Index
Abang Minko 491
Abeke rock shelter 491
Abu Hureyra 136, 222
Ache (Paraguay) 102 achira (Canna edulis) 518 acorn 319, 326, 367, 522
Adler, Daniel 224
aDNA see ancient DNA
Adrar Bous (Tenere desert) 474
adzuki bean 361, 367
Aegean 143
Afar 172
Africa
agricultural origins in 20-1
cereals 477
crop cultivation 78-9, 479, 489
domestic livestock 492-4
herding and farming 477-8, 492-6
Iron Age 490
Late Stone Age (LSA) 474, 479, 482-3, 487, 489, 490, 491, 492, 494
linguistic history 55, 59-79
nomadism 173-4
Pastoral Neolithic phase 479-80 population movement 472-3 pottery 476, 479, 487-9, 490, 494-6, 503-4, 510-11
rain forest cultivation 489-92 spread of agriculture 51-3, 472-3 dispersal from 30 see also West Africa and Sahel
African rice (Oryza glaberrima) 483, 484 see also rice
age, importance placed on 143-4 agriculture
definition 1-2, 94
theories on the emergence of 216-19 transitions 104-5, 146, 270-3, 457-9, 539 Agta 102
Aguadulce 518
'Ain Ghazal 15, 213, 228 architecture 229, 248-52, 256-60 burials and social status 252-4 changing environment 246-7 chronology 243
East Field 245 human statues 231, 232, 254-6 size and setting 243-5 social organization 247-56
Aiterhofen (Bavaria) 596
Akkermans, Peter 12, 238
Akonete 491
Akumbu 512
Albright, William Foxwell 187 alcohol 25, 83, 221
Ali Kosh 5, 298, 301
almond 83
alpaca 162
Alpine foreland 586 architecture 570-1 gardens 580 mixed cattle farming 168 settlements 162, 561
Alps 141, 574
Alsonyek-Bataszek 557, 568
Ama 367
Amaranthus spp.
350Amazon basin 515
agricultural practices 535
Amblard-Pison, Sylvie 506, 510 Americas 22
agroforestry 532 animal domestication 162
climate change 521-2 companion planting 532 crop rotation 532
domestication of landscapes 528-35 fallowing 532 fire and forest clearance 528, 530 geography of domestication 514-18 history of domestication 518-23 managed forests 529 mixed cropping 532 raised fields (chinampas) 534-5 sequential planting 532
terraces 533-4
Valdivia period 524-6
water management 528, 532-3
zonation 532
see also Mesoamerica; North America; South America
Ammerman, Albert J.
26Amsa-dong 148
An Son 421-2
anaemia 111, 120-1, 605
Anatolia 236
dairy farming i69
human origins 37, 42
ancient DNA (aDNA) 9, 40-8, 99, 101, 122 horse i3-i4
and lactase persistence gene 171
pig 20
Andarayan (Taiwan) 428
Andean highlands
irrigation 533
raised fields 534
Andhra Pradesh 282
Andronovo culture 181-2, 183 animal(s)
animal traction 582
changing relations 378-9
China 330
disease transmission 114
domestication 2, 7-8, 161, 162, 164-5,
263, 270
hunting of wild 206, 578 husbandry 111, 220, 378, 581 iconic significance 132
Japan 382
ownership and prestige 141 patterns of slaughter 167, 182
pottery 441-2
remains and environmental change 246-7 representations 230-1
sacrifice of 181-2, 584
spread of 16, 432-9 vocabularies for 62-4, 67-71, 76, 80-1, 89 wild:
Brzesscc Kujawski 605
Mehrgarh period ι 293, 299-301 northwestern South Asia 269-70
remains of wild 573-4
Zooarchaeological methods 167-9 see also livestock; and under names of individual species
Anyang 313
oracle bones 18, 332
Aota (Niigata prefecture) 362
apricot 330, 367
Arbon Bleiche 3, 141, 571, 576
houses 573-4
archaeobotany 67, 78 flotation system 314-15, 332, 336, 338, 349-50,
361
archaeogenetics 9-10, 26-7
ancient Europeans 40-8 contemporary Europeans 31-40 phylogeographic approach 26-31 see also ancient DNA; mitrochondrial DNA architecture
Alpine Foreland 570-1
Japan:
middle Yayoi 368-9 late Yayoi 372
Near East:
Natufian 131, 222
Pre-Neolithic 228-9
Pre-Pottery Neolithic A (PPNA) 131-4, 222-4, 234
Pre-Pottery Neolithic B (PPNB) 224-8, 248-52, 256-60
Pre-Pottery Neolithic C (PPNC) 228, 250-2
public buildings 152-3
South Asia:
Mesolithic 276
Neolithic 81, 275, 293
Tichitt, drystone 506, 509
Xinglonggou 343-9 see also houses
Arizona 154-6
Arkaim settlement 181
Armelagos, George G. 105,119
arrowroot 329, 518
artefacts see tools and artefacts
Asa Koma 477, 478
ashmounds 282-4
Asmara (Eritrea) 479
Asouti, E.
240Assefa, Shiferaw 77
asthma 104
Astragalus sp. 350
Atbasar 177
Athens 201
Atlit-Yam (Israel) 220
auroch 179
Australia 431
Avise, John 27
avocado 518
Ayako, Shibutani 362
Babb, Jeff 119
Baden culture cemetery (Budakalasz) 586 badger 573
Baida 418
Baijia-Dadiwan culture 336
Baiyinchanghan (Linxi) 336, 342
Bajpur 279
Balandino 181
Balaresque, Patricia et al. 37
Balatonszarsz6-Kis-erdei-dulδ 557
Balkans
dairy farming methods 170 goldwork 139-41
Balsas teosinte 514-15
Baluchistan 272
Bambara groundnut (Vigna subterranea) 483, 491
Bambata Cave (Zimbabwe) 493 bamboo 19, 406, 416 Ban Chiang 423, 425 Ban Lum Khao 425
Ban Na Di 422
Ban Non Wat 423, 425-6
Banabasa 279
bananas 19, 81, 329, 416, 419 cultivation (New Guinea) 417, 445, 458, 462-3, 468
domestication 24, 417
words for 80-1
Bangladesh
copper 307
flint 307
rice 280-1
Bani River 205
Banning, Edward B. 224
Bannu basin 267
baobab tree (Adansonia digitata) 483, 489
Baoule cattle 485
Barbujani, Guido 34
barley
domesticated:
Central Europe 605
China 330-1
Japan 354, 361, 367, 404
South Asia 18, 269, 292-3, 297-9
Southwest Asia 15
genetic origins 297-8
hulled two-row 292-3, 297
naked six-row (Hordeum vulgare) 292-3, 297
pre-domestication, Southwest Asia 17
use in alcohol 25
wild:
Fertile Crescent 297
South Asia 16, 269, 274, 292-3, 297-9 Barnard, Alan 583
barnyard millet (Echinochola utilis) 18, 361
Barton, Huw 18-20
Bar-Yosef, Ofar 223
Bashidang 146, 323
basketry 230, 292
Basques 36, 38
Basta 254
Batanes Islands 430, 435, 442
beads
carnelian and amazonite 509
greenstone (Brittany) 565
ostrich eggshell 494
beans
Africa 483
Americas 85, 151, 154, 518, 520, 541, 544
China 17, 319, 322, 332, 350
India 86, 275, 285
Japan 18, 322, 354, 361, 367, 404
Korea 322
bear 573, 605
beaver 605
Bedouin 172, 173
beer 221 see also barley
Begash (Kazakhstan) 177, 330
Begazy-Dandybaevsky culture 182
Bellwood, Peter 19, 414, 442
Benefica 495
Benue-Kwa, dispersal 76
Berbers 172, 508
bezoar 16, 299
Bezuapan 152
Bieniek, Aldona 596, 605-7
Binford, Lewis 217
bioarchaeology 11-12, 93, 126-7
abnormal variation (palaeopathology) 100-2 methods and data 98-9
normal variation 99-100
principles 97-8
birds 605
Birimi 484
Bismarck Archipelago 50, 81
Blombos Cave (South Africa) 493
blood (as secondary product) 165
Bogaard, Amy 12
Bogucki, Peter 23, 605
Bolan River 290, 297
BollingZAllerod interstadial 129 bone 230, 231
alveolar loss in fractures iio, 115-18 industry 230 ornaments 231, 609 periosteal reaction 111 tools 177, 230, 231, 278, 338 weapons 278 see also skeletal evidence
Borneo 50, 416 climate 411 cultural sequence 432-4 geography 413 swiddening 439, 442
Boserup, Esther 199-200
Botai culture 177-81 pottery 180 bottle gourd (Legenaria sp.) 205, 328, 361, 418, 469
Bou Khzama ιι 501 Brahmagiri 282 Brahmani River 280 Braidwood, Ann 5 Braidwood, Linda 216-17 Braidwood, Robert 2, 213, 216-17 breadfruit 80-1, 468 Breasted, James Henry 187 Bridges, P.S.
117Brillat-Savarin, Jean Anthelme 94 bristly foxtail millet 86
British Isles
burial monuments 563-5 causewayed enclosures 581 dairy farming 168-9, 170-2 jadeitite axes 576
Brittany 563, 565 jadeitite axes 576
Broederstroom site 496
Bronze Age 3 expansion of pastoralism 166-7 globalization 330 Kazakhstan 181-3 rice consumption (MSEA) 426 South Asia 262 urban culture (Levantine) 189 broomcorn millet (Panicum miliaceum) 17, 18, 145, 310, 316-22, 329, 331, 335-6, 338, 349-51, 367 wild progenitor (Panicum miliaceum var. ruderale) 317-18, 339
Brown, Cecil 85
browntop millet 86, 275, 278 brucellosis 114
Brzesc Kujawski (Poland) 23, 589
burials 596, 599
clay pits 601
houses 590-1, 597, 599
Linear Pottery settlement 591-7
Brzesc Kujawski Group 590-1, 593
animal economy 590-1, 605
burials 602
crops 605-7
end of 610
household composition 608 houses 590-1, 600-1, 608 landscape modification (sedimentary analysis) 607
Lengyel sites 597-610
long-distance contacts 609-10
material culture 601, 602-4 transegalitarian society 608 buckwheat 354, 361
Buddhism 354
Budihal 282
ashmounds 283
buffalo, wild 269, 293
Buhaya (Tanzania) 488
building materials 275 see also architecture Bulbeck, David 434 bulrush millet 205
Buokem hills (Ghana) rock
shelters 484
burdock 361
Burger, Joachim et al. 105 burial monumentsZtombs
Britain 563-5
Europe 142-3, 158, 578
Iberia 565, 578
Japan 375-6
Korea 150-1, 158
Tichitt 499
burial mounds 392, 397, 509-10,
544, 549
burials
Americas:
Ecuador 524
Las Pircas (Nanchoc) 544
Southwest North America 154
Valdivia (Real Alto) 525-6
Central Asia:
Andronovo 181-2
Petrovka 181-3
Sintashta 181
burials (cont.)
