Contents

List of figures x

List of maps xii

List of tables xiii List of contributors xiv Preface xv

i ∙ Production, destruction, and connection, 1750-present: introduction i

KENNETH POMERANZ ANDJ.

PART 1:

MATERIAL MATRICES

2 ∙ Energy, population, and environmental change since 1750: entering the Anthropocene 51

J. R. MCNEILL

3 ∙ The economic history of agriculture since 1800 83 gIOvANNI fEDERICO

4 ∙ Global industrialization: a multipolar perspective 106

KAORU SugIHARA

5 ∙ The history of world technology, 1750-present 136 PAuL JOsEPHsON

6 ∙ A new world of energy 164

VACLAV SMIL

PART ii:

POPULATION AND DISEASE

7 ∙ Demography and population 187

MASSIMO LIVI-BACCI

8 ∙ Population politics since 1750 212

ALISON BASHFORD

9 ∙ Disease and world history from 1750 237

MARK HARRISON

10 ∙ The politics of smallpox eradication 258

erez MANeLA

PART III:

POLITICS

11 ∙ The evolution of international law 285

ANtHONy CLARK AReND

12 ∙ On nationalism 306

AVIeL ROSHwALD

13 ∙ Assessing imperialism 331

DANIeLLe KINSey

14 ∙ Self-strengthening and other political responses to the expansion of European economic and political power 366

R. BIN WONg

15 ∙ Decolonization and its legacy 395

PRASeNjIt DUARA

16 ∙ Genocide 420

MARK LeVeNe

17 ∙ Communism and fascism 442

ROBERT STRAYER

PARTιv:

WORLD REGIONS

18 ∙ The Middle East in world history since 1750 467

JOHN OBERT VOLL

19 ∙ East Asia in world history, 1750-21st century 493

MARK SELdEN

20 ∙ Latin America in world history 526

JULiE A. CHARLiP

21 ∙ Africa in world history 556

fREdERicK cOOpER

22 ∙ The United States in world history since the 1750s 585

iAN TYRRELL

23 ∙ The economic history of the Pacific 611

LiONEL fROST

Index 632

Figures

2.1 A derrick in the early days of Persian oil field development in 1909

(© Hulton-Deutsch Collection/Corbis) 56

2.2 Coffee plantation in Brazil (© Bettmann/Corbis) 59

2.3 Soviet Russian propaganda poster from 1920s illustrating the growth of industry (World History Archive/Alamy) 60

2.4 Aerial view of cattle pens in Chicago stockyards, 1950s (ClassicStock/Alamy) 62

2.5 A Mexican official walks amid deforestation in Lacandon rainforest, Montes Azules (© Reuters/Corbis) 74

2.6 Whalers of the South Seas Fishery by John Ward of Hull (Christie's Images/ Corbis) 76

3.1 Output and population 84

4.1 Geographical composition of world industrial production,

1750-1913 122

4.2 Structure of world trade, 1840 126

4.3 Structure of world trade, 1910 127

4.4 Commodity composition of world trade, 1913-2006 131

4.5 World energy intensity, 1925-2030 133

5.1 Early steam locomotive associated with London & North Western Railway (Science & Society Picture Library/SSPL/Getty Images) 138

5.2 Ford Motor Company in the early 1900s, showing the assembly line (Everett Collection Historical/Alamy) 139

5.3 Bakeliteradio(InterfoWAlamy) 143

5.4 Three Gorges Dam (Top Photo Corporation/Alamy) 146

5.5 Dairy cows feed on grain inside a barn of a modern dairy farm in Loganville, Wisconsin, United States (© Paul Damien/National Geographic Society/ Corbis) 160

7.1 Isogrowth curves 191

7.2 Demographic transition model 199

9.1 Spanish flu epidemic 1918-1919. US school gymnasium converted into a flu ward with patients' beds separated by screens (Everett Collection Historical/ Alamy) 247

9.2 A woman looks out of her window next to a banner during a preventive campaign against dengue fever organized by the health ministry in a shantytown in Lima, Peru in 2012 (© Pilar Olivares/Reuters/Corbis) 254

List of figures

14.1 Portrait of Chulalongkorn, King of Siam (b.1853-1910), 1893 (Chicago History

Museum/Getty Images) 378

14.2 Fuzhou Arsenal, China, 1864-1872 (SSPL/Getty Images) 382

15.1 Portrait of the psychiatrist and revolutionary Frantz Fanon (AFP/Getty

Images) 405

15.2 Mahatma Gandhi on his famous March to the Sea to make salt, in defiance of the

British salt monopoly, in India during 1930 (© Bettmann/Corbis) 406

15.3 Gamal Abdel Nasser (CL) of Egypt talking WithJawaharlal Nehru (CR) of India during the Bandung Conference (Howard Sochurek/The LIFE Picture Collection/ Getty Images) 416

17.1 “Hilf auch Du mit!” German Nazi propaganda poster showing women helping in the war effort, 1941 (Masterprints/Alamy) 449

17.2 Benito Mussolini, the Italian dictator and leader of the Fascist movement, with his generals and Fascist troops as they march on Rome on October 6, 1922 (ZUMA Press, Inc./Alamy) 453

17.3 Chinese Red Guards, high school and university students, waving copies of

Chairman Mao Zedong's “Little Red Book,” parade in Beijing's streets at the beginning of the Great Proletarian Cultural Revolution in June 1966 (Jean Vincent/ AFP/Getty Images) 460

21.1 French administrator and African notables, c.

Images) 567

Maps

1.1 Basic political map of the world in 1800 4

1.2 Basic political map of the world in 2015 29

2.1 Population density in 1800 64

2.2 Population density in 2000 64

13.1 Eurasia in 1750, with Russian, Ottoman, Qing, Austrian, and Mughal empires 333

13.2 European overseas empires in 1783, showing those of Portugal, Spain, the Dutch Republic, France, and Britain 334

13.3 Major overseas empires in 1914 337

18.1 Islamic states in 1750 470

18.2 Islamic states in 1900 479

18.3 The Middle East today 489

19.1 East Asia today 498

20.1 Latin America in 1800 528

20.2 Latin America in 1830 530

20.3 Latin America today 552

21.1 The partition of Africa 563

21.2 The decolonization of Africa 576

23.1 The Pacific Rim 615

Tables

2.ι Global coal production 57

2.2 Global oil production 57

2.3 Annual rates of global population growth since ad 1000 63

2.4 Global population since ad 1000 (millions) 65

2.5 Global population increment per year, 1950-2010 66

3.1 Workforce 85

3.2 Acreage 87

3.3 Growth in total factor productivity to 1938 89

6.1 Maximum power of prime movers in field work 173

6.2 Maximum power of prime movers in land transportation 173

6.3 Efficiency of lights for indoor illumination 175

6.4 Topefficiencyofinternalcombustionengines 176

6.5 Average annual consumption of primary energy (rounded to the nearest 5 GJ/ capita and including all phytomass and fossil fuels and primary electricity) 178

6.6 Maximum energy of explosive weapons, 1900-2000 181

7.1 Population of the continents, 1700-2010 189

7.2 Population of less developed and more developed countries, 1900-2010 202

7.3 Demographic indicators of world population, 1950-2010 204