Contents

List of figures xi

List of maps xiv

List of tables xvi List of contributors xvii Preface xix

i ∙ Introduction: a history of the study of early cities ι

NORMAN YOFFEE WITH NICOLA TERRENATO

PART ι:

EARLY CITIES AS ARENAS OF PERFORMANCE

2 ∙ Ancient Egyptian cities: monumentality and performance 27

JOHN BAINES

3 ∙ The dedicated city: meaning and morphology in Classic Maya urbanism 48

STEPHEN HOUSTON AND THOMAS G.

4 ∙ Southeast Asian urbanism: from early city to classical state 74 MIRIAM T. STARK

5 ∙ Cities as performance arenas 94

JOHN BAINES, MIRIAM T. STARK, THOMAS G. GARRISON, AND STEPHEN HOUSTON

part ii:

EARLY CITIES AND INFORMATION TECHNOLOGIES

6 ∙ Urbanization and the techniques of communication: the

Mesopotamian city of Uruk during the fourth millennium bce 113 HANS J. NISSEN

7 ∙ Writing and the city in early China 131

Wang Haicheng

8 ∙ Reading early Maya cities: interpreting the role

of writing in urbanization 158

DANNY LAW

9 ∙ Inka administration in Tawantinsuyu by means

of the knotted-cords 181

GARY URTON

10 ∙ Writing and record-keeping in early cities 207

DANNY LAW, WANG HAICHENG, HANSJ. NISSEN, AND GARY URTON

PART Ill:

EARLY URBAN LANDSCAPES

11 ∙ Tiwanaku urban origins: distributed centers and

animate landscapes 229

JOHN W. JANUSEK

12 ∙ Mesopotamian cities and urban process, 3500-1600 bce 253

Geoff Emberling

13 ∙ Teotihuacan: an early urban center in its regional context 279 SARAH C. CLAYTON

14 ∙ Urban landscapes: transforming spaces and reshaping communities 300

GEOFF EMBERLING, SARAH C. CLAYTON,

AND JOHN W. JANUSEK

part iv:

EARLY CITIES AND THE DISTRIBUTION OF POWER

15 ∙ Ancient South Asian cities in their regions 319 carla m.

16 ∙ Greek cities in the first millennium bce 343

IAN MORRIS AND ALEX R. KNODELL

17 ∙ Different cities: Jenne-jeno and African urbanism 364 RODERICKJ. MCINTOSH

18 ∙ The distribution of power: hierarchy and its discontents 381 CARLA M. SINOPOLI, RODERICKJ. MCINTOSH,

IAN MORRIS, AND ALEX R. KNODELL

PART v:

EARLY CITIES AS CREATIONS

19 ∙ Baghdad, an imperial foundation (762-836 ce) 397

Francoise micheau

20 ∙ Jerusalem: capital city created in stone and in imagination 416 Ann E. Killebrew

21 ∙ City of earth and wood: New Cahokia and its material-historical implications 437

TIMOTHY R. PAUKETAT, SUSAN M. ALT, AND JEFFERY D. KRUCHTEN

22 ∙ Imagined cities 455

TIMOTHY R. PAUKETAT, ANN E. KILLEBREW, AND FRAN(^OISE MICHEAU

PART Vi:

EARLY IMPERIAL CITIES

23 ∙ Neo-Assyrian capital cities: from imperial headquarters to cosmopolitan cities 469

ADELHEID OTTO

24 ∙ Mexico-Tenochtitlan: origin and transformations of the last Mesoamerican imperial city 491

GERARDO GUTIERREZ

25 ∙ The archetypal imperial city: the rise of Rome and the burdens of empire 513

NICOLA TERRENATO

26 ∙ Imperial cities 532 Gerardo GutiErrez, nicola terrenato, and adelheid otto

27 ∙ Conclusion: the meanings of early cities 546

NORMAN YOFFEE

Index 558

Figures

2.1 Section of a table of gods of Memphis, relief in the chapel of Sokar in the temple of Sety I (c. 1290-1279 bce) at Abydos 31

2.2 Relief from the mortuary temple of Sahure (c. 2450 bce) at Abusir depicting

a ship's crew returning from an expedition abroad paying homage to the king, probably on arrival in Memphis 33

2.3 Relief in the tomb of Mahu at el-Amarna, perhaps showing the king’s visit to the boundary stelae 42

3.1 Glyphic terms for rulers and components of cities: (A) k’uhul ajaw title from Dos Pilas Hieroglyphic Stairway 2; (B) ch’e’n sign, Tikal Marcador;

(C) witz, Rio Azul; and (D) ha’ from Rlo Azul Tomb 12 55

3.2 Building maquette, Mundo Perdido Complex, Tikal 59

3.3 Patio Groups at Dos Pilas, Guatemala 61

3.4 Sakbih 2 from Uci, Yucatan 62

3.5 Plazas at Piedras Negras, Guatemala, north to top, 600 meters wide, showing massive leveled zone 65

4.