China 145, 335, 345
Europe 142-3, 577-8, 585 corded ware 586
Kuyavia 607
LBK 577-8, 596-7
Lengyel (Hungary) 557
island South East Asia 432-6
Japan:
Jomon 366
Yayoi 366, 369, 371-2, 377, 403
Kenya 479-80
mainland Southeast Asia 420, 422-3, 425 and social status 252-4, 577-8, 586 South Asia:
Mehrgarh period ι 295
Mehrgarh period ιι 304
Southwest Asia:
Natufian 129
subfloor (PPNB) 135, 234, 252-4, 366
Burkina Faso 474
Burma 439
burning
Africa 491
New Guinea 455, 458, 462
North America 529
see also swidden agriculture
Burung (Sulawesi) 429
Busby, George BJ.
et al. 37 bushbuck 206Butzer, Karl 221
Bwambe-Sommet 491
Byrd, Brian 234
calcite 609
Cambodia geography 413 swiddening 439
camels 176
Canarium 21, 418, 491
Canarium Schweinfurthii 491
Caoxieshan 326 caprines see goats carbon steel 489 carp 573 cassava 85
Qatalhoyuk 213, 228, 232 cats 198 cattle
burials 141
calves 168, 169-70
consumption 168
domesticated:
Africa
North Africa 172 sub-Saharan 21, 206, 474, 477-8, 479, 485, 486, 492, 495
Central Asia (Kazakhstan) 176
China 330-1
Europe 572, 573, 581
Britain 168-9
Cyprus 237
Poland (Kuyavia) 605, 610
Japan 379
South Asia 263, 270, 274 northwestern 300-1, 304-5 savanna India 282, 283
Southwest Asia 15, 83, 220 genetic analysis 16, 300-1 see also DNA herding 162 hunting of 220 iconic depiction of 141 linguistic evidence of 62-4, 68, 83, 89 origins 43 skulls 230, 234 wild
Europe 573 northwestern South Asia 269, 293, 300-1 Southwest Asia 220
Cauvin, Jacques 218, 230 Cavalli-Sforza, Luigi L. 26, 31, 35
Qayonu 213
Cementerio de Nanchoc mounds 544, 549 ceramics see pottery
Cerastium glomeratum 350 cereals
for alcohol 25 by-products 163 nutritional value 110-11 and ritual 25 as staple 138, 579-80 sticky 316 wild 130, 217 see also names of individual species
Cerro Juanaquena site (Chihuahua) 528 cesspits 19
Chaco Canyon 154-5, 157
Chad 474 chaff 163
absence of 350-1
Chahai (Fuxin) 336
Chalcolithic (Copper) Age expansion of pastoralism 166-7 Mehrgarh 305-8
South Asia 278
Southwest Asia 215
Chama Alcove site 155
Chamberlain, Andrew 103, 118 charcoal 491
Chengtoushan 326, 329 chenopod 22, 522
Chenopodium spp. 162, 350
chestnut tree (Castana crenata) 405, 408 chestnuts 18, 359, 367, 405
chickens/fowl
China 145, 439
island Southeast Asia 429, 439
Japan 379
Jenne-jeno 206
origins 439
Chifeng 336, 339, 351-2
Chifumbaze Complex 494 Chilbuene 495
Childe, Gordon 4-5, 15, 186, 210, 216, 539 chile pepper 518
China
agricultural communities 145-6, 157 agricultural transition 146 archaeological research history
313-15
barley 330-1
beancrops 17, 319, 322, 332, 350
burials 145, 335
chickens 145, 439
climate 312-13, 335, 338
culinary traditions 315-16
diet 145, 329, 331
dispersal from 419, 429-30
dogs 145
domesticated animals 330-1
ecological diversity 310
‘five grains' 18, 331-2
maize 316, 331
millet 18, 145-6, 310, 316-23, 328-9, 335-6,
349-52
nuts 325-6, 350
pigs 17, 145, 146, 323, 328
potato 331
rice cultivation 17-18, 323-9, 332 settlements 335-8 swiddening 439
textile production 328
tubers 319
urbanism 188
Western influence 329-31
wheat 330-1, 332
see also Xinglonggou
chital deer 278
Chogha Bonut 301
Chogha Mish 301
Cholistan survey 272
Chubu 360
Chulmun culture 148
Chuodun 326
Cishan 320
Cishan-Beifudi culture 336 cities 186
abandonment of 200
decision-making 196-203
definition 193
and their hinterlands 192-6
social structure 190-1
territorial states 194
city-states 193-4
Clark, Grahame 435
Clegg, Michael T.
298 climateisland Southeast Asia 411-13 monsoonal system 312-13, 335, 338 variability in 197, 200 climate change 1, 216
8.2 KA event (South Asia) 267
Americas 521-2, 542-3, 551
Niger delta 484
Southwest Asia 4, 189, 214-16
trends 197
West Asia 129
coca 541, 544
coca leaves 549
coconut 80-1
coffee 479
Cohen, Mark N. 102, 105-6, 119
Colocasia esculenta 417
Colorado 154-6
common bean 520, 541 communal compounds 145, 154, 156 communities
China 145-6, 157
definition 125
Europe 137-44, 157
evidence of 127-8
Korea 148-51
Mesoamerica 151-3
West Asia 128-37, 157 conflict 142, 173-4 Confucius, Classic of Rites 332 copper 177, 272, 306, 574-6, 578, 602-4, 609 see also Chalcolithic Age corn (Zea maize) 440
Corsica 47
cotton
Americas 517, 518, 541, 544
South Asia 10, 263, 270, 285
Coulanges, Fustel de 187
cowpea (Vigna unguiculata) 21, 483, 484, 489 Coxcatlan 520-1 craft production 16, 153
Crane-Kramer, Gillian M.M. 105, 119 Crawford, Gary 315, 360-1
Crete 137
Crickley Hill 142
crop systems
double cropping system 275
failure 200
linguistic evidence of 65-7, 68, 77-8, 81, 83-4 mixed cropping 532
rotation 199, 532
Csciszhalom-Polgar 569, 572 cucumber (Cucumis sp.) 83, 87, 418 Cucurbitaceae 496
Cueva da los Vampiros site 518 Cuiry-les-Chaudardes 572 cumin 83
cursus monuments 563-5
Cushites 59
proto- 67-71
Cuzco 534
Cyprus 220, 234
Neolithic expansion 236-8
Da But sites 420
Dabar Kot 307
Dadiwan 320
Daikai (Hyogo prefecture) 366, 403 dairy products 65, 134, 137, 171, 579, 596 dairying 48, 65, 165-6, 167-72, 182
Africa 171-2
China 330
Europe 137, 168, 170, 596
Levant 221
lipid residue techniques 168-9
modern 166
Daisen (Osaka prefecture) 359
Dakhlet el Atrouss-I 507
Damb Sadaat ι 307
Damdama 275, 276
Daulatabad 268
Daxi period (middle Yangtze) 326, 327, 329 Daxinganling 335
mountains 336
Daxinzhuang 323
deer 269, 276, 278, 293, 377, 378-9, 573, 605 Denham, Tim 19 dental evidence see teeth
Dhar Nema (Mauritania) 477, 499, 501, 505, 509 Dhar Tagant 507, 509
Dhar Tichitt (Mauritania) 21, 477, 499, 505, 506, 507, 509, 512
Dhar Walata 477, 499, 505, 507, 509
Dia Shoma 512
diet
and agriculture 11-12, 105-7
China 145, 329, 331
definition 94 eastern India 278
effects of 107-12, 120-1, 380, 604
Europe 138, 141, 604
Holocene 24 hunter-gatherer 102-3
Japan 380
millets in 321-2 skeletal changes and 108-13 Southwest Asia 247 stable isotope 24,112-13
dill 138
Dillehay, Tom 22
Dioscorea alata 417 see also yam disease
degenerative 103 infectious 103, 107, 113-14, 121, 380-1 nutritional deficiency 107, 108 parasitic infection 103, 380 respiratory 113 sexually transmitted 102 skeletal indicators 100-2
vectors 474, 482
dispersal
animals 16, 432-9 crops/plants 329-31, 468-9 human 26-48, 414-16, 419 language 51-3, 73-4, 76-7, 429-30 ditches
cultivation 445 drainage 464-6 around villages 141-2, 335, 344, 366-7,
397-400, 561, 565, 601-2, 608
Djiganyai 501
DNA see ancient DNA (aDNA); mitrochon- drial DNA (mtDNA)
dog 162
China 145
Japan 379
mainland Southeast Asia 422, 423 sacrifice of 182
dolmens 150-1, 578 domestication, definition 219
Dong Nai drainage system 421
Donghulin 320
Dongodien 479 donkey 83 drainage 421, 464-6 drought 200
Durrington Walls (Stonehenge) 568
early farming communities (EFC) 487, 494-6 see also early Iron Age
Early Iron Age (EIC) 487, 490, 491, 492, 494
East Africa
early pastoralist sites 486-7 livestock 486 material culture 486
Easter Island 81
eastern India 276-81
diet 278
Neolithic chronology 277
pig 278
Ecuador
plant domestication 518 raised fields 535 settlements 524-6
Egypt 202
Egyptians 189
Ehret, Christopher 10
Eiichi, Fujimori 358, 359 einkorn wheat 15, 16, 269, 297, 298 Elementeitan tradition 486-7
Elsloo (Holland) 596
emmer wheat 15, 16, 83, 269, 297, 298 enclosures
banked 561-5
causewayed 581
ditched 141-2, 335, 344, 366-7, 397-400, 561, 565, 601-2, 608
earthen walled 194
earthwork 146, 158
palisaded 561-5
Eneolithic cultures 177, 181
Engels, Friedrich 187
England 581
Enkapune ya Muto 482
enset 77-8, 479
environment
changes 246-7
