Contents

List of figures xii

List of maps xiv

List of tables xv

List of contributors xvi

Preface xvii

PART ONE

MIGRATIONS AND ENCOUNTERS

i ■ Global migrations 3

DIRK HOERDER

2 ■ Patterns of warfare, 1400-1800 29

JEREMY BLACK

3 ■ The first global dialogues: inter-cultural relations, 1400-1800 50

JOHN E.

4 ■ Legal encounters and the origins of global law 80

LAuREN BENTON AND ADAM CLuLOw

PART TwO

TRADE, EXCHANGE, AND PRODUCTION

5 ■ The Columbian Exchange 103

NOBLE DAVID COOK

6 ■ The slave trade and the African diaspora 135

JOHN THORNTON

7 ■ The organization of trade in Europe and Asia, 1400-1800 160

FRANCESCA TRIVELLATO

8 ■ Entrepreneurs, families, and companies 190 CHARLES H. PARkER

9 ■ Silver in a global context, 1400-1800 213 DENNIS O. FLyNN

10 ■ Dutch and English trade to the East: the Indian Ocean and the Levant, to about 1700 240

JAmES D. TRACy

ii ■ Plantation societies 263

TREVOR buRNARD

12 ■ Industrious revolutions in early modern world history 283 kAORU SugIHARA AND R. bIN WONg

PART THREE

RELIGION AND RELIGIOUS CHANGE

13 ■ The scholarly discovery of religion in early modern times 313

guy STROumSA

14 ■ Christianity in Europe and overseas 334

R. PO-CHIA HSIA

15 ■ Islam in the early modern world 358

NILE gREEN

16 ■ Religious change in East Asia 387

EUgENIO MENBgON AND gINA COgAN

PART FOUR

QUESTIONS OF METHOD

17 ■ On early modern historiography 425

sanjay Subrahmanyam

18 ■ Microhistory and world history 446

CARLO GINZBURG

Index 474

Figures

2.1 An illustration of the tactical use of artillery from the military manual “I,’Art de TArtillerie" by Wolff de Senftenberg, late sixteenth century (Min.

2.2 Ottomanjanissaries armed with guns attack the fortress at Rhodes in 1522, in a miniature from the Suleymaname, a court chronicle prepared at the court of Sultan Suleiman the Magnificent (Universal History ArchiveZUIGZ Bridgeman Images) 37

2.3 Ottoman armies besiege the fortified city of Neuhausel (now Nove Zamky) in Slovakia in 1663, in an engraving from a book on the Ottoman campaigns in Europe (Private CollectionZThe Stapleton CollectionZBridgeman Images) 39

2.4 Plan of the Citadel of Turin in 1664, showing trace italienne, the star-shaped fortifications designed to withstand cannon (Historical Archive, Turin, ItalyZ IndexZBridgeman Images) 40

2.5 Oil painting by the Franco-British artist Dominic Serres (1722-93),

the official naval painter for King George iii, shows a French man of war surrendering to a British ship (Private CollectionZArthur Ackermann Ltd., IondonZBridgeman Images) 43

2.6 The bombardment of Prague by the Prussian army in 1757, during the Seven Years’ War, in an engraving by the English engraver Peter Benazech (Private CollectionZBridgeman Images) 45

3.1 Gentile Bellini (c.1429-1507) Seated Scribe, 1479-81 (pen and brown ink with watercolour and gold on paper) (© Isabella Stewart Gardner Museum, Boston, MA, USAZBridgeman Images) 68

3.2 Ottoman portrait of a painter, late fifteenth century (Freer Gallery of ArtZ Arthur M. Sackler Gallery, Smithsonian Institution) 69

3.3 Frontispiece from Bernard and Picart’s Ceremonies et coutumes religieuses de tous les peuples du monde (1723-43) (© The Trustees of the British Museum. All rights reserved.) 77

5.1 Tobacco plant, in an English translation of Nicolas Monardes' work, “News

of the New-Found Worlde," 1596 (Private CollectionZJ. T. VintageZ Bridgeman Images) 122

List of figures

7.1 A busy Dutch harbor scene at Dordrecht, 1651, showing a variety of types of ships, in an oil painting by SimonJacobsz Vlieger (c.1600-53) (FitzwiUiam Museum, University of Cambridge, UK/Bridgeman Images) 164

7.2 Page from a Dutch newspaper "HoUandsche Mercurius” of 1653, showing Oliver Cromwell as Lord Protector of England and a convoy of ships below (Universal History Archive/UIG/Bridgeman Images) 167

7.3 Armenian merchant, from a French travel journal, The navigations, peregrinations, and voyages made into Turkie, by the French geographer Nicolas de Nicolay, 1568 (De Agostini Picture Library/Bridgeman Images) 171

7.4 The Dutch siege of the Indian city of Pondicherry in August 1693, in an illustration from the travel diary of a Jesuit missionary (pen and ink and watercolour on paper) (Bibliotheque Nationale, Paris, France/Archives Charmet/Bridgeman Images) 177

7.5 The crowded harbor of Canton, c.1800 (Peabody Essex Museum, Salem, Massachusetts, USA/Bridgeman Images) 180

8.1 Nicolas Maes (1634-93) The Account Keeper, 1656 (oil on canvas)

(Saint Louis Art Museum, Missouri, USA/Bridgeman Images) 198

9.1 Steady state for a reproducible and consumable good 223

9.2 100 percent silver-price premium in China vis-a-vis world, 1590s 227

9.3 End of the Potosi-Japan cycle of silver, end of arbitrage by 1640 228

9.4 50 percent silver-price premium in China vis-a-vis world, 1700 230

9.5 Global silver-price equilibration, 1750 231

9.6 Carolus dollar market, early nineteenth century 231

9.7 Silver bullion market, early nineteenth century 232

14.1 Pasguale Cati, The Council of Trent, 1588-9.

in Trastevere, Rome, Italy / Bridgeman Images) 354

15.1 Mosque of Sokollu Mehmet Pasha, Istanbul, 1572 359

15.2 Tomb Tower Shrine of Safi al-Din, the leader of a Safavid Sufi order, Ardabil, Iran, c.1500 366

16.1 Leaf from an eighteenth-century book illustrating and describing the eighteen luohans, the original followers of the Buddha, venerated by the Qianlong emperor and a popular subject in Chinese Buddhist art (The Trustees

of the Chester Beatty Library, Dublin/Bridgeman Images) 393

16.2 A Daoist temple at the Mount Wudang temple complex, Hubei Province (© Ryan Pyle/Corbis) 394

16.3 The Sheng Xin Lou or "Tower of Introspection” inside the Great Mosque at Xian, founded in the eighth century and largely built in the Ming dynasty (Werner Forman Archive/Bridgeman Images) 400

16.4 Seventeenth-century Japanese devotional image of Amitabha, the principal Buddha in Pure Land Buddhism (San Diego Museum of Art, USA/Bequest of Mrs Cora Timken Burnett/Bridgeman Images) 413

Maps

7.1 Long-distance maritime trade routes, c.1700 184

10.i Indian Ocean in the 1600s 248

Tables

5.1 Viral, bacterial, and protozoal agents introduced to the Americas 112

5.2 Major New World epidemics, 1493-1600 114

5.3 Major regional New World epidemics, 1600-1650 116

5.4 Origins of the most important domesticated plants 123

5.5 Origins of the most important domesticated animals 126

5.6 Regional estimates for the Aboriginal American population in 1492 130