Contents

List of figures xii List of maps xiv List of table xv

List of contributors xvi Preface xix

i ■ Introduction ι

BENJAMIN Z. KEDAR AND MERRY E. WIESNER-HANKS

PART i:

GLOBAL DEVELOPMENTS

2 ■ Humans and the environment: tension and co-evolution 43 JOACHIM RADKAU

3 ■ Women, family, gender, and sexuality 70

SuSAN MOSHER STuARD

4 ■ Society: hierarchy and solidarity 94

SuSAN REYNOlDS

5 ■ Educational institutions 116

lINDA WAlTON

6 ■ Warfare 145

ClIffORD J.

PART ii:

EURASIAN COMMONALITIES

7 ■ Courtly cultures: western Europe, Byzantium, the Islamic world, India, China, and Japan 179

PATRICKJ. GEARY, DAUD ALI, PAUl S. ATKINS, MICHAEL COOPERSON,

RITA COSTA GOMES, PAUl DUTTON, GERT MELVILLE, ClAUDIA RAPP, KARL-HEINZ SPIEβ, STEPHEN WEST AND PAULINE YU

8 ■ The age of trans-regional reorientations: cultural crystallization and transformation in the tenth to thirteenth centuries 206

BJCIRN WITTROCK

PART iii:

GROWING INTERACTIONS

9 ■ Trade and commerce across Afro-Eurasia 233

RICHARD SMITH

10 ■ European and Mediterranean trade networks 257

MICHEL BALARD

Ii ■ Trading partners across the Indian Ocean: the making of maritime communities 287

HIMANSHU PRABHA RAY

12 ■ Technology and innovation within expanding webs of exchange 309

DAGMAR SCHAFER AND MARCUS POPPLOW

13 ■ The transmission of science and philosophy 339

CHARLES BURNETT

14 ■ Pastoral nomadic migrations and conquests 359

ANAToLY M. KHAzANov

part ιv:

EXPANDING RELIGIOUS SYSTEMS

15 ■ The centrality of Islamic civilization 385

MICHAEL CooK

16 ■ Christendom's regional systems 415

MIRI RUBIN

17 ■ The spread of Buddhism 447

TANSEN SEN

PART v:

STATE FORMATIONS

18 ■ State formation and empire building 483

JOHANN P.

19 ■ State formation in China from the Sui through the Song dynasties 513 RICHARd VON glAHN

20 ■ The Mongol Empire and inter-civilizational exchange 534 MIcHAl BIRAN

21 ■ Byzantium 559

JEAN-ClAUdE CHEyNET

22 ■ Early polities of the Western Sudan 586 dAvId C. CONRAd

23 ■ Mesoamerican state formation in the Postclassic period 610

MICHAEl E. SMITH

24 ■ State and religion in the Inca Empire 638

SABINE MACCORMACk

25 ■ “Proto-globalization” and “Proto-glocalizations” in the Middle Millennium 665

dIEgO OlSTEIN

Index 685

Figures

1.1 The Honkoji copy of the 1402 Korean Kangnido map of the world / Pictures From History / Bridgeman Images 3

1.2 Al-IdrTsFs world map, twelfth century (Bodleian Library, Ms. Pococke 375, fols. 3v-4a) 6

1.3 Pietro Vesconte’s world map, c. 1321 (Bodleian Library, Ms. Tanner 190, fols. 203v-204r) 8

1.4 Giovanni Leardo’s world map, 1448 (DEA Picture Library / Getty Images) 9

3.1 Prince Genji visiting his wife, from Genji Monogatari (The Tale of Genji) (The Art Archive / Alamy) 76

3.2 German family spinning, sixteenth century (Mary Evans Picture Library / Alamy) 78

5.1 Ruins of Buddhist university at Nalanda (photograph by Tansen Sen) 123

5.2 Elite boys enter a calmecac, from the Florentine Codex by Bernardino de Sahagun, c. 1540-85 (Ms palat. 218-220 Book ιx. Biblioteca Medicea-Laurenziana, Florence, Italy / Bridgeman Images) 139