overfarming 200 reconstruction methods 215 variability 197, 200 erect knotweed 522 Erickson, Clark L. 199
Eritrea 477
Erlitou 332
Ethiopian highlands, crop cultivation 479
Etsuji 366
Europe
animal husbandry 581
burial practices 577-8
crop cultivation 579-81
households' material culture 574-7 houses 567-71
Neolithic 555-67
southeast 555
see also individual countries and regions
Evenki 174
Evershed, Richard 168
evolutionary medicine 96-7
families
extended groups 124,136-7,138,143, 150,152,
156,194, 202, 248-52, 326, 525 nuclear 12,124,194, 217, 234, 248-52, 326, 348 farmers
age at death 119
communities of practice 12-13 co-operation and sharing 124-5, 248-52, 584 diet and health 103-4,120-1
fertility 104
growth problems 119
interpersonal violence 117 respiratory disease 113 sense of time 584 skull shape in
tooth enamel defects 119-20
work-related health issues ii4-i7 farming
early crop 23
mixed 134, 161-4
Neolithic 23
reasons for switch to 104-5
southern Deccan development of 273 feathergrass (Stipa pennata) 605-7 FeJx site (Lake Besaka) 478 fern roots 419
Fertile Crescent 210, 297 fertility 102, 104, 118-19 fertility symbols 232-3 fertilization 199 fields 152, 529
raised 534-5
figs 83
Fiji 81
finger millet 285, 479, 489
fire, anthropogenic 22, 455, 527, 528 fish 573, 605
fishing
Africa 206, 474
China 326
Europe 573, 578
Japan 379
South Asia 273, 278
Southwest Asia 220
Flannery, Kent 5, 124-5, 133, 152, 154, 156, 217, 346, 348
flax 285
flint 307
‘chocolate' 595, 601, 609
flotation 314-15, 332, 336, 338, 349-50, 361
flour foods 330
fodder, supply of 161, 163
fonio (Digitaria exilis) 21, 74, 483, 484
food intolerance 103, 105, 106 see also lactose tolerance/intolerance
food preparation
Asian 145, 315-16, 330
culinary divide 17
women's role in (Europe) 141, 153
food production
Africa 59
cultivation vs. domestication 78-9 decisions and control of 186, 196-203
India 85-90
lexical evidence for 62-4, 80-1, 83-4
Xinglonggou 349-5i
forests
burning of 455, 458, 462
Central Africa 489-92
Pleistocene New Guinea 455-7
Southeast Asia 411
Formative period 151
fowling 578
foxnuts (Euryaleferox) 326
foxtail millet (Setaria italica) 17, 18, 80,145, 310,
316-22, 328-9, 331, 332, 335-6, 338, 349-51, 367, 440
wild progenitor (Setaria viridis) 317, 339
France
burial practices 577
dairy farming methods 170
ditched enclosures 565
fruit 18, 279, 350, 367
wild 476
fruit trees
Americas 152, 516-17
China 328
South Asia 279, 285
Fujian province 328, 419
Fula 172
Fuller, Dorian Q. 16, 17, 240, 505
Funiu mountains 335
Funnel Beaker culture 610
Furuichi Omizo 376
Gallagher, Daphne 14
game 141
Ganges basin, early cultivation 87-8
Gangetic plains 273-6
architecture 275
Neolithic culture 275
pottery 275
rice 273-6
sedentism 273-6
Ganj Dareh 301
Gansu province 331
garden egg 205
gardening see horticulture gardens
Amazon basin 535
Eastern Woodlands 529
Europe 23, 580-1, 582, 584, 599
grid (New Mexico) 155
Mesoamerica 529
Nanchoc valley 543-4, 550 proto-Austronesian word for 80 urban 194
garlic 83
Garlowska, Emilia 604
Garrod, Dorothy 129
Garstang, John 213
gazelle 129, 130, 162, 219, 220, 269, 276, 292-3
Geduld (Namibia) 493
gender roles 136-7,141, 153,158-9
genetic evidence 105 see also ancient DNA and mitochondrial DNA
Germany, Neolithic settlement 138
Gexinqiao 418
Ghana, ancient (Wagadu) 510
giant ragweed 522
Gilgal I 130-1
gluten 106
goat grass, diploid 298
goats
China 330
dwarf 485-6
Europe 573, 605
Jenne-jeno 206
Kazakhstan 176
mitochondrial DNA analysis 299-300 origins of domestication 299-300 remains 247
South Asia 16, 274, 282
Southwest Asia 15, 83, 162, 220, 237 sub-Saharan Africa 479, 485-6, 491, 492-4, 495 terms for 64, 68, 70-1, 83, 89
wild, northwestern South Asia 16, 269, 293, 299-300
Gobedra (Ethiopia) 478
Gobekli Tepe (Turkey) 132-3, 142, 221, 224-8,
234
Gobi desert 312 Gogo Falls 489
Gogoshiis Qabe rock shelter (Somalia) 478 Golbai Sasan 277-9 goldwork 139-41, 576
Golson, Jack 19, 447, 451, 463
Gopalpur 277-9
Gopher, Avi 232 Gorecki, Pawel 451
Gorman, Chester 418 gourds 67, 280, 469
Americas 516-17, 529
Panama 518
South Asia 280
Southeast Asia 469
see also Cucurbitaceae
grain domestication of 79
Dravidian names 86
harvesting of 79
lack of in Oceanic cultures 81
Niger-Congo words for 74-5 proto-Austronesian cultivation 80
Southwest Asia 83 see also cereals; and under individual names of species grape 83 grasses 335
Artemisia 405
Digitaria 484
edible 458
panicoid 319
wild 479, 492 grasslands, burning of 458, 462 Great Hungarian Plain 578 Greece 137, 142,144
secondary products revolution 169 groundnut 21 see also Bambara groundnut Gua Sireh (Borneo) 428 Guangdong province 328, 419-20 Guangxi province 328 Guila Naquitz 520-1 Guitarrero Cave (Peru) 520 Gujarat 86
Haak, Wolfgang et al. 41 hackberry (Celtis) 484
Haeapugua 466
Haginomoto site 389, 400
Haimenkou 331
Hajji Firuz Tepe 221
Hallan Cemi (Turkey) 130, 220
Hambledon Hill 142
Han River 148, 325
Handoga (Djibouti) 478
Hangzhou Bay 326
Hansen, Judith D.L. 103
Happy Rest site (South Africa) 495
Harappa 272
early Harappan period 272
Ravi phase (3300-3000 b c) 272
Harlan, Jack 477, 514
Harris, David R. 440
hartebeest 206
Harunari, Hideji 403 harvest, reproducibility of 408 harvesting, sickle 130
Hawaii 81
health
and agriculture 11-12, 96-7, 105-7 Cypriot Neolithic 237 definition 94
and diet 11-12, 96-7, 107-12, 120-1, 380, 604
and environment 113-18 farmers 103 hunter-gatherers 102-3 skeletal indicators 100-2,105,107-21 hemp (Cannabis sativa) 17, 322-3, 330, 332, 361
Hemudu culture 146, 323, 325, 326, 328
Henry, Donald 218 herding 67-71, 157, 161
Levant 134
linguistic evidence of 83
movement 175-6
southern Africa 492-6
heterophylla 350
Hidaka (Gunma prefecture) 369
Higgs, Eric 315
Himiko, Queen 377
Hi-Naka (Fukuoka) 381
Hiroko, Koike 378
Hiroshi Tsude 374
Hittites 189
Hodaka 373
Hodh depression (Mauritania) 499 Hoenzaka (Osaka prefecture) 373 Hole, Frank 5
Holl, A.F.C. 509
Holocene ι archaeobotany, China 320 archaeogenetic research 9 climate 4, 214, 335 environmental changes 312-13 food available 24 foraging systems 17 hunter-gatherers 7, 15, 418 landform changes 215
Holy Cross mountains (Poland) 595, 601
Homo erectus 313
Hong (Red) River 420, 421 Hongshan culture 336
Hopf, Maria 297
Hornstaad-Hornle 1A 138, 571
horse 13-14, 162, 176-83, 379
sacrifices 181-2 wild 179, 605
horsegram (Macrotyloma uniflorum) 86,
275, 278
horticulture
Europe 555, 566 island Southeast Asia 435, 464 mainland Southeast Asia 418 Nanchoc (Peru) 22, 543-4, 550, 552 sub-Saharan Africa 472 see also gardens
Houli culture 336
houses
'Ain Ghazal 248-52
Alpine foreland 570-1 Chengtoushan 327 courtyard
Mesoamerica 152
Sha'ar Hagolan 136, 229
‘cult' 138-9 investment in (Levantine MPPNB) 135-6, 248
Las Pircas (Nanchoc) 544, 548, 549 longhouses
Linear Pottery (Linearbandkeramik, LBK) culture 137, 585, 593, 597 post-built (Kuahuqiao and Hemudu)
326 post-framed (western Europe) 557, 559-61,
568, 569-70
trapezoidal longhouses (Brzesc Kujawski Group) 573, 590-1, 600-1, 608 lower Xiajiadian 351 Mumun period 148 Natufian 222 ovoid huts 326
Pengtoushan 326
pit houses
Botai and Tersek 177
Chulmun 148-50
Nakanishi-Akitsu 400
Southwest North America 154-5
Pre-Neolithic 229
Pre-Pottery Neolithic 228
Pre-Pottery Neolithic B 226 stilted and ground level (mainland
Southeast Asia) 421-2
storage 138, 148
subfloor burials 135, 234, 252-4, 366
Tierra Blanca (Nanchoc) 544, 548, 549
Valdivia 525
Hsiao-Chun Hung 419
Huai River 310
Huang Qixu 315
Huarpa 533
Hudson, Mark 377, 380-1
Hughes, Philip 447
