Index

Abbas i, Shah of Persia 41, 203, 255, 258

Abdul Hamid ii, Sultan 63

‘ Abdus Sattar, Maulana, historiographer 440 Abu Dunana, Hamad 367

Abu'l Fazl, Shaikh, Akbar Nama 428 Acapulco, Mexico, port of 227 acculturation 4

Islam 370, 382

shrines and 373

Aceh, sultanate of 253, 256, 377

Acosta, Jose de 120, 318, 326

Afaq Khwaja, Sufi 380

Afghanistan 30, 44, 373

Afonso i, King of Kongo 74, 139

Africa

Christianity in 137, 153 conversion to Islam 375 demographic impact of slave trade 145 enslavement in warfare 142 introduction of New World crops 119,

133

Islam in 153

migrations 8-10

“national” origins of slaves 150-1 population depleted by slave labor 16 sale of slaves 140

slavery within 138, 274, 375 social effects of slave trade 146, 274 societies 136

spirit possession 375

trade routes 193

traditional religions 153

warfare in 146

see also slave trade

African diaspora 135

cultural movement 135

Africans as slaves 3, 16, 20, 127

numbers 128

agents 206

merchants and 162, 174, 199

salaried 201

Agobardus, Bishop of Lyons 90 agriculture

capitalist 269 enclosures in Britain 303 European mixed farming 303 Hispaniola 125 labor-intensive technology 303 as main economic activity 287 perception of work 299 productivity 30, 295, 304

Akbar, Mughal emperor 64, 377

Alenio, Giulio, Jesuit 443

Alexandria 10

Alexis i, Tsar 351

Algiers 358

Alhazen (Abu Ali al-Hasan Ibn al-Haytham) 67

Altan Khan 51

Alvares Botelho, Nuno 257 Alvares, Domingos 75 ambassadors, and protocol 84 Amboina, island 243, 247

American War of Independence 27, 35, 149 Americas

African slaves in 149-50, 275

Agricultural Revolution 103

Amerindian population 128, 130 Christianity in 71-3, 353

Columbian Exchange 103-33

Iberian voyages to 3 interaction with Eurasia and Africa 50 migration to 103, 126-33 migrations within 14-15 population collapse 3, 16 religious rituals and beliefs 315, 325-7 white immigrant superiority 22 see also Brazil; diseases; Mexico; North

America; United States

Amsterdam 242

international market 166, 168 stock exchange 176, 178

Amsterdam, Bank of 177

Anabaptists 341-2

anatomy, in Japan 61

Angola 154

as source of slaves 75, 140, 150, 267 animals

American camelids 124

cattle 124

Columbian Exchange 124-6 horses 124

Old World 103, 124

origins 126

pigs 124

turkeys 124-5

Antigua, slave rebellion (1736) 272

Antilles 107, 127 antiquarianism 329

Antwerp, entrepot 182

Anwar-ud-Din Khan, Arcot 426

Arabs

in Africa 9

North Africa 10

in Southeast Asia 7

Arcot, history of 425

armed migration, European 4, 16-17 armed trading 210, 242-6

Armenia 11

Armenian Christianity 335

Catholic missions 356

Armenian merchants of New Julfa 170-1, 174, 179, 203, 255-6

in India 256 regulatory regime 205 armies

China 34-5, 47 large 33 training 33

art, Italian and Ottoman cultural interaction

66, 68, 69, 71 artillery 33, 34

Austrian cannon 39

naval 43

Asia

American food crops in 129, 133, 229 changing patterns of trade with Europe 181-5

connections with Mediterranean 10 intellectual interest in Europe 440 legal systems 81 maritime law 90

maritime technology 163 migration and cultural exchange 6-8 migration to Americas 129

religious rituals and beliefs 315 slaves from, in Spanish America 21 state use of naval power 256 tea and coffee trade 183 trade with Europe 160-87, 283, 288 trading networks 251-6 see also China; India; Japan; Korea; Philippines; Southeast Asia astronomy

in China 56, 402

in Ottoman Empire 67

Atlantic Ocean crossing of 12 foodstuffs for crossings 118 ships for 163

Triangular Trade 193

Augsburg, Peace of (1555) 340, 343, 345

Aurangzeb, emperor 249, 258, 379

Australia, white settlement 22

Aztec Empire 15 smallpox 115 Spaniards 71-2

Babylonia, silver 213

Baghdad 432

Bahia 268

Balboa, Vasco Nunez de 127

Baltic regions, “crusade” against old

Prussians 13

Banda Islands 244, 260

Banian caste, India 207

Bank of Amsterdam 177

Bank of England 178 banks and banking 202, 206 banker-brokers in India 251 capital markets 303 rise of 206 see also credit markets

Banten (Java) 241-2

Barbados, plantation system 269-73

Barros, Joao de, Da Asia 434-5

Beijing

Buddhist scholars 390

Tibetan temples 52

Bellini, Gentile 66, 68

Ben-Israel, Menasseh 70

Bengal 241, 251 conversion to Islam 371 textiles 249-50

Benin, Kingdom of 141 slaves from 150

Berlin, Ira 137, 272

Bernard, Jean-Franςois 328, 464

Bielski, Marcin, Kronika to iesth Historya swidtd 437

bills of exchange 176, 206

al-Biruni, Abu Raihan, Kitab al-Hind 432 Black Death 113, 114n

Bloch, Marc 446, 461

Bodin, Jean 325

Boemus, Iohannes 326

Bohemia, Hussite Revolt 338

Bologna, Concordat of (1516) 337

Borri, Christophoro, Jesuit scholar 68 Bossuet, J.