as example of early urban form 80

6.1 Uruk Level IVa (c. 3300 bce) structures in the Eanna precinct 117

6.2 Uruk tablet Level IV with the oldest version of the List of Professions 119

6.3 Cylinder seal with prisoners being beaten in front of the ruler 120

7.1 Corpus of Chinese writing from Xiaoshuangqiao, c. fourteenth century bce 133

7.2 Two inscribed objects of the Huanbei period. Left: a jade pendant inscribed with three characters. Right: a bone fragment inscribed with two characters, perhaps a name i35

7.3 Two bronze he vessels from the reign of Wu Ding. Left: from a foundation deposit shown in Map 7.3 (lower right corner), with an inscription cast under the handle dedicating it to a certain “Father Yi.” Right: one of a set of three from Tomb 1001 at the royal cemetery shown in Map 7.2 138

7.4 Scapula inlaid with red pigment from the reign of Wu Ding 139

7.5 A lineage settlement at Xujiaqiao north, Yinxu 140

7.6 A selection of lineage emblems or names cast on Yinxu bronzes 141

7.7 Reconstruction of a salt-making hut in Shandong 152

7.8 A late Shang inscribed bronze, the Xiaozi X you in the collection of the Hakutsuru Bijutsukan, Kobe 155

8.1 San Bartolo Pinturas Sub-I depiction of king. San Bartolo, West Wall mural detail 168

8.2 Earliest Lowland Maya writing. Pinturas Sub-V, San Bartolo 169

8.3 Iconographic names in Tikal Stela 31 172

8.4 Copan Stucco frieze with ruler's name 173

8.5 Dumbarton Oaks jade pectoral incised image and text 175

9.1 Schematic representation of the ceque system of Cusco showing division into upper and lower Cusco and the direction of hierarchical order of ceques

in each half i86

9.2 Khipu UR053 showing the locations of the matching pair UR053B and 53C i88

9.3 Hypothetical construction comparing the organization of the ceque system of Cuzco and the matching khipu pair UR053B and 53C i93

9.4 Schematic hierarchial organization of one suyu (quadrant) of the Inka decimal administration i95

9.5 Schematic arrangement of the Puruchuco accounting hierarchy 196

9.6 Dual, hierarchical organization of authorities in the Chicama Valley, 1565 198

9.7 Khipu UR028 200

9.8 Schematic diagram showing the organization of cords, colors, and numerical values in Khipu UR028 202

ιι.i Plan view of Tiwanaku demonstrating key architectural constructions in

relation to key water channels and sunken basins (qochas) 232

ιι.2 View of Tiwanaku’s northeast monumental complex, facing south 233

ii.3 Plan views of two excavated residential compounds at Tiwanaku,

Akapana East i M (A) and Akapana East i (B) 235

ιι.4 Oblique and plan views of Khonkho Wankane’s central ritual complex 238

11.5 Kalasasaya, demonstrating the location of its west balcony wall (top image) 243

ιι.6 Monoliths. (A) presents three Late Formative monolithic stelae.

(B) depicts two representative Tiwanaku-style monoliths 247

12. i Plan of surface remains at Tell Taya, c. 2300 bce, suggesting houses and

a radial pattern of streets 258

12.2 A neighborhood in the city of Ur, c. 1800 bce 259

12.3 Ancient plan of the city of Nippur, c. 1300 bce 260

12.4 The palace of king Zimri-Lim at Mari, c. 1750 bce 265

12.5Reconstructions of Mesopotamian temples: the Temple Oval at Khafajah c. 2400 bce and the ziggurat at Ur c. 2100 bce 267

12.6 Plan of Mashkan-shapir based on surface survey and satellite imagery 270

13.1 Layout of an apartment compound in the La Ventilla District, including the location of courtyards and burials 287

15.1 Mohenjo Daro citadel plan 326

15.2 Mohenjo Daro HR area 327

16.1 Plan of Miletus, showing a typical Hippodamian layout with gridded streets and public buildings in the center 350

16.2Plan of the Athenian Agora, showing buildings of the Archaic through Roman periods 362

17.1 Top: Late Stone Age pastoral site of Akreijit of the Dhar Tichitt cliffs of central Mauritania. Bottom: general plan of Kerma, Republic of Sudan 373

17.2 Right: Plan of Meroe. Left: Great Zimbabwe - Hill Complex above;

Great Enclosure below 377

20.1 Suggested settlement size of Jerusalem from the Bronze through Byzantine periods 418

20.2 Topography and settlement size of Jerusalem during the Bronze and Iron Ages 419

20.3 General view of the Stepped Stone Structure 423

20.4 Suggested reconstruction of Jerusalem during the Second Temple period.

Upper: model of Jerusalem at the Israel Museum. Lower: plan of Jerusalem 428

20.5 View of Herodian-period drain 429

20.6 Suggested reconstruction of Jerusalem during the Byzantine period. Upper: Jerusalem as depicted on the Madaba Map. Lower: plan of Jerusalem 432