human behavioural ecology (HBE) theory 539 human body, treatment and representation of
143
Hunamni 150
Hungary 556 hunter-gatherers 5-7, 15
Africa, late Stone Age 482-3, 489, 490, 492, 494 bone size and shape 117 diet and health 102-3
fertility 102, 118-19
Japan 18-19
life expectancy 102
mainland Southeast Asia 417-18 respiratory disease 113 and rice cultivation 325
skull shape 111
South Asia 268
vs. farmers 583 hunting 141, 162, 164-5, 278, 419, 495, 578 Hurrians 189
Huysecom, Erik et al. 74 hyacinth bean 285
Hyakkengawa-Sawada settlement (Okayama prefecture) 366, 369, 371
Hyksos 189
Iberia 565, 578
ice core (GISP2) analysis 215
Iceman (Otzi), Chalcolithic Tyrolean 47, 141, 574, 579
Ikegami-Sone (Osaka prefecture) 367, 368 Ikeshima-Fukumanji (Osaka) 369
Ileret 479
India 16-17
agriculture, lexical evidence of 85-90 bean crops 86, 275, 285
Eastern Wetlands traditions 277-9 pottery 275, 277, 281 rice 278-9, 280-1, 323-5 see also eastern India; Gangetic plains;
savanna India
Indonesia 80, 411
Indus civilization 262, 273, 274
Indus River 267
Indus valley 262 inequality 152 Ingold, Tim 13, 164-6
Iraq 213, 216-17
Ireland 568
stone walls 580
Iron Age
mainland Southeast Asia 426
South Asia 262, 276 sub-Saharan Africa 487, 490, 491, 492, 494 iron-smelting 201 irrigation
canal 369, 532, 533, 544, 550
networks 194
North America 529, 532-3
paddy field 364, 369, 371, 376, 383, 406-9 projects 312 small ditch 532
island Southeast Asia 411, 426-34 appearance of domestic rice 20 climate 411-13 genetic diversity 49-51 landforms 413 linguistic history 79-83 Neolithic 413-17
isotope analysis 127, 145, 338
Israelites 188-9
Italian 574
Italy
dairy farming methods 170
ditched enclosures 565
Itazuke 356, 364
ivory 578
jack bean 518 jade 341, 342-3 Jakkalsberg 493
Jalilpur 272
Japan 18-19
animals 382
civil engineering projects 375-6 dryfield agriculture and horticulture 367
hunting and gathering 382
laurel forest culture 359
matagi hunters 382
paddy rice farming 353-4
early Yayoi period 366-7, 388-404 introduction of 362-6
Kofun period 379
late Yayoi period 370-3, 382, 389 middle Yayoi period 367-9, 389 storage facilities 373-4, 376 technology 373
population increase 376
violence and warfare 377-8
japonica rice 330
Jarigole 480
Jarmo 5, 213, 298, 301
Jarrige, Jean-Francois 290, 293, 295, 307
Java 416
Jazdzewski, Konrad 590-1
Jenne-jeno 14, 203-7, 485
Jerf el Ahmar 223, 230, 233
Jericho 5, 132, 213, 216, 222-4, 228, 234 jewellery 143, 231, 421, 422-3 see also beads Jhandi Babar 306
Jhandi Babar A (Gomal plain) 272, 306
Jhusi 274
Jiahu 322, 323
Job's Tears 329, 419, 440
Jomon culture 18-19, 366-7
animal husbandry 378
cultivation 357-62
dental caries 109
farmers 380-1
landscape 405-6, 407-8
material culture 359, 405
periods 354, 387-8, 389-91, 394-7, 404, 405-6
pottery 354, 360, 387, 394-7, 404, 408-9 ritual 408-9
settlements 389-91, 405
storage 408
technologies 406-7
Jones, Glynis et al. 298
Jones, Martin 17
Juglans mandshurica 350
Kabusanze 489
Kacchi plain 289-90
Kadzi 495
Kalundu 495
Kana 466
Kaner, Simon 18
Kannonji-Honma site 405, 408
Kanto 360
Kantun 418
Karako-Kagi (Nara) 356,367,368-9,371,379,387, 388-9, 397
Karkarinchinkat 477, 505
Karnataka 282
Kashihara 387, 408
Kashiwa, Oyama 358
Kasteelberg Hill (South Africa) 493
Katsuragi River 392
Kawanishi-Nenarigaki 403
Kazahari (Aomori prefecture) 360
Kazakhstan 161
crop dispersal 330
forced pastoralism 173 horses 176-83 nomadism/transhumance 174,
176-7
pottery 177-9 steppes 164, 176-81
Kemondo Bay, KM2 and KM3
sites 489
Ken'ichi Yano 18
Kent site (Kazakhstan) 183
Kenya, Savanna Pastoral Neolithic tradition 70
Kenyon, Kathleen 5, 213, 223, 228
Kfar Ha-Horesh 227
Khameswaripali 277-9
Khao Wang Prachan valley 442
Khirokitia culture 236
Khoe 51-2
Khok Phnom Di 423-5, 439
Khorat plateau (Thailand) 422-3
Khyber Pakhtunkhwa 272
Kikuchi, Yukiko 402
Kili Gul Mohammad 268, 293-7, 302, 306, 307
King, Roy 36
Kingwell-Banham, Eleanor 16, 289
Kintampo sites 484, 485
Kivisild 35
Kivu-Rusizi River 488
Klein Africa (South Africa) 495
kob 206
Kodekal 282
Kofun period 354
Koldihwa 274, 275
Kolima Sud 474, 510
Kolima Sud-Est 512
Konary 599, 605-7
Korea
bean crops 322
burial monuments 150-1, 158
communities 148-51, 157
migration 18
rice farming 364
Koros culture 578
Kosipe (New Guinea) 19
Krigbaum, John 433
Kruger National Park 495
Kruszyn 599
Kuahuqiao culture 326, 328
Kuchai 279
Kudatini 283
kudzu (Pueraria lobata) 469
Kuijt, Ian 235
Kuk Swamp (New Guinea) 19, 417, 437, 442,
445-6
burning 455, 462
ditches 464-6
geographical setting 446-7 history of research 447-50 mound cultivation 462-4 pig rearing 467-8 plant exploitation:
cultivation practices 460-1
Holocene-Pleistocene transition 457-9 Pleistocene 454-7
statigraphy 450-1
swidden cultivation 462
tree fallowing 467
Kuma-Nishida 369
Kumali rock shelter (Ethiopia) 479
!Kung San 6
Kuroimine 373, 379, 383
Kutsukata (Miyagi prefecture) 369
Kuyavia (Kujawy)
animal remains 595-6
burials 596
crops 596
diet 604
landscape 589
LBK farmers 591-7
Lengyel culture 597-610
pottery 594-6, 601
see also Brzesc Kujawski
KwaZulu-Natal 495
Kyushu 362, 364, 377, 387
La Draga (Spain) 568
La Joya 152
La Pastora dolmen 578
labour
control of 199
division of 136-7
organization of (urban) 201-2
lacquer 361
lactose persistence 48 lactose tolerance/intolerance 103,105,137,
170-2
Africa 172
Europe 579
Laga Oda rock shelter 477, 478, 479 Lahuradewa 273-5
Lake Balaton 556
Lake Bosumtwi 484
Lake Constance 138
Lake Eyasi basin 483
Lake La Yeguada 518
Lake Titicaca basin 533, 534-5
Lake Van 215
Lake Victoria 483
Lane, Paul 20 languages/language families 60-7
Andes 7
Atlantic-Congo 73
Austroasiatic 51, 83, 87
Austronesian 49, 79-83, 415, 429, 431
Bantu 49, 51-3, 73-4, 76-7
Basque 90
Benue-Kwa 73
Caucasian 84
cultural salience (of lexicon) 57-8 dispersal 51-3, 73-4, 76-7, 415, 429-30, 431 Dogon 73
Dravidian 263
Eastern Bantu 487
as evidence of crop cultivation 65-7, 76,
77-8
Hattic 84
Hurrian 84
Indo-Aryan 87, 263
Indo-European 88-9
Indo-Hittite (period) 88
Japanese 381, 383
Khoisan click 51-2 lexical change 56-7
Mande 73
Munda 87, 263
Niger-Congo 59, 71
Nilo-Saharan 60-7, 70-1
Omotic 77-8
Pama-Nungyan 431 proto-Agaw-East-South Cushitic 68 proto-Atlantic 73 proto-Atlantic-Congo 73 proto-Austronesian 19, 79-81 proto-Bantu 76
proto-Cushitic 68-71 proto-Dravidian 86 proto-Eastern Bantu (Mashariki) 487, 492 proto-Ijo-Congo 73 proto-Indo-European 88-9 proto-Khoekhoe 492 proto-Malayo-Polynesian 80-2 proto-Niger-Congo 71-3, 74 proto-Northern Sudanic 62-3, 65 proto-Omotic 77-8 proto-Saharo-Sahelian 63, 65 proto-Sahelian 63-7, 70-1 proto-Semitic 83-4 proto-Southern Cushitic 481 proto-Volta-Congo 75 proto-Western Bantu 490 protolanguages 56 and relatedness 55-6 Sahelian 487
Sino-Tibetan 82-3 Sudanic 487
Trans-New Guinea 82
Urartian 84 Volta-Congo 73
Langweiler 8 (Merzbach) 570 Laos, swiddening 439 lapis lazuli 271, 295, 302 Lapita culture 81, 416, 434-6 Larsen, Clark Spencer 109, 380 Larsen, Greger et al. 438 late Majiabang (lower Yangtze) 327 Lawrence, T.E. 213
LBK see Linear Pottery (Linearbandkeramik, LBK) culture
leeks 83
Legge, Tony 167 legumes (pulses) 489, 516-17 Lekhahia 276
Lengyel culture 557
Kuyavia 597-610 lentils 274
Leopard Cave (Erongo mountains, Namibia)
493
Lesser Sunda Islands 411
Levant 212
agricultural communities 128-36 animal domestication 220 animal husbandry 111 ceramics 232-3 climate 215 dental health 108, 112 evidence of livestock 127, 130 olive oil production 221 PPNA architecture 131-4 primacy model 236 southern, Neolithic study 213
Levant (cont.)