Both, Pieter, Dutch Governor General 244 Brahe, Tycho 70

Braudel, Fernand 104, 166, 190

Brazil 118

abolition of slavery 269

cultural interaction with Congo 73-6 decline of 268

plantation model 266-9

Portuguese imposition of Christianity 353 role of African culture 137 slaves 20, 75, 118, 150

revolt of 1835 138

Britain see Great Britain

British Empire 187

“white” colonies 23

Buddhism 6

in China 53, 388, 393

Ming period 389-91

Qing period 391-2

convents 414

in Japan 59, 410-15

Nichiren School 410-15

Pure Land School 412, 413

in Korea 57, 404-8

monasteries 389-90, 408

Buddhism, Chan (Zen in Japan)

390, 410

in Qing period 391

Rinzai school 410

Shingon school 411

Soto school 411

Tendai school 411

Buddhism, Tibetan 50, 388, 391

Burhan Khan ibn Hasan Handi, Sayyid,

Tuzak-i Walajahi 425-7

Burma 30

business organization

commenda contracts 173, 199, 201

commission agents 174 formality in 172 forms of 169-74

governance forms 172

see also partnerships

Buxtorf, Johannes 331

Byrd, William ιι 272

Byzantium 335

and Russia 14

Ca' da Mosto, Alvise 160

Calcutta 249

Calvin, John 340

Calvinism 340, 345

camelids, American 124

Canton (Guangzhou), trading port 168, 180

Cape of Good Hope

Calvinism in 355 trade route around 182 capital

access to 267-8, 270 dowries as 175, 199 markets 303 see also silver

Capuchin monastic order 347

caravan routes 165, 182, 192 disruption 241 trans-Saharan 193

Caribbean 17

Barbados plantation system 269-73

Old World plants in 115 slave origins 150 see also Haiti; Hispaniola; Jamaica; Saint

Domingue

Cartari, Vincenzo 325 cartography 425, 442 Casaubon, Isaac 324

Castellio, Sebastian 342

Cathars (Albigensians) 13

Catherine de Medici, Queen Regent of France 342

Catherine ιι, Empress of Russia 352

Caucasus, trading routes across 11

Qelebi, Katib, Cihan Numa 438

Qelebi, Seyfi 438

Central Asia,

Sufi in 373

trade circuits 192

Central Europe, silver mines 182, 214, 225, 229

Ceylon 98

Champlain, Samuel 87

Chanca, Dr.

chartered companies 170, 175 diplomatic protocol 85 merchants and 201-10

protection costs 258

see also Dutch East India Company; East India Company

Child, Josiah 249, 256

Chile 353

Chimalpahin Quauhtlehuanitzin, Domingo Francisco de San Anton Munon

439

China 3

agricultural productivity 295

armies 34-5, 47 business organization 169, 176 canal systems 15, 25, 166 centralized government 288 Christianity in 55-7, 334, 354, 401-3 state repression of 403 consumer demand 291, 293 craft production 297 credit instruments 177 credit markets 207

credit-ticket migrants from 21-2 cultural influences in 53-7 demand for silver 215, 226, 227 elites 291 expansion and migration 6, 46, 160 failure of paper money 214, 225 fall in price of silver 228, 229 fiscal revenues 180 foreign traders 179 geographical knowledge 442 household allocation of labor 301 “industrious revolution” 285 inland trade 161

interest rates 175

Islam in 398-401

Hui Muslims 373, 379, 399

Sufi brotherhoods in 363, 401

Islamic sharia 379

and Japan 59

Jesuit missionaries 55, 334, 354, 401-2 labor markets 297 land markets 298 legal pluralism 90 legal trade contracts 172 market economy 301 market networks 292 merchants' institutions 206 millenarian rebellions 398 Ming dynasty 83, 387, 389-91 and Mongols 29, 52, 224 new religious movements 397 opium trade 185, 234, 293 peasant farmers 300 and Persia (Iran) 432

political economy 306

popular religious cults and movements 396-8

local temples and shrines 396 private commerce 290 Qing dynasty 52, 56, 391-2, 402 religion in 387-403 rural migration 25 shipping 163-4 silver bullion markets 232, 234-5 silver coins 234 silver exports 214-15, 224 silver imports 181, 183, 219, 293 silver mines 214, 225 silver-price premium 230 state relations with traders 179, 290 Taiping religious movement 398 technology 187

Tibet 51-3

trade networks 201, 206

trade through Manila 129

trade with Europe 217, 233 tribute system 95, 179

White Lotus rebellion 47

and Zungars of Xinjiang 44, 46, 52 see also Buddhism; Daoism

Chinese Rites Controversy 403

Chinggis Khan 358

and Tibetan Buddhism 50

Christianity 26, 334-56

in Africa 137, 153

Africanized 73

in China 55-7, 334, 354, 401-3 comparative religion 313, 322-7 concept of religion 320 “Confucian” 402

in Congo 74

global expansion 353-6

in India 64

Korea 409 missionaries 9, 17, 71 monophysite 335 relationship with Judaism 471 slaves in Brazil 75 syncretism in Americas 71-3 view of Islam 317 see also Calvinism; Greek Orthodoxy; Lutheranism; Reformation; Roman Catholic Church; Russian Orthodoxy Christians

scholars 67

under Muslim rule 61

Cicero, Marcus Tullius, On the Nature

of the Gods 316

Cisheng, Empress Dowager of China 390 cities

foreigners in 25

jurisdictions in ports 91

as nodes of exchange 25

rural-urban migration 14, 24 clergy

new class of 338

privileges 339

Protestant 345

Cobo, Bernabe 121

Cochin, port 246

Coen, Jan Pieterszoon, Banda 210, 244-5, 247 coffee production, Brazil 269

coffee trade 185 Collingwood, R.