6.1 Bulghar warrior on a gold jug (or pitcher) from the Treasure of Nagyszentmiklos (Erich Lessing Culture & Fine Arts Archive) 148

6.2 Mongols and Japanese fight, in a scene from the Moko Shurai Ekotoba, a Japanese handscroll made between 1275 and 1293. /Pictures From History/ Bridgeman Images 168

6.3 The Battle of Avray in 1364, Master of Mary of Burgundy (fl. 1469-83) (Ms 659 f.271 r. Collection of the Earl of Leicester, Holkham Hall, Norfolk / Bridgeman Images) 173

7.1 Mahmud ibn Sebuktegin receives a robe of honour from the Caliph al-Qadir billah in 1000, miniature from the 'Jdmi' al-tawdrikh’ of RashTd al-DTn, c.

9.1 Bayon temple in Angkor, market scene (photograph by Benjamin Kedar) 240

12.1 Design for a Chinese water clock, by Su Song, 1088 ce (School of African and Oriental Studies, London, UK / Bridgeman Images) 325

12.2 Geometrical figures for construction, arches and man measuring the height of a tower (facsimile copy, pen & ink on paper), Villard de Honnecourt (fl. 1190-1235) (Ms.Fr.19093 fol.20v. Bibliotheque Nationale, Paris, France / Giraudon / Bridgeman Images) 327

List of figures

15.1 Islamic coins (photographs by Michael Cook) 397

16.1 Ivory plaque with the Adoration of the Magi, Early Byzantine, early sixth century (©The Trustees of the British Museum. All rights reserved) 423

16.2 The Holy Family, Joos van Cleve, c. 1485-1540/41, Antwerp (Metropolitan Museum of Art / © SCALA) 425

17.1 Buddhist figures, Longmen Caves, Henan Province (Private Collection

© Leemage / Bridgeman Images) 456

17.2 Pensive Bodhisattva, mid seventh century, Korea (Metropolitan Museum of Art / © SCALA) 463

20.1 The Birth of the Prophet Muhammad, miniature from the 'Jdmi' al-tawdrikh’ of Rashid al-Din, c. 1307 (vellum) (Ms Or 20 f.42r. Edinburgh University Library, Scotland. With kind permission of the University of Edinburgh / Bridgeman Images) 544

22.1 Illustration of Mansa Musa in detail from the Catalan Atlas, 1375 (vellum), Cresques Abraham (1325-87) (Bibliotheque Nationale, Paris, France / Bridgeman Images) 601

23.1 Chronological outline for Postclassic Mesoamerica 617

23.2 Trends in Postclassic polities 629

24.1 Sacsayhuaman: Inca Ruins (Aivar Mikko / Alamy) 659

Maps

1.1 Eastern hemisphere, 500 ce 36

1.2 Eastern hemisphere, 1000 ce 37

1.3 Eastern hemisphere, 1500 ce 38

5.1 Universities in Europe 127

9.1 Major trade routes of Afro-Eurasia 1300 ce 234

10.1 European/Mediterranean trade in the thirteenth century 278

10.2 European/Mediterranean trade in the fifteenth century 280

11.1 Gujarat 289

14.1 Central Asia, c. 1000 ce 364

15.1 The Islamic world 388

16.1 Christianity in 406 ce 417

16.2 Spread of Christianity across Asia 439

17.1 The spread of Buddhism in Asia 449

17.2 Early Buddhist sites in Southeast Asia 459

17.3 The Three Kingdoms in Korea 461

19.1 Tang dynasty China 517

19.2 Xia, Liao and Song Empires 526

19.3 Southern Song, Xia, Jin and Dali 529

20.1 The Mongol conquests and the Four Khanates 536

21.1 Byzantine Empire at the time ofJustinian, 555 ce 563

21.2 Byzantine Empire in the eleventh century 573

21.3 Byzantine Empire in 1350 ce 582

22.1 Ghana/Mali/Songhay 591

23.1 Maya sites 615

24.1 Inca expansion 652

Table

1.1 World population (in millions) by major regions, 500-1500 ce 19