southern, Pre-Neolithic architecture 228-9 trade 234
transition to farming 129
urbanism 188
Levantine Corridor 220 Levi-Strauss, Claude 584 Li Bing 312
Li, H.L. 322 Liangzhu 327-8 Libya 65
LiDAR technology 195 Lilley, Malcolm C. 112 lima bean 520 lime production 549-50 Limpopo valley 496 Linear Pottery (Linearbandkeramik, LBK) culture
burials 577-8, 596-7 dispersal 594-5 DNA 37, 41-4, 48 farmers 591-3 gardens 580 longhouses 585, 593, 597 material culture 574, 594-6 settlements 137, 556, 559, 568, 569-70, 572-3, 580, 581 linguistics 10-11 see also languages little barley 522 little millet 86 Liu, Guoxiang 17 Liu, Xinyi 17 livestock
Bantu words for 76
Cushite words for 68-71 dwarf species 485-6 feeding 163 grazing 163
Nilo-Saharan words for 62-4 proto-Indo-European words for 89 proto-Malayo-Polynesian words for 80-1 see also under names of individual species llama 162 lleren (Calathea allouia) 518 Loc Giang 421-2
Locust-bean tree (Parkia biglobosa) 483 Lokori 480
Loma Alta 518 long barrows 563-5, 610 Lorkiewicz, Wieslaw 604 lower Xiajiadian culture 336 Lubell, David et al. 113 lucuma 520
Ludwigshafen (Lake Constance) 138
Ludwinowo (LBK settlement) 593, 596 luffa 87 lupine 535
Maasai 165, 172, 173
Maasai Mara 483, 486
MacDonald, Kevin 21
Mahadaha 276
Mahagara 275 mainland Southeast Asia 411, 417-26
animal domestication 438-9 climate 411-13
crop domestication 436-8 early Neolithic sites 419-20 horticulture 418
landforms 413
Neolithic 413-17, 421 pre-Neolithic 420-1 rice farming 18-19 maize
China 316, 331
cultivation 151-2
lexical history 85
Mexico 514, 526
North America 22, 154
nutrition in
origins 22, 514-15
Panama 5i8
Southwest Americas 154
use in alcohol 25
see also teosinte
Majiayao culture (Linjia) 323
Makowiecki, Daniel 605
Makriyalos 142 malaria 121
Malayo-Polynesians 80-2
Mali 474
Manganji River 392
Mangniu River 338 manioc 515, 517-18 Manning, Kate 505 Manser, Jessica 433-4
Maoshan 327-8
Maros Cave (Ulu Leang) 429 marsh elder 22, 522
Marston, John M. 198-9 marten/polecat remains 573 Matarrubilla dolmen 578 material culture 5, 127-8, 212, 222-33
Africa 476-7, 478, 486-7, 494, 510-11
China 145-6, 328, 336, 338, 341-3, 345
Europe 5, 137-44, 566, 574-7, 584 island Southeast Asia 20, 432-6
Japan 356, 372-3, 378-9
Kazakhstan 177-9
Korea 148-51
Lapita 81 mainland Southeast Asia 419
Mesoamerica 151-3
Nanchoc valley (Peru) 544-51 Natufian 129, 222, 229-30
Nilo-Saharan 60 pastoralists 164
Pottery Neolithic (PN) 136-7, 228-9, 232-3
Pre-Pottery Neolithic A (PPNA) 131-4, 222-4, 230-1
Pre-Pottery Neolithic B (PPNB) 134, 136, 224-8, 231
Pre-Pottery Neolithic C (PPNC) 228, 231 proto-Oceanic 81
proto-Sudanic 62
Southwest North America 154-6
Yayoi 18, 356, 372-3
Matola 495
Mayan urban centres 194
maygrass 522
McElroy, Ann 96
McIntosh, Roderick J. 14, 187
McIntosh, Susan 204, 206
Meadow, Richard H. 297, 305 medical anthropology 96
Mediterranean islands 236-8
Mehrgarh 16, 267-71, 274 ceramic production 303-4, 305-6, 307-8 Chalcolithic occupation 292 period iii (Togauphase) 305-7 periods ιv and v 307-8
contact with other settlements 302 location 289-90
Neolithic occupation 290-2 period ι 268, 292-301 period iia 267, 271, 295-7, 302-5 period iib 305
site 293-7, 302, 306
subsistence economy changes 304-5
Meiklejohn, Christopher 119
Mekong River 422
Mellaart, James 213 melons 67, 205, 328, 329, 367
Merzbach valley (Germany) 569-70 Mesoamerica
communities 151-3, 157
crops 151
early domestication 520-1 late Archaic/early Formative period 527-8 linguistic evidence of agricultural practices 84-5
terracing 533
water management 533
Mesolithic (middle Stone Age) 3
DNA 41-8
South Asia 268, 275-6
Mesopotamia 191
cities 193
effects of intensive farming 201 irrigation 221
organization of production 201 metallurgy 16, 306, 330, 354, 432, 487-8, 490 and expansion of pastoralism 166-7 Japan 354, 373
Kazakhstan 177
Korea 150-1
Neolithic Europe 139-41, 574-6
South Asia 262
sub-Saharan Africa 487, 494, 508 see also copper; Iron Age; iron-smelting Mexico
Central Balsas River valley 521 early farmers 526-8 highlands 151
plant domestication 22, 514
raised fields (chinampa) 534
Mgombani 489
mice 129, 130
Micronesia 81
genetic diversity 49 middle Niger floodplain 203, 205, 206
legacy of Tichitt tradition 510-12 Miechowice 599
crops 605-7
LBK settlement 593, 596 migration 9-10, 16
Africa 480-2, 487, 490-1
Austronesian 20
Bantu 76-7
from Europe to Near East 36
from Korea to China 18
into Japan 364, 381, 383
into Lake Turkana basin 480-2
South Asia 271, 295-7
Southeast Asia 434, 435 milk/milking 165-6, 167, 581
linguistic evidence 65
mare's 180
sustaining letdown 169-70 see also dairy products; dairying; lactose tolerance/intolerance
millet(s)
Africa 21, 491, 492, 495, 496, 499, 505
China 145-6, 310, 316-23, 328-9, 335-6, 349-52 island Southeast Asia 440
Japan 18, 354, 367, 404 Kazakhstan 176 linguistic evidence 80 mainland Southeast Asia 419, 442 middle Niger 205 non-shattering rachis 505 South Asia 17, 263, 278, 284 spread 329 wild 205
see also under names of individual species mint (Perillafrutescens) 329 Mirabib (Namibia) 493 mitrochondrial DNA (mtDNA)
admixture effect 36-7, 50
Africa 51-3
ancient Europeans 40-8
and analysis of human dispersal patterns
26-48 chicken 439 contemporary Europeans 31-40 founder analysis 30, 32-5, 37, 51 genetic dating 28-9 haplogroup H 43-6 haplogroup J 42 haplogroup K 42 haplogroup L3 30 haplogroup N1a 41-4, 46 haplogroup T 42 haplogroup U 41-2, 46-7 horse 13-14, 180 human-chimp split 29 MSY variation 35-6, 46, 49 pig 20, 438 Polynesian motif 49-51 Southeast Asia 49-51 Mitsudera ι 373, 376, 383 Miyamoto, Kazuo 364 Miyoshi, Nobuaki 402 Mizoguchi, Koji 367, 376 moat building 426 Modjeska, Nicholas 451 Mogollon mountains, SU site 154 Monelirio dolmen 578 Mongol herders/pastoralists 173, 177 Mongol Hordes 173 monumental architecture 234, 563-5 construction 158 see also burial monuments/ tombs
Morelli, Laura et al. 37
Morioka, Hideto 403
Morrell, Peter L. 298 mortuary practices 128, 233-4, 236
China 145
Europe 144, 577-8 see also burials
Moruo, Guo 313 mosquitoes 121 mounds
Amazon basin 535 burial 392, 397, 509-10, 544, 549, 561-5 ceremonial 525-6 cultivation 462-4
settlement 501, 557, 566, 569, 571-3 shell 527
Mount Haruna (Gumma prefecture) 373
Mount Kilimanjaro 480
Mozambique 495
Mugumamp 464
Mumun period 148 mungbean 86, 275
Munson, Patrick 499-501, 506, 508 Mureybat 222
Murono-Miyayama mounded tomb (Nakanishi-Akitsu) 392, 397
Murray, Tim 435
Myres, Natalie M. et al. 37
N'Dama cattle 485
Nabatake (Saga prefecture) 364, 379 Nabta Playa 64, 67
Naderi, Sean et al. 300
Naka-Kunryu (Fukuoka) 371 Nakanishi-Akitsu complex 367, 392-409 buried forest 400-1 chronology of paddy fields 394-7 food consumption 403-4 forest life 404-5 irrigated rice cultivation 406-9 landscape 405-6 population 403 village 397-400
Nalepka, Dorota 607
Nam River valley 148
Nanchoc valley (Peru) 22 burials 544 climate change 551 construction projects 549-50 crops 520, 541, 544 El Palto phase 543-4 environmental parameters 542-3 Las Pircas phase 544
Tierra Blanca phase 544-9, 550, 552
Nantaizi (Keshiketeng) 336 Nanzhuangou 320 Napachik (Manipur) 281
Narhan 275
Narutaki (Wakayama prefecture) 373 Native Americans 85
Natufian period
architecture 131, 222
artefacts/material culture 129, 229-30 settlements 129, 222
status differentiation 233
Ndondi Tossokel (Mali) 510-11 Near East see Southwest Asia Neolithic (New Stone Age) 3
‘broad spectrum subsistence' model 217 chronologies:
eastern India 277
northwestern South Asia 267-70 savanna India 281-2
South Asia 262-3 see also Mehrgarh Southwest Asia 212-14
definition 177-9, 210-12
DNA 37, 41-4, 48
ecological and social consequences of 238-9
expansion 236-8
‘hilly flanks' model 16, 216-17
material culture 222-9
Oasis Propinquity Theory of 216 oldest cultures 210-12 post-processual models 218 processual models 217
Revolution 3-5,15, 210, 216-19, 285 theories for 210-12
transition 31-40, 270-3
Neon U-Loke 425
New Guinea 416, 445-6
human origins 49-50 see also Kuk Swamp New Mexico 154-6 Ngamuriak 486 Niah Cave 19, 432-4
Niger River 205 see also middle Niger floodplain
Nil Kham Maeng 426
Nilgai 278
Nintoku, Emperor 375
Nishijinmachi 381
Nitra (Slovakia) 596
Nkang 491
Nkope Hill (Malawi) 495
nomadism 13, 120, 134, 173-4, 176-7, 181, 220, Non Pa Wai 426
noodles 330
Nor Mak La 426
North America
Eastern Woodlands 522, 529
fields 529
Great Plains 523
plant domestication 85, 210, 522-3 southwest 154-6, 210
transformation of landscapes 529-30
North Horr 479
Northern Transvaal (Gauteng) 496 Nowaczyk, Boleslaw 607 nuts
Africa 491
China 325-6, 350
Japan 367, 404, 406
oil palm 492
South Asia 279
see also individual species
oak trees 404
Oaxaca valley 152
obsidian 124, 479, 486
oca 520
Oceania, linguistic history 79-83
octopus 379
Odisha (Orissa) 277, 280
Sundargarh district 280
Ohalo (Sea of Galilee) 11, 215
oil palm (Elaeis guineensis) 21, 76, 472, 483, 484,
491, 492
Okoliste (Bosnia) 572
okra 205
Oksbjerg, J. 368
Ol Ngoroi 482
Oliga 490
olive oil production 221
Olmec 152, 157
Orkney 586
Orunwanje 95/1 (Namibia) 493
Oslonki 599, 600, 601-2, 608
copper artefacts 602-4
crops 605-7
violence 605
osteoarthritis 117
osteomyelitis 111 osteopenia/osteoporosis 110-11 Otsuka 369
otter 573, 605
Ounjougou site (Mali) 74
Outram, Alan 13, 125
pacay (guama) 541 paddy fields 17-18,146, 327-8, 353-4, 362 agricultural tools 364, 366 chronology and key sites 354 paddy fields (cont.)