expansion of Christianity 353 historiography 425 colonial settlement 21-3

agricultural 17

expansion of Christianity 353

Spanish 23, 71-3, 92, 129 colonialism 17

forced labor migrations 19

local jurisdictions 92

origins of international law 81 Columbian Exchange 103-33

animals 124-6

diseases 110-15

first generation 106-10

people 126-33

plants 115-24

transculturation 132

Columbus, Christopher 12, 17, 103

first expedition (1492-3) 106-7, 127

second expedition (1493-6) 107-10, 118, 124, 127 commenda contracts 173, 199, 201

commerce 190-211

expansion of 286

family operations 190

see also business organization; chartered companies; merchants; trade compagnia commercial enterprise 202 Company of Merchant Adventurers 205 comparative history 446, 462 comparative religion 313, 322-7

as a new science 328-32

“Confucian Christianity” 402

Confucianism 327

School of the Mind 390

under Ming dynasty 388

see also neo-Confucianism

Congo (Kongo)

Christianity in 153-4

cultural interaction with Brazil 73-6 expansionary wars 143 slave trade 139

Constantinople (Istanbul) 358, 359

Topkapi Palace 66

consuls, actions of 94

consumer demand

craft production 292

for luxury goods 4, 16, 292 consumption

expansion of (“industrious revolution”) 284, 289-94

labor markets 294-9

Cook, N. D. 130

Copernicus, Nicolas 70

copper 218

Coptic Church 335

Coromandel coast 241

Cortes, Hernan 17, 125, 127

Cossacks 32

cotton industry 187, 264, 293

craft production 297

Council of Basel (1431) 336

Council of Chalcedon (451) 335

Council of Constance (1414-17) 336, 338

Council of Florence (1439) 335

Council of Lausanne (1449) 336

Council(s) of Trent (1545-61) 341, 346 reforms 347

Counter-Reformation 343, 347

Russian Orthodoxy 350

Couto, Diogo do 435

craft production 285 consumer demand 292

craftsmen

mechanization 296

migration of 9, 11, 26

credit markets 174-8, 207

China 207

India 207

instruments of currency exchange

176

public debt 178

Crete 41

Croce, Benedetto 457-9

Cromwell, Oliver 250

Crosby, Alfred W.

The Colombian Exchange 103 Crusaders, “Frankish” 10 Cuba 127 cultural exchange 5, 105

Asia 6-8

inter-cultural relations 50-76 intermediaries and 18

Curtin, Philip 136, 203, 265

Cyril Loukaris, Patriarch 349

Dahomey 142

d'Anghiera, Pietro Martir 438 Daoism

Chan Buddhism 394

in China 388, 394

Ming period 392-5 popular 395

Qing period 395-6

Complete Perfection monastic order 392, 394

new liturgies 392

Orthodox Unity school 392, 394

regional deities 394

Darien, Panama, settlement 127

Darwin, Charles 453-4

De tribus impostoribus (anon.) 329, 469 deforestation, Caribbean 118

Delhi 358

della Valle, Pietro 68

Delmedigo, Joseph Solomon 70 Deshima, Nagasaki 168

Diaz de Solis, Juan 87

Diaz del Castillo, Bernal 436

Diderot, Denis 332

al-Din Raniri, Nur 369

Dipanagara, Prince, Javanese ascetic 63 diplomacy

calculated insults 86

deception 86

ritualized protocol 83 diseases 30

cholera 110

Columbian Exchange 110-15 communicable crowd 103 diphtheria 111

Europeans in Caribbean 108 influenza 109

insect vectors 111

introduced to Americas 112

major New World epidemics 114

major regional New World epidemics

116 malaria 109-11 measles 110, 115 mumps 110-11 plague (pneumonic and bubonic) 110,

113, 115

and population decline 115 scarlet fever 110-11 smallpox 109-10 syphilis 106, 110 typhoid fever 110 typhus 109-10, 112, 115 variants in Old and New World 110 whooping cough 110 yellow fever 110, 112

distance and time, trade and 162 dragomans, as intermediaries 66

Drax, Henry 270 Dupuis, Charles 330

Dutch East India Company (VOC) 86, 92,

97, 175, 209, 240

armed trading 210, 242-6 formation 243

Gujarati merchants 253 mission to Japan 86 Pondicherry 177

relations with EIC 245, 250 in Siam 80, 93

Dutch West India Company 176

East Africa, trading societies 8-10 East Asia see China; Japan; Korea

East India Company (EIC) 85, 92, 97, 175, 209, 240

Arcot 426

Armenian merchants 256 Indian Ocean 209, 246-51

Mughal emperor 89 relations with VOC 245, 247, 250

Eastern Orthodoxy 335

see also Greek Orthodoxy; Russian Orthodoxy

ecology, effect of human settlement on 104

economies

“industrious revolution” 283-307

see also business organization; markets; silver; trade

Edict of Nantes (1598) 343

Edirne 358

England see Great Britain Enlightenment 443

Esch, Johan 341

Escobar, Maria 117

Ethiopian Church 335

Jesuit missionaries 355 ethnicity, to define migrants 25 ethnogenesis 15 ethnography 463, 469 see also la Crequiniere

ethnology 321

Europe

capital markets 303

change in consumption 290

changing pattern of trade with Asia 181-6

church and secular law 90

commercial capitalism 299 commercial organizations 201 emigration of rural populations 17 high wage economies 295 introduction of New World crops

