000 years ago. 281

12.2 Occupying the planet, 70,000 to 25,000 years ago. 284

12.3 Glacial Maximum and Holocene eras, 25,000 to 5,000 years ago. 287

12.4 Language migration and expansion, 10,000 to 5,000 years ago. 290

12.5 Eurasian developments, 3000 bce to 800 ce. 293

12.6 Agricultural expansion, 3000 bce to 800 ce. 295

12.7 Maritime and pastoral migration, 800-1500 ce. 297

12.8 Forced migration, 800-1900 ce. 301

12.9 Global migration after 1850. 305

12.10 Twentieth-century urbanization. 308

14.1 The earliest Later Stone Age: the cultural world of the common ancestors

of all modern humans, c. 68,000-61,000 bce. 350

14.2 At the threshold of human dispersal out of Africa: our common human

ancestors of the Later Stone Age, c. 50,000-48,000 bce. 355

15.1 Dispersals of fully modern humans with Later Stone Age technology

across Africa, 48,000-30,000 bce. 363

15.2 MajorculturaltraditionsofAfrica, 16,000-15,000 bce. 373

17.1 Primary evidence for early Homo erectus in Asia. 417

17.2 Sites with the earliest skeletal evidence for Homo sapiens in Asia and

northeast Africa. 421

18.1 Pleistocene continent of Australia. 434

19.1 Location of Late Pleistocene sites mentioned in text from the Americas. 464

Table

8.i Global estimates of population (in millions) and energy use (GJ/capita).

203