early 326, 362-6
irrigation 364, 369, 371, 406-9
Nara basin 387-92 see also Nakanishi-Akitsu complex
Pakistan 268
Pala, Maria 9
Palaeolithic (Old Stone Age) 3
DNA 41-2, 44, 46
Palavoy 283
palm starch 329 palms 518 Panama 518
Pandanus brosimus 455-7
Panga ya Saidi Cave 489
Papua New Guinea 81
parasites 380
Passy 563 pastoralism 2, 13-14, 89
African 171-2, 473, 479
definition 161, 173
meat 13,164-5
milch 13, 165-6, 167-72
mobility 161, 163-4, 173-6
nomadic 134, 174-6
ranchers 13, 166
savanna India 282-3 territoriality/environment 163-4 transhumance 174-7
Payne, Sebastian 167
pea 367 peach 328, 330, 367 peanuts 85, 331, 520, 541 pear 367 pearl millet
domesticated (Pennisetum glaucum) 285, 474, 477, 484, 489, 491, 506
wild (P. glaucum violaceum) 477
Pearsall, Deborah 22
Peiligang culture 145-6, 320, 336
Peking Man 313
pellagra 111
Pena Roja site (Colombia) 519
Pengtoushan culture 323, 326
Pennington, Ruth 102
Penon del Rio complex 535 pepper (Piper sp.) 418 perch 573
Periano Ghundai (Zhob) 272, 306, 307 perilla 361
Perrier, Xavier et al. 436-7 persimmon 328
Person, Alain et al. 501
Peru 22
water management 532 see also Nanchoc valley
Peterson, Christian E. 348
Petrie, Cameron 16, 305
Petrovka culture 181-3
Philippines 80
occupation 415
Phung Nguyen Complex 420-1 phylogeography 26-31 see also ancient DNA;
mitrochondrial DNA
phytolith analysis 127
pig
Anatolia 220
Brzesc Kujawski 605 burials 422, 423
China 145, 146, 323, 328
Cyprus 237 domestication 20, 413-17, 573 eastern India 278
Europe 162, 573 island Southeast Asia 429
Japan, Yayoi period 379, 382 mainland Southeast Asia 422, 423
New Guinea 467-8
origins 43 Southeast Asia 17, 438-9 Southwest Asia 15, 220 wild 605
words for 80-1, 89
pigeon pea 16, 87, 278-9, 284 pike 573
Piklihal 282
Pikutkowo 599, 608
pistachios 83
pitpit (Setaria spp.) 458
Pitted Ware culture (PWC) 46, 47 plaster
skulls 135, 136, 231, 233, 235, 255 vessels 231
Pleistocene Ice Age 1 China 319 climatic fluctuations 214 hunter-gatherers 7, 15, 18-19 mainland Southeast Asia
417-18
New Guinea 454-7 population 1 rice domestication 325
Plog, Fred 346, 348
ploughing
Europe 580
Nam River valley (Korea) 148
ploughs 373, 581
plum 367
Poland
Ionghouses 573
sheep 581
see also Brzesc Kujawski
Polynesia, genetic diversity 49 population growth 200, 217
Possehl, Greg 302, 305, 306
potato
Americas 85, 517-18, 535
China 331
Japan 404
pottery
basket-marked 303, 306, 432-9
Boleraz style 573
Brzesc Kujawski Group 601 and burial rituals 441-2 cord-impressed 275, 418-19, 420, 429-30,
432-9
early Chinese Neolithic 335
early farming communities (early Iron Age) 487, 494-6
earthenware 432
Faita 510-11
and food preparation 315-16
grey ware 277
Hakra ware 272
Ileret 479
island Southeast Asia 428
Neolithic 429-30, 432-6
Jomon 354, 360, 387, 404, 408-9
Kalundu tradition 495
Kazakhstan 177-9
Kechi Beg ware 307-8
Lapita 434-6
LBK (Kuyavia) 594-6
Libya 65
lipid residue techniques 168-9 mainland Southeast Asia 441-2
early Neolithic 419-20
Holocene hunter-gatherer 418-19
Neolithic 421, 422-3, 425
pre-Neolithic 420-1
Malongo 490
Matola/Silver Leaves ware 495
Nderit 479
polychrome decoration (Mehrgarh ιv and v)307-8
pre-Tichitt 503-4, 510-11
red-slipped 430, 435
red ware 277, 303
South Asia 262
eastern India 277, 281
Gangetic plains 275 northwestern 271, 272, 292, 302-6, 307-8 Tichitt tradition 476, 510-11 tripod vessels 281 Urewe ware 488-9, 494-5
Valdivia 524-6 Xinglongwa 341
Yayoi 355-6, 366, 376-7, 397 Yu'usu style (Kyushsu) 364 Zofipole style 594
Pottery Neolithic (PN) 136-7, 212-13, 232-3 architecture 228-9 material culture 231 mortuary patterns 236 ritual behaviour 236 social organization 235-6 Southwest Asia 231, 232-3
Pre-Neolithic Pottery Cultures (PNPC)
420-1
Pre-Pottery Neolithic (PPN) 212
Pre-Pottery Neolithic A (PPNA) 130-4, 212, 215, 219-20
architecture 131-4, 222-4, 234 material culture 230-1 sedentism 222-4
Pre-Pottery Neolithic B (PPNB) 134-6, 212 agriculture 220 animal husbandry 111, 220 animal species 247 architecture 224-8, 248-52, 256-60 climate 215 late period (LPPNB) 245-7 Levantine villages 152 material culture 231 middle period (MPPNB) 245-57 mixed farming 134 plastered skulls 135, 136 population growth 245 pyrotechnology 231 ritual 234-5, 252-4, 256-60 social order 233-4 social organization 234-5 trade 235
Pre-Pottery Neolithic C (PPNC) 212, 221, 245, 316
animals 247
architecture 228, 250-2 material culture 231 proto-Semites 83-4 Prunus armeniaca 350 public buildings 152-3 Pueblo period 155
pulses
Africa 495, 496
Americas 520
cultivation of wild (West Asia) 130
Japan 367
South Asia 18, 263, 278, 284 pumpkin 85
Purugganan, Michael D. 298
Pyrus betuleafolia 350
Pyzel, Joanna 593
Qilaotu mountains 338
Qinghai province 331
Qinling mountains 335
Qiujialing culture 327
Quercus sp., Corylus 350 querns, rotary 330 quinoa 520, 535, 541
Rach Nui 421-2
Rahmatabad 268
Rana Ghundai (Loralai) 272
phase ι -ιι 306
phase ιιι-ιv 307
rats 129
Real Alto 518, 523, 524-6
ceremonial mounds 525-6
social organization 523
red deer 605
Red Jungle Fowl 439 reedbuck 206
reindeer 162, 165 religion 234-5 see also ritual
Renfrew, Colin 26
rice
African 21, 205, 483, 484
artificial field systems 326 see also paddy fields
ball 353
China 87, 146, 310, 323-9, 332
and dental health 109 flooding 376
India 278-9, 280-1, 323-5
Japan 353-4, 359-61, 377, 387 early Yayoi period 366-7, 388-404 introduction of 362-6 late Yayoi period 370-3, 389 middle Yayoi period 367-9, 389 nutrition in
pottery impressions 408-9 seed (words for) 80 social implications 376-8
South Asia 273-6, 278-9, 280-1, 323-5
Southeast Asia 20, 87, 4i6, 4i9, 420, 425-6, 428-9, 442
species:
Oryza glaberrima 205, 483, 484
Oryza rufipogon 429
Oryza rufipogon sensu stricto 326
Oryza sativa 280-1, 429
tools 364
wet cultivation 145, 146, 148, 326
wild 17, 326, 429
yield 401-2, 403-4
see also paddy fields
Richards, Martin 9, 31, 112
Rindos, David 539
ritual
artefacts (PPNB) 231, 234-5 buildings 152-3, 155-6, 256-60 burials 252-4, 434-6, 441-2 cereal seeds and 25 ‘congregations' 138-9 Nanchoc valley 544 practices 158, 233-5, 252-4 shamanic (Real Alto) 525-6 Tichitt 509-10
Roberts, Charlotte 11
rock carving 141
roe deer 605
Roksandic, Mirjana et al. 117
Rome 201
Ronen, Avraham 224
roots 19, 416, 516-18