119-21

long-distance trade operations 190 medieval internal migrations 12, 25 migration and expansion 12-14 mixed farming 303 political economy 305 rural-urban migration 14 settler migration from 21-3 trade with Asia 160-87, 240 trade with China 217 urban-based consumption 292 European superiority, ideology of 5, 17, 22

fairs, France 177, 193 families

commercial partnerships 170, 190,

195, 200

merchant networks 195-201

temporary (“secondary”) 18

see also households

Fazl Baihaqi, Abu'l, Tarikh-i Mas ‘udi 432

Feofan Prokopovich 352

financial institutions 174-8

capital markets 303

see also banks and banking;

credit markets

Firdausi, Shah Nama 432

Fleury, Claude 463, 465, 467

Fontenelle, Bernard 328

Foxe, John, Book of Martyrs 342

France

attempts to invade Britain 41

Britain in India 30

Compagnie des Indes 240 historiography 443 migration settlement in North America 23 navy 41-2

papacy 337

plantations 276

religious repression 342

Francis ι, king of France 337

Fraser, James, EIC 428

Frederick, Elector of Saxony 339

French Company (in England) 175

French Revolution

Ie culte de VEtre supreme 330

slavery 281

French Revolutionary Wars 30, 35, 47

Fryer, John 256

Fugger banking house 202, 206

Funj sultanate, Africa 372

Gabon Coast 141

Galilei, Galileo 70

Dialogo dei massimi sistemi 447

Galvao, Antonio, Tratado dos Descobrimentos 436-7

Gama, Vasco da 17, 88, 182

Garrido, Juan 117

Genoa 10-11

spice trade 182

Gentile, Giovanni 457-9

Georgia ιι

Gerlach, Stephen 349

Germany, Protestantism 345

Germon, Barthelemy 467

Ghafur, Mulla Abdul, trader 254

Ghazna, Afghanistan 432

Gibbon, Edward 42

Gobind Singh, guru 65

Golconda 249, 254

gold 236

in China 218

Hispaniola 108

Golden Horde, and Islam 373

Gomara, Lopez de 436, 438

Gomes, Diogo 138

Great Britain 47

Christian missionaries 355

financial revolution 178

and France, in India 30

in India 46

industrialization 161, 187, 277 joint-stock companies 208 naval superiority 41-2, 43, 44

Protestantism 345

religious repression 342

tea trade 185

trade with China 293

trade with Levant 182, 260

see also East India Company; Industrial Revolution

Great Schism 334, 336

Greek Orthodoxy 335, 348-9

hostility to Roman Catholicism 349 monastery of Athos 348 patriarchate 348

relations with Protestants 349

Grendi, Edoardo 462

Grotius, Hugo 243-4

international law 81

maritime law 91

Guaman Poma de Ayala, Felipe de,

Andean historiographer 440 Gujarat 251

Gujarati merchants 241, 252-4 gunpowder 33, 35, 105

Gushi Khan 52

Habsburg Empire 13, 29

Border Fortresses 39

Thirteen Years' War 38-9

Hafiz-i Abru, Jughrafiya 433

Haiti, Revolution (1791) 47, 157, 272, 277, 281

Hakluyt, Richard 439

Hanseatic League 202

Hazard, Paul, La crise de la conscience europeenne 317

Heemskerk, Jacob van 243

Hegel, G.

Henri ιv, King of France 343

Henry the Navigator, Prince 160 Herat 433

heresy 319

Hernandez, Dr. Francisco 120

Herrera y Tordesillas, Antonio, Historia general del mundo 436

Hideyoshi, Toyotomi

Japanese daimyo 58

Korea 405

Hinduism 8

bhakti movement 63

Islam 63-5

Hispaniola 107

Columbus's second voyage 108 sugar production 118 historical materialism 456 historiography

Arabic tarikh tradition 431

classical Arabic 429

early modern 425-44

European collectors 428, 434, 441 Persian 425, 427, 432-3 of slave trade 135-8

universal histories 425, 431

see also microhistory

history

concept of re-enactment 458-60

as contemporary history 457 definitions 446

as process 456

thought experiment 451, 461

Hobbes, Thomas 327, 448, 450-2

Holland 242

see also Netherlands

Hongwu, Ming emperor 388, 392 Hontaiji, Manchu leader 51 Hormuz, Persian Gulf 245 households 197

agricultural 294

allocation of labor 301-2, 306 multi-occupational 300 role in commerce 196, 291 see also families

Hu Dengzhou, scholar 54

Huet, Pierre-Daniel 463

Hughli, port 249

Hume, David, A Treatise of Human Nature 447

Hungary, Ottoman conquest 40

Hus, Jan 338

Husayn Bayqara, Sultan 363

Husserl, Edmund 318

Hyde, Thomas 327

Hyderabad 358

Hydraulic Metaphor

application to history of silver 224-6, 230

unified theory of prices 222-4 Hyojong, King, of Korea 406

Iberian peninsula

Christian-Frankish conquest (Reconquista) ιι, 105, 113, 376 see also Portugal; Spain