20.7 View of the Umayyad-period administrative/palace structure as presented in the Jerusalem Archaeological Park 434

21.1 Plan views of Cahokian architecture at the East St.

21.2Downtown Cahokia showing principal pyramids and plaza (outlined by dashed line) 444

21.3Select mortuary features in Mound 72: Left, pit containing twenty-two females buried atop former upright post. Right, four headless and handless males adjacent to pit containing fifty-three females 448

23.1 The city center of Assur with the most important temples and palaces 472

23.2 Plan of Kalhu with a multitude of palaces on the main mound 477

23.3 Plan of Dur-Sarru-ken, the newly founded capital city 480

23.4 Nineveh, the largest city of its time; plan showing the functions of the urban area and its outskirts 483

23.5 Depiction of the citadel mound of Nineveh “Kuyunjik” with its multiple fortification walls and Sennacherib's “Palace Without Rival” at the top;

stone slab from Nineveh, North Palace, Room H 484

24.1 Percentage of annual tribute paid to Aztec Empire grouped by classes

with a range of 10,000 mantas and the number of provinces in the class 500

24.2 Schematic drawing of an unidentified sector of Tenochtitlan or Tlatelolco 507

Maps

2.1 Map of Egypt 29

2.2 Map of Thebes in the New Kingdom (c. 1100 bce), showing routes

of regular festivals and schematic plans of temples on the east and west banks of the Nile 39

2.3 Map of Tell el-Dab‘a-Qantir in the late New Kingdom, when it was

the capital of Ramesses II (c. 1279-1213 bce) under the name Piramesse 44

3.1 Map of Maya sites 49

3.2 Viewshed of El Zotz, Guatemala 66

3.3 Viewshed of Piedras Negras, Guatemala 68

4.1 Early urbanization in Southeast Asia: sites and Chinese toponyms

C. 5OO BCE-500 CE 78

4.2 Ninth- to fifteenth-century urbanized states in Southeast Asia 82

6.1 Map of lower Mesopotamia with location of Uruk 114

6.2 Plan of the city of Uruk, the hatched area indicating the probable

extent of the inhabited area around 3300 bce 116

7. i Archaeological sites of the Early Bronze Age mentioned in this chapter 132

7.2 Shang sites at Anyang 137

7.3 The royal precinct of Yinxu, blocks showing the order in which major building foundations were constructed during the Shang period i43

7.4 Shang colonies in Shandong, showing possible traffic routes for the shipment of salt to Anyang, connected by sites yielding bronze ritual vessels 151

9.1 Tawantinsuyu - approximate extent of the Inka Empire with

inset map of the approximate boundaries of the four suyus (quadrants) 182

ιι.i View of the southern Lake Titicaca Basin showing Tiwanaku and Khonkho

Wankane in relation to sites and landscape features mentioned in the text 231

12.

13.1 Settlements in the Prehispanic Basin of Mexico 280

13.2 Map of the city of Teotihuacan showing the locations of monuments

and districts mentioned in the text 286

15.1 Indus sites 321

15.2 Early Historic mahajanapadas 334

16.1 Map of sites mentioned in the text 345

16.2Map of the Hellenistic expansion, showing the extent of Alexander's conquests 357

17.1 Jenne-jeno and other Middle Niger cities and regions 368

17.2 Cities and states mentioned in the text 375

19.1 Map of the Islamic Empire in 750 ce 398

19.2 Map of Lower Iraq 400

19.3 Early Baghdad by Le Strange 402

19.4 Early Baghdad (762-836 ce) 403

21.1 Greater Cahokia's capital zone 438

21.2 Location of Greater Cahokia and other Mississippian towns mentioned 439

23.1 Map of the Neo-Assyrian Empire at the height of its power

(seventh century bce) 471

24.1 Location of the cities of Tenochtitlan and Tlatelolco in the Basin of Mexico 495

24.2 Map showing the spatial distribution of Aztec tribute converted into individual items of cloth (mantas) 501

24.3 GIS reconstruction of the island of Mexico 506

25.1 Italy around 600 bce 515

25.2 Rome’s expansion 519

25.3 Rome around 150 bce 525

25.4 Rome around 330 ce 526

25.5 The later Roman Empire 529

Tables

2.1 Chronological table of ancient Egypt 28

3.1 Chronological table of the Pre-Hispanic Maya 50

4.1 Early Southeast Asian states with large urban centers 83

6.1 Chronological table 115

7.1 ChronologicaltableofEarlyBronzeAgeChina 132

9.1 A pair of matching khipus (Banco Central de la Reserva del Peru) 189

13.1 Chronological periods and corresponding Teotihuacan phases 282

16.1 Standard periodization of pre-Roman Greek history 347

21.1 Chronology chart of the Pre-Columbian American Midwest 443

23.1 Chronological table of the Assyrian capital cities and the mentioned kings 470

24.1Estimated value of the tribute paid annually by each province standardized in mantas 499

24.2 Percentage of annual tribute paid to Aztec Empire grouped by classes with a range of 10,000 mantas 500

24.3 Spatial distribution of the tributary revenue paid to Aztec Empire by distance from Tenochtitlan 501