Russia, forest steppes 164
Rwanda 489
Saami 36
Sabaki River 483
Sabana de Bogota (Colombia) 534
Saberi Faita 510
Sadr, Karim 494
sago 19, 468
words for 80-1
sago palms 19, 416, 417, 419
Sahara
food production 59
rainfall 473
Sahel
material culture 476-7
millet domestication 21, 477, 499
Sahlins, Marshall 581
Saikachido (Kanagawa prefecture) 369
Saisho, Daisuke 298
Salamini, Francesco et al. 298
Salque, Melanie 596
Samoa 81
San 51-2 see also Kung San
San Isidro site (Colombian Andes) 518
SanJose Mogote 152-3
Sanga cattle 485
Sanganakallu 282
Sannai Maruyama 378
Sanzoudian 350-1
Saragi site 409
Sarai-Nahar-Rai 276
Sarawak 442
Sardinia 47
Sardinians 36, 38
Sargary culture 182
Sasuke, Nakao 359, 361
savanna India
cattle 282, 283
crop domestication 281-5
Neolithic chronology 281-2 pastoralism 282-3 sheep 282
Savanna Pastoral Neolithic tradition 486-7
Sawada, Goichi 402
Scarcelli, Nora et al. 437
Schlangengraben valley (Germany) 569-70
Schwartz, Glenn M. 12, 238
scurvy 110
seal (animal) 494 seals 232-3, 307 sedentism 4, 11, 151-2
and fertility 118-19
Peru 544, 549, 551
South Asia 262, 273-6, 280, 285-6, 290-2
Southeast Asia 413, 420, 422
Southwest Asia 217, 218, 222-9
Tichitt 500
Semino, Ornella 35
Senoi 51
Senuwar 275
Serengeti plains 483
Sergeevka 181 sesame 263, 270 settlements
alluvial fan 305
Central Asia 181
changes 124-5
China 335-8
Chulmun/Mumun 148-50
Ecuador 524-6
European 137-9, 559-61, 569-73, 591-7 flat 557, 569, 584
Jomon settlements 389-91, 405
Levantine Pottery Neolithic 136-7
Linear Pottery (Linearbandkeramik, LBK) 137, 556, 559, 568, 569-70, 572-3, 580, 581, 591-7
mounds/tells 501, 557, 566, 569, 571-3 Natufian 129, 222 pit-house (Southwest Americas) 154-5 raised platform 421-2
South Asia 301-2 Tichitt 499, 505-10 Yayoi:
early 366-7, 388-404 middle (Japan) 367-9 late 370-3 see also villages Sha'ar Hagolan 136, 229, 232 Shabik'eschee Village 154-5 ritual buildings 155-6 Shah-Maran 268 Shangsan 326 Shawoli 320
Shea (Karite) (Vitellaria paradoxa) tree 483 sheep
China 330-1
Europe 573, 581, 605 genetic origins 300 Jenne-jeno 206 Kazakhstan 176 savanna India 282 selective breeding 172-3 South Asia 16, 274, 300 Southwest Asia 15, 83, 162, 220 sub-Saharan Africa 479, 485, 486, 493-4, 495
terms for 64, 70-1, 83, 89 wild 172-3
Levant 130 northwestern South Asia 269, 293, 300
Shelach, Gideon 348 shell artefacts 230, 231, 295, 422-3 shellfish 419, 474, 492, 494, 495, 578 Shennong (the divine farmer) 332 Sheri Khan Tarakai (Bannu basin) 262, 306 Sherratt, Andrew 13, 166-8, 173, 321 Shijiahe culture 327 Shijo-Shinano 400, 403 Shimoyakebe (Tokyo) 362 shiso minto 361 Shixia site 419
Shizitan 319
Shum Laka rock shelter 490, 491
Shunpei, Ueyama 359
Siberia 162, 174
Silver Leaves site 496
Sindh 268
Sintashta culture 181
Sipplingen (Lake Constance) 138 Situmpa 495 skeletal evidence
accidental injuries 117-18
aging of 99
bone modifications 604
changes and living environment 20, 113-18 collection of data from 98-102
effect of diet 108-13,141, 604, 608-9 evidence of violence 117-18, 605 growth retardation 108, 111, 119 health indicators 100-2
indicators of response to agriculture i05, 107-21, 604, 608-9
stable isotope analysis 112-13,141 see also skulls
skulls
cattle 138, 230, 234
cribra orbitalia 108, 111, 118, 120-1, 604
Niah Cave 433-4
plastering/painting 135, 136, 231, 233, 235, 255 porotic hyperostosis 108, 111, 118, 120-1 removal 135, 235, 254, 434
shape 111 slave trade 508 Smith, Bruce 218 Smolsk 594, 599 Soares, Pedro 9, 35 social interaction, evidence of 142 Soga River 392 soil, black palaeosol 405-6 Solomon Islands 81
Somba cattle 485
Soreq Cave (Israel) 215
sorghum
Africa 205, 479, 484, 489, 495, 496
savanna India 285
seeds (Nabta Playa) 67
use in alcohol 25
South Africa 493 see also specific sites
South America, raised fields 535 South Asia 16-17
animals 263-4, 269-70, 278-9
Chalcolithic culture 272
domesticates 263-4, 269, 278-9 monsoon 261-2
Neolithic chronology 262-3 northwestern 269
pottery 262, 271, 272, 275, 277, 281, 302-5 terracing 534
transition to agriculture 270-3
Southeast Asia see island Southeast Asia; mainland Southeast Asia
Southwest Asia (Near East) 4, 7, 15-16 chronology 212-14 consequences of Neolithic lifestyles 238-9 domesticates 219
economic nature of the Neolithic 219-21 environment and climate 214-16
first villages 222-9 linguistic history 83-4 material cultures 229-33
Neolithic cultures 210-12
regional cores and the expansion of the Neolithic 236-8
sedentism 222-9
social orders 233-6
theories on the Neolithic 216-19 see also 'Ain Ghazal
soybeans
China 17, 322, 332, 350
Japan 18, 322, 361, 367
Korea 322
Spengler, Oswald 187
Spirit Cave 418
Spoegrivier (South Africa) 493
Spriggs, Matthew 430-1 squash 22, 85, 516-17
Eastern Woodlands 529
Ecuador 518
Mexican highlands 151
Panama 518
pepo 522
Peru 541, 544
Southwest North America 154
stable isotope analysis
crops 127, 145, 338
evidence of rice consumption 425-6 oxygen 175
skeletons 112-13, 127, 141, 154, 321-2,
351-2, 362
speleothem analysis 215
stag beetle 404
Starcevo culture 556, 568
Stepleton enclosure (Hambledon Hill) 142
Stone Age see Mesolithic; Neolithic;
Palaeolithic
stone wall systems 580
Stone, Glenn D. 201
Stone-to-Metal Age (SMA) 490, 491 Stonehenge 586
storage
ceramic vessels 145, 148
exclusive 137,138,148, 152, 156-7, 372
raised floor 366, 373-4
shared 150,156, 367, 373-4
storage pits 145,148, 152, 154, 335, 346-9, 403, 408, 496
straw 163
structures (Mehrgarh) 304
urban centre 198
Suberde 213
Sudan, Atabi sites 477
Sugao, Yamanouchi 355
sugarcane 80-1, 446, 458, 468
Sugenya 486
Sugitani Chanobatake 353
Sulawesi 416
Sumatra 416
geography 413
Summer, Alan 15
Sunazawa (Aomori prefecture) 369 sunflower 22, 522
Sunshu Ao 312
Sur Jangal
phase ι-ιι 306
phase ιιι 307
Surab
phase ιι 306
phase ιιι 307
surplus 14, 157,187-207, 540, 551
Suthiragasa, Nikhom 423
sweet potato 85, 467-8
swidden agriculture (slash and burn) 126,145, 359, 417, 420, 439-41, 462, 490-1
Tabaqat al-Buma 136
Tach Lac (Ha Tinh province) 421
Taihang 335
Taiwan 80
dispersal from 50-1, 429-30
Takaki, Sasaki 359
Takeru, Akazawa 366
Talheim 142
Tamade site (Gose city) 389-91, 392, 408
Tambul 464
Tamil Nadu 282
Tappeh Rahmatabad 301
Tareyanagi (Aomori prefecture) 369 taro (Colocasia esculenta L.)