Ibn ‘Abd al-Wahhab, Muhammad 381

Ibn Battuta 61

Ibn Saud, Muhammad 381

Ibrahim Qutb Shah 254

idolatry 74, 319

Inca Empire 15

disease 115

Spanish 72-3, 86

India

Afghanistan 44 banker-brokers 251

British and French rivalry 30, 46 charismatic Islam 378

cotton 241, 245

credit markets 207 gold in 218

Jesuit missionaries 354

Marathas 46 merchants 191 military 35 Mughal court 83

Mughal religious state 377

Indian Ocean 163, 240-1, 248

European traders in 183 port-city trading network 192

Indonesia, spice production 183

Industrial Revolution (Great Britain) 161 as means of import substitution 296 and unskilled labor 304

industrialization

manufacturing putting-out system 24 plantation system 276, 281, 307 slave trade 161

sugar production 264 “industrious revolution” 283-307 changing consumption 284, 289-94 industrialization 307

institutions 307 market growth 306 industriousness, and typology of work 299-305

infrastructure, and trade 162-8 Inquisition 345

inter-cultural relations 50-76

see also cultural exchange intermediaries 4-5, 18-19, 26 brokers 18-19, 207 diplomatic 85

Jews as 204

religious converts as 66 types of 18 see also Sufi

international law, origins of 80-2 “interpolity law”, foundations of 82 Inventory Supply and Demand 220 Iran see Persia

Ireland, “involuntary exile” from 22 Isfahan 358

Isidore of Seville 431

Iskandar Muda, sultan of Aceh 377

Islam 358-85

acculturation 370, 382

in Africa 153

Arabic 360 charismatic 378 in China 398-401 conversions 370-6 private motivation for 374 renegado 375 to Christianity in Spain 376 decline of Muslim empires 384 and Hinduism 63-5 localization of 368, 382 Muslim millennium (1591) 378 pilgrimage 363, 365 “recognizability” of 369 rejection of “innovation” 382-3 relations with Unbelievers 61-3 “renewal” (eighteenth-century) 381-5 rise of Ottoman Empire 66 role of states 376-81

role of ‘ulama 361, 367, 379

Shi‘i in Persia 377

spirit possession 375

spread of 61

state as sponsor of conversion 377 status of Quran 360

study of 331 teaching 365 use of print 76 vernacular languages 361 see also Muslims; Sufi; Sufism

Israel, Jonathan 317

Istanbul see Constantinople

Italian missionaries, in Congo 74, 154 Italy 44

military expertise 38, 40

Renaissance 105

syphilis outbreak 106

Ito Jinsai, Japanese scholar 59

Ivory Coast 141

Jacobite rising (1745) 46

Jahan, Shah 249

Jahangir, Mughal emperor 249 Jamaica

maroons and runaway slaves 156 slave revolt (1760) 157, 272 wealth of 276

Janissary Corps 37

Japan 7, 46

Ashikaga shogunate 410

Buddhism 410-15

parishioner (danka) system 410-15

Chinese models of government 58 Christianity in 58, 355, 415-16 commerce 181 craft production 297

Dutch Rangaku cultural interaction 60 exclusion of foreign traders 179 funerary rituals 418 gold in 218

“industrious revolution” 284

Jesuits in 58, 415

labor market 285, 294, 298 market forces 302 military 35

National Learning School 417

Nativism 417

Onin civil war 412 peasant farmers 299 perception of work 301 pilgrimage 418 political economy 305 religion 410-18

neo-Confucianism 417

popular religion 417-18

Shinto 416-17

Shimabara rebellion 415

Siamese mission to 85

silver exports 229, 245, 250

silver mines 215-16

social stability 302

Tokugawa Ieyasu shogunate 83, 92, 288, 410, 414-15

Jartoux, Pierre, Jesuit 334

Jaures, Jean 455

Java, Sufism in 62

al-Jazuli 367

Jeffereys, Thomas 199

Jeremias ιι, Patriarch 349

Jesuits 346-7

in China 55, 334, 354, 401-2

Chinese Rites Controversy 403

in Goa 64

in Japan 58, 415

in Korea 409

Jews

expelled from Iberia ιι, 204 expulsion from Eastern Europe 12 Karaite dissidents 67

marriage customs 199 persecutions of 344 scholars 67, 70

Sephardic merchants 170, 202, 204 under Muslim rule 61, 66, 204 Western Mediterranean ιι

Jiajing, emperor 389, 394

Joasaph ιι, Patriarch 349 Johnson, Samuel, on planters 279 Johor, sultanate of 257 joint-stock companies 175, 208-9, 258 use of armed trading 210

Jones, Sir William 330

Judaism

Christian study of 323, 331 relationship with Christianity 471 jurisdiction, legal 89-95

actions of consuls 94

European church and secular law 90 foreign residents 90-1 maritime law 90 religious or ethnic differences 93

Kaba, Muhammad 367

Kalandar, Khwaja Panos, merchant 256 Kangxi, Qing emperor 391

Kashgar 358, 380

Kelings, Hindu merchants 252 Kerala (southern India) 240 Khorasan 432

Kiev 351

kinship ties

among merchants and business 169, 199, 201

Knolles, Richard, The Generall Historie of the Turkes 441

Kongo, kingdom of see Congo

Korea 46

ancestor worship 405-6

Buddhism 57, 404-5

campaign against 407 early Chosδn 406-8 mid- to late Chosδn 408

Chinese influence 57

Chosδn period 57, 404

Christianity 409 kinship restructured 404

Koryδ dynasty 404 neo-Confucianism

Chosδn 405-6 early 403-5 religion 403-9

popular 408-9 silver from 215

Kucuk Kaynarca, Treaty of (1774) 98

la Crequiniere, marquis de 331 case study in microhistory 462-72 method 466 la Crequiniere, marquis de (cont.) second edition of Conformite 464-6,