island Southeast Asia 19, 416, 437, 440, 446, 458, 462, 463, 468
South Asia 263, 280
Taro, Okamoto 359
tattoos 435
taurine cattle 485
Tayles, N. et al. 110-11
Tchissinga West 492
teeth
changes in shape 111-12 enamel hypoplasia 108, 111, 119-20, 604 gender differences 109
grooves 604
isotopic record 175-6
wear and disease 103, 107, 108-10, 380 tef 21, 479
Tekkalokota 282
Tell Abr 3, 223
Tell Aswad 254
Tell Ramad 254
Tell-e Atashi 301 tells 557, 566, 569, 571-3, 584 Temple, Daniel H. 109, 380 teosinte 22, 514-15 see also maize Teotihuacan 194 Teouma cemetery 434-6 tepary bean 520 Tepe Abdul Hossein 301 Tepe Guran 301 Terasawa, Kaoru 401 terracing 199, 533-4 Tersek culture 177-9, 181 textile production
China 328
South Asia 262, 270
Thailand
climate 411
dispersal from 419 foraging practices 418 geography 413 Neolithic 422-5 rice 442 swiddening 439
Thar desert 286
Thomas, Ken D. 305
Thukela basin (KwaZulu-Natal) 494
Tian Shan 174, 177
Tibet 331
Tichitt tradition (West Africa) 499 chronology:
pre-Tichitt (Tichitt phase 1, Akreijit phase) 500-6
early Tichitt (phases 2 and 3, Khimiya/ Goungou phases) 506-7
classic Tichitt (phases 4-6, Nkahl/
Naghez/Chebka phases) 507 late Tichitt (phases 7 and 8, Arriane/
Akjinjeir phases) 507-8 origins of agriculture 499-505 settlements 499, 505-10
Tichitt tradition (West Africa) (cont.) sociopolitical definition 508-10 trade networks 509
Tichitt-Oulata-Nema 474, 477
Tierras Largas 152, 153
Tilemsi valley 474, 477, 505 timber 361
Tiwanaku 534-5 tobacco 517
Tobol River 181
Tokwa 274, 275-6
tombs see burial monuments/tombs
Tonga 81
tools and artefacts
antler axes (T-axes) 604, 605, 608, 609 arrowheads 372-3, 421
bark cloth beaters 421, 430
bone 177, 230, 231, 278, 338, 442
chipped stone 230, 231-2, 335, 341-2, 360, 510-11, 526
clay balls 421
clay bow pellets 421 copper 591, 602-4 dolerite 280
edgeground axes 420
farming, Americas 530 figurines 143, 230-1, 232-3, 234, 236, 292
flaked stone 177, 486
flint 601
grinding 129, 319, 335, 338, 341-2, 372-3, 419, 526
ground stone 129, 177, 181, 229-30, 231-2, 421, 462, 486, 544, 595, 601
harpoons 278, 421
hoes/mattocks 364, 530
iron 372-3
jadeitite axes 142, 574, 576
lunates 230
maceheads 150 microblades 177
microliths 229, 335, 338, 341-2 movement of 142
picks 364
planting/digging 275
polished stone 335, 510-11
adzes 421
bars (Jomon type) 366
celts 230, 275, 278, 280 reaping knives 364, 366, 400 pounding 129, 595
quern stones 275, 372-3 reaping knives 150, 364, 366, 372-3, 400 shell 230, 231, 295, 422-3, 430 sickle blades 230, 372-3 slate spear points 429-30 spades 364 spade-shoes 372-3
spindle whorls 150, 232, 328, 372-3, 421, 430 stamp seals 232
stone 280, 417-18, 419, 441 adze 422-3, 430 arrowheads 421 axes 75-6,142, 372-3, 530, 601 bangles 421 blades 280 bracelets 421 flakes 280 jewellery 231 net sinkers fishing 150, 419, 430 reaping knives 372-3 swords 150 unifacial 544
vases 230
wooden 364, 530
Torihama (Fukui prefecture) 362 Toro (Shizuoka) 356, 362, 371
Torroni, Antonio 32 Toteng (Botswana) 493
Totman 383 Townsend, Patricia K. 96 trade 234, 235, 302, 505, 508, 509 transhumance 13, 174-7, 183, 302
urban 198
Trebur (middle Rhine, Germany) 141 tree cotton (Gossypium arboreum) 263, 270, 285 tree-rings 197
trees
Americas 152, 516-17, 518, 529
Castanopsis sp. 458
Casuarina tree fallowing 467 fruit 152, 279, 285, 328, 516-17 management of 131, 279 Nakanishi-Akitsu 400-1, 404-5
Nothofagus 457
Pandanus spp. (New Guinea) 455-7,
458, 462
West African 483-4 Tres Ventanas Cave 520 Trigger, Bruce 193-4 Truswell, A.S. 103 Tsavo 483 tsetse fly 482 Tuareg 172, 173 tuberculosis (TB) 113,121
tubers
Americas 516-18, 520
China 319
South Asia 280
Southeast Asia 19, 416
see also under individual names of species
Turkana basin (Kenya) 479
Turkey 213
animal domestication 220
architecture 224, 228
turkey 162
turquoise 295
turtle 605
Uivar (Romania) 569, 572
Ulu Leang (Sulawesi) 429
Underhill, Peter 36
upper Khabur basin (Syria) 195
Ur, Jason 195
Ural mountains 181
urban agriculture
decision-making 196-203
diversification and intensification
strategies 198-9
growth and sustainability 199-201 technologies 198
urban despotism 190-2, 196
urban hinterland 192-6
urbanism 13-14 see also cities; urban
agriculture
urd bean 86
Urewe sites 488-9
Uryudo 367
Usenge 3, 489
Utah 154-6
Utnar 282
Vaihingen an der Enz 141, 569-70, 572, 576, 580, 596
Valencina de la Concepcion 577-8
Vam Co Dong drainage system 421
Vam Co Tay drainage system 421 VanDerwarker, Amber M. 152
Vanuatu 81
Varna 574, 576, 586 vegecultural systems 415-17, 420, 439-41, 442 Vietnam
burials 420
dispersal from 419
Hoabinhian tools 417-18, 420
Neolithic 421
pottery 441-2
Pre-Neolithic Pottery Culture (PNPC) 420-1 swiddening 439 villages
Formative period 151-2
Neolithic 222-9 northwestern South Asia 267-70 origins of (theory) 217
PPN/PN 135-6
see also settlements
Vinca-Belo Brdo (Serbia) 557 violence 19, 117, 584, 605, 608-9
Vita-Finzi, Claudio 321
Wadh Lang'o 489
Wadi en-Natuf 129
Wadi Faynan (Feinan) 16, 132, 223, 233 Warrawau 464, 466
water buffalo 146,148, 150, 263, 270 waterchestnuts (Trapa natans) 326, 367, 418 waterfowl 206
Watgal 282
Watson, PattyJo 315 wax gourd 469 Webber's Line 411
Weber, Max 187, 190, 196, 199-200
Weber, Steven et al. 426 weeds 126-7, 130, 138
control 68, 530 disturbance-tolerant (PPNB) 134 isotope analysis 126-7, 130, 138
West Africa
agricultural practices, evolution of 74-7 cattle breeds 485 climate variability 197 crops 21, 24, 76, 472, 483
Dahomey Gap 484 environmental shift 59 linguistic record 71-4 Microlithic tradition 74 urbanism 188 wild food 484 wild plants 205 see also Tichitt tradition
West Asia, agricultural communities 128-37 Westropp, Hodder 3, 7 wheat
China 330-1, 332
Europe 605 free threshing 269 genetic analysis of 298-9 hexaploid 298
wheat (cont.)
Japan 354, 404
nutritional deficiency in primitive 15, 83
South Asia 16, 269, 274
Southwest Asia 15, 17, 83
use in alcohol 25
wild 16
see also names of individual species wheeled vehicles 141, 582 Whittle, Alasdair 9, 22 wild boar 378-9, 438
Wills, W.H. 154
Wilson, A.C. 26-7
Winde Koroji Ouest 474, 477 wine 83, 221
Wittfogel, Karl A. 186, 187, 191, 199 women
central role 524, 525-6
depiction of 143
and ritual 525
wool 161, 165-6, 167, 172-3, 581 Woolley, Sir Leonard 213 work parties 153, 159
Wuluoxipo 320
Xiachuan 319
Xiaohexi culture 336
Xiaoheyan culture 336
Xihuatoxtla shelter 521, 526 Ximen Bao 312
Xincun site 419
Xinglonggou 17, 320
architecture 343-9
burials 345
houses 337-8
landscape 338-41
location 336-7
material culture 338, 341-3, 345 millet consumption 351-2 millet production 349-51 storage 346-9
Xinglongwa culture 321
sites 336 see also Xinglonggou
subcultures 336
Xinjiang 331
Xinle 320
Xiong Haitang 315
Xishuipo 323
Yahwism 188-90, 195
yam
aerial 77, 81
Africa 76, 80-1, 491 greater (Dioscorea alata) 81, 437-8 proto-Malayo-Polynesian word for 85 South Asia 280
Southeast Asia 416, 437-8, 440, 446, 458, 462, 468
West African (Dioscorea spp.) 483, 484 Yangtze River 274, 310-12
basin 323-9
rice cultivation 146 valley 87, 145, 146, 310
Yarmoukian Pottery Neolithic 245, 250-2, 257-60
Yashiro (Nagano prefecture) 369
Yayoi
animals 379
early phase 366-7, 388-404 evidence of trade 372 farmers 380-1
late phase 370-3, 382, 389 material culture 356, 372-3 middle phase 367-9, 389 migration 18 myth 376-8 paddy fields 355-6, 362-73 period 354, 387 settlements 366-73
Yellow River 310-12, 322, 329
valley 145 yields, decline in 200 Yitai 335
Yoruba 194-5, 201-2 see also West Africa Yoshinogari (Saga prefecture)
356, 372
Younger Dryas stadial 130, 215 Yuezhuang 320
Yukio, Kobayashi 377
Zagajewice, 599
LBK settlement 593
Zagros mountains 216 foothills 297
Zarqa River 243, 245, 248, 249 Zawi Chemi Shanidar 130 zebu cattle 263, 270, 274, 300-1, 485 Zengpiyan 418-19 Zhang, C. 419 Zhao Zhijun 17, 349 Zhaobaogou culture 336 Zhaojiazhuang 330 Zhoukoudian Cave 313
Zilum, Gajiganna phase ιιι site 485 Zohary, Daniel 297