468

la Mothe de Vayer, Franςois de 322 la Vega, Garcilaso de 73, 132 labor

bound, Inca and Aztec 15

demand for 4

forced, for plantations 16, 264 ganged 258, 270

household allocation of 301-2, 306 indentured 22

industriousness and typology of

299-305

mobility in Europe 304-5 perception of work 299, 301 for sugar plantations 118, 267 women's 9, 295

working hours 296, 298

see also plantation system; slavery labor markets

China 297

consumption 294-9

Japan 285, 294, 298 labor regimes, migrant 19-21 Labriola, Antonio 456 Ladurie, Emmanuel Le Roy 104 Lafargue, Paul 454-5

Lafitau, Joseph-Franςois 322, 328 Lahore 358 languages

Arabic 360 creole 73 interest in newly discovered peoples

315

linguistics 330

Nahuatl 436, 439

translation services for merchants 168 Lar, Isfahan 70 las Casas, Bartolome de 318, 322, 326 Latin Christianity see Roman Catholic

Church

law

flexibility of interpretations 98 legal systems and encounters 80-99 protection 95-8

protocol 83-9

Law, John, Mississippi Company 178 Law, Robin 136 legal ritual 87-8

Legazpi, Miguel Lopez de 129

Leo x, Pope 337, 339

Leopold, Aldo 104

Levant 10, 372

European trade with 259-61 spice trade through 182

Levant Company 175, 209, 215, 260

Ligdan Khan, Mongol leader 51

Lima, Peru, migrant population 128, 131 linguistics 330

Linnaeus, Carl 121

literacy, in Muslim world 361, 365

Little Ice Age, economic effects of 288-9

Liu Zhi, scholar 55

London, stock exchange 176

Lopes de Castanheda, Fernao 435

Louis xιv, King of France 343

Lowenklau, Hans (Johannes Leunclavius), historiographer 441

Luo Qing, religious leader 397

Luther, Martin 338

Lutheranism 340, 345

Greek Orthodoxy 349

Lyon, financial fairs 177

Ma Mingxin, ‘Aziz 384

Ma Zhu, scholar 55

Mabillon, Jean 467

Macao 168, 180

Madras 251

Fort St. George 249, 254 madrasa schools 360, 379, 383

Makassar (Macassar) 241-2

Malay peninsula

mine labor 21

Sufism in 62

Malleus Maleficarum (1487) 344

Malta, siege of 38

Manchu Qing dynasty, and Korea 405

Manila galleons 129, 182, 228

Manila, Philippines 129

markets 166, 183

Spanish Dominicans in 57

Mantz, Felix 341

maritime law 90

markets 166

specialist services in 168

urban geography of 166 see also credit markets; fairs; labor markets

Maronite Christians 356

Marsham, John 330

Martin of Troppau, bishop 433

Marx, Karl

historical materialism 454

and Vico 452-5

Masulipatnam, port of Golconda 249 Persian merchants 254-5

Maya peoples, and Spanish 72 Medici family, bankers 206 medicinal plants 120 Mediterranean world

commerce 193 migration 10-12 piracy 259

Mehmed Ne§ri, Maulana 441 Mehmet the Conqueror 66 Melaka (Malacca) 91, 96, 241-2

Aceh 257 captured by VOC 250 Catholicism 355

Melanchthon, Philip 339, 349 Mencius, teacher 55 mercantilism 288 merchant guilds 202, 205 merchants 4, 185, 190-211 characteristics 194 commission agents 174 communications 165 companies 201-10 delegated agents 162 family networks 195-201 as intermediaries 4, 18 legal jurisdictions 92 networks 191, 200 quarters for foreign 166 regulations 205 relations with planters 268 relatives as agents 199 role of household 196 social mobility 181 social view of 291 the state 178-81 trade circuits 192-5

Mexican war of independence 234

Mexico 71

coinage mints 234 cultural synthesis with Spain 71-3 epidemic typhus 113 historiography 439

introduction of Old World animals 125 precious metals 127 runaway slaves 156 silver mines 215, 227, 230 slaves from Angola 150 smallpox 115 Spanish missionaries 71 wheat 117, 119

Michelet, Jules, translation of Vico 452, 454 microhistory 446-62

a case study 462-72

migration 3-27

between regions 5 forced 5, 161 macro-regional 5-6 numbers of migrants 128-9 and premature death 127, 130 social-religious limitations on 24, 26 to Americas 103, 126-33

see also slave trade

military revolution 33-6

combined arms tactics 33

expansion of the West 35

see also warfare

mining

labor for 21

life of African slaves 149

Mir Jumla 249

Mir Khwand, Rauzat al-Safa 433, 435 missionaries 9, 17, 71, 355 appropriation of local deities 72 in Congo 74, 154

Jesuit in China 55, 334, 354, 401-2 Spanish 71, 319, 325-7

Mohyla, Peter, Russian Orthodox reformer 351

Momigliano, Arnaldo 463

Monardes, Dr. Nicolas 121

money

adoption of Spanish peso 233 Carolus dollar 231, 234

four main substances 217, 236 regional preferences 218 see also banks and banking; silver

Mongol Empire 432

Mongolia, Russian Orthodoxy in 334 Mongols

China 29, 52

Russia 14

Tibet 50-1

Montaigne, Michel de, Essay on the Cannibals 325

Moscow, as Third Rome 350 mosques 358

Mughals 8, 29, 36, 46, 371

Multani merchants 191

Munoz, Ines 117

Murad iii, Sultan 95 Murad, Tarjuman 441

Muscovy Company 175, 209

Muslims

in China 54-5

Muslims (cont.)

expelled from Iberia 11

in India 63

scholars 67

as slaves in Americas 137, 155

see also Islam; Sufi

Muteferrika, Ibrahim 360

Nagasaki, Japan 58

Nanjing

Muslims in 54

shipyard 164

Naqshbandi brotherhood (Sufi) 363, 373, 381

Ottomans 374

Nasiriyya brotherhood (Sufi) 368 natural religion, concept of 323 naval warfare 41-3

trade 178

navigation

compasses 105

see also ships

Navigation Acts (Great Britain) 179

(1651) 250

neo-Confucianism 53, 402

Japan 417

in Korea

early 403-5 mid- to late Chosδn 405-6

Nepal 30

Netherlands 13

Christian missionaries 355

decline of Brazilian plantations 268

economy 295

improved ship design 163, 164

in Indian Ocean 179, 183, 242

and Japan 85, 216

joint-stock companies 208

and Kelings 252

Mediterranean trade 259

money markets 175

plantation production 20

protection in Southeast Asia 97

Rangaku cultural interaction with Japan 60 settler migration to South Africa 22 Spanish 342

trade 161

war against Spain 242, 244, 260, 343

see also Dutch East India Company Newfoundland 16

Nidai, ‘Abdullah 384

Niger Delta 142-3

Nikon, Russian patriarch 352

Nizami, Hasan, Taj al-Ma'asir 432

North America 30

Britain and 45, 89

British culture in 30

Christian missions 355

French traders in 93

religious refugees 23

role of African culture 137

Spanish settlement 23, 71-3, 92

see also Columbian Exchange; United States

North Sea Company 175

Numa Pompilius 327, 329

Observant movement 338

Ogyu Sorai, Japanese scholar 60 opium, to China 185, 293

Opium Wars 403

Oriental Orthodoxy 335

Ottoman Empire 3, 10, 29, 47

Bektashi brotherhood 374

Central European silver mines 215, 225

Christianity under 335

conquest of Hungary 40

devshirme system 375

grants of land to Sufi- ‘ulama in Levant 372

Greek Orthodoxy under 348

Habsburg Empire 13, 38-9 historiography 438 interest in European historiography 438 merchants 161, 181

migration into 12

military system 36-41

Portuguese in Indian Ocean 258 protection for vassal states 95 Red Sea 253

role of women in commerce 196

Safavid Persia 41

scholarship in 65-71

Seven Years' War 45

Ovando, Nicolas de 127

Oviedo, Gonzalo Fernandez de 120, 434, 436

Pakpa Script 51, 76

Pakpa, Tibetan lama 51

Panama City 127

Paris, Treaty of (1815) 98 partnerships 172-3, 190

family 170, 195, 200

general 175, 195

limited liability 175, 201

within trade networks 202

Paterson, George 426

Paul v, Pope 346

Pernambuco, Brazil 150, 156, 268

Persia (Iran) 203, 379

China 432

conversion from Sunni to Shi‘i Islam 377 historiography 425, 427, 432-3 porcelain industry 11

Safavid 11, 29, 41, 179, 376

silk production 11, 255

see also Armenian merchants

Persian merchants, Masulipatnam 254-5 Peru

original population 130

silver mines 215

wheat in 117

see also Lima

Peter the Great, Tsar 352

Philip ιι, King of Spain 343

Philippines

Asian trade networks 228

Catholicism 355

Spanish settlement of 129

Sufi in Mindanao and Sulu 364 philology 317, 321, 435-6 Picard, Bernard 328, 464 Pierozzi, Antonio (St. Antoninus) 441 pirates and piracy 7

Mediterranean 259

Pizzaro, Francisco 17, 86, 127 plantation societies 263-81 plantation system 3-4, 16, 263-4

access to capital 267-8, 270

African populations 128, 265

Barbados model 269-73

Brazilian model 266-9 decline of 277 defined 265-6 development of 263 economic performance 276-8 industrialization 276 integrated 270, 272 legacy of 264

reaction against 280-1 social order of 278 value of exports 276 planters 277, 280

relations with merchants 268

and slaves 278-80

plants

Columbian Exchange 115-24

European study of New World 119-20 introduced to Europe 119-21 maize 119, 129

medicinal 120

New World 103, 119 olives 117 origins 123 peanuts 119, 129 potato 119 sugar cane 118 sweet potatoes 129 wheat 117 wine grapes 117

Poland 47

Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth 350 Polybius, The Histories 429-31 Poma, Guaman 73 population catastrophes

Amerindian 115, 130

European 13

Hispaniola 109-10, 115 porcelain industry, Persia 11 Portugal 3

Brazil 118 business organization 169

Cape of Good Hope route 182 Columbian Exchange 105 Congo 74 diplomatic relations with African leaders 138

Estado da India 240-1 historiography 434 imposition of Christianity 353 Japan 58, 216

Kelings 252

legal ritual of possession 88 papacy 337

sale of licences to ships in Indian Ocean 91, 179

slave trade 138, 267 trade in Asia 129, 210, 242 trade with West Africa 9, 12, 16, 92, 160 postal systems, Inca 15

Potosi, Peru, silver mines 21, 127, 227 Price Revolution (price inflation) 229 printing

in Europe 76, 77 Islam and 360, 385 trade 166, 167 privateers, British 42 protection law and 95-9 protection costs 191, 245, 258 Protestantism 345-6 ecclesiology 345 lay control 345 origin of name 339

Protestantism (cont.)

religious practices 346

state repression 341

see also Reformation

protocol

importance in legal encounters 83-9

legal ritual 87-8

to claim possession 87

Puerto Rico 127

Pulicat, fort 254

Qadiri brotherhood (Sufi) 368

Qasim Firishta, Muhammad, Gulshan-i Ibrahimi 428

Qianlong Emperor, China 52, 395 quinine 121

Quran 360

racism 264

scientific 280

Raguet, Gilles-Bernard, and La Crequiniere 465, 467, 469-70

Ramusio, Giambattista, Delle navigazioni e viaggi 437

Rashid-ud-Din Fazlullah Hamadani, Jami^cal- Tawarikh 433

Ratio Unit of Account Money 220 Reael, Laurens 244

Red Sea 253

Reformation 313, 320, 338-41

religious wars 13

Regis, Jean-Baptiste, Jesuit 334 religion

African desire for continuous revelation

154-5

China 387-403

civil violence 341

comparative 313, 322-7

ethnology 321

Japan 410-18

Korea 403-9

migration 8-9

objective approach to 316

perception of humankind 318

philology 317, 321

“political” (civil) 315, 327, 329

scholarly discovery 313-32 secularization 320

see also Buddhism; Christianity; Confucianism; Daoism; Hinduism; Islam; religious wars religious toleration 321 religious wars and violence 317, 341

between states 343

migrations 13

patterns of 341-4

persecutions of scapegoats 344 Renaissance

Cultural Exchange 105 interest in religions 317

Ricci, Matteo, Jesuit 56, 401, 442

Roe, Thomas 85

Rolpay Dorje, Tibetan scholar 53

Roman Catholic Church 336-8 antagonism to Oriental Orthodoxy 336 Chinese Rites Controversy 403 Inquisition 345

Islam 62

Italianization 336 liturgical practices 347 mendicant orders 338 new religious orders 347 papal curia 338 papal institutions 347 persecution of heresies 13 persecution in Japan 58 post-Tridentine Catholicism 346-8 sales of indulgences 339 state repression of dissenters 341 supremacy of papacy 336, 346 see also Jesuits

Rome 337

Rousseau, Jean-Jacques, Contrat social

329

Royal African Company 176

Ruggieri, Michele, Jesuit 401

Ruiz family 202

Russia

expansion 376, 385 expulsion of Jesuits 353 historiography 442 migrations 14 and Poland 47 rise of 30, 47

Russian Orthodoxy 349-53 centralization 350 in China 402 cultural development 350 expansion of 352 Greek church 349 monasticism 350, 353 Mongolia 334 reforms 351

relations with Roman Catholicism 351 repression of Old Believers 352 as state religion 351

Sabzwari, Tahir Muhammad, Rauzat al-Tahirin 428

Sahagun, Bernardino de 72, 436

Said, Edward 323, 331

Saint Domingue

slave rebellion 272

slaves from Congo and Benin in 150 wealth of 276

St. Petersburg 25

Salumbrino, Agustino 121

Samarkand 358

Sarpi, Paolo, monk 346

Satuq Bughra Khan, sultan 373

Savonarola, Girolamo 338

Scandinavia, Lutheranism 340

Sceriman/Shahriman family of merchants 195

Schlegel, Friedrich 330

Schlozer, August Ludwig 443 scholars

intellectual curiosity 324

Jewish 67, 70

Ottoman Empire 65-71 of religious phenomena 313

Schouten, Joost 80

Selim ιι, Sultan, confiscation of monastic lands 348

Senegal, Sufism in 63

Servetus, Michael 342

Seven Years' War 41, 44, 45, 210 range of 44

Sevi, Sabbatai, Jewish leader 378

Seville, plague 113 shamanism

in China 396

Korea 409

sharia law 378

in Ottoman Empire 374

Shi‘i Islam, in Persia 377

Shinto, Japan 58, 416-17 kami (gods of Japan) 416 Yoshida Shinto 416

ships

English bertoni 259 improved design 163 numbers of traders in Indian Ocean 186 shirka collective partnerships 201 shrines

acculturation 373

China 396 conversions 372 festivals 365

interaction with the state 374

multi-purpose 372

Sufi 359, 365-6

Shunzhi, Qing emperor 391 Siam (Ayutthaya), Dutch and 80 Sikh religion 64 silk production, Persia ιι silver 213-37

application of Hydraulic Metaphor to 224-6, 230

birth of globalization 226-33

bullions and coins 232-3 global decline in market value 228, as global monetary substance 213,

236

gold/silver ratios 183

supply and demand mechanisms 216-20 trade-imbalance theory 216

traded from Americas to China 129, 183, 226

and unified theory of prices 220-2 silver mines

Central European 182, 214, 225, 229

China 214 silver-price premium

China 230

global 231, 232

Sima Qian, historian, Shiji 430-1 Simon, Richard 320, 331

Siraj Juzhani, Minhaj-i, Tabaqat-i Nasiri

432

Sirhindi, Ahmad 378, 381 Slade, Sir Thomas 43 slave trade 138-40, 193, 273-5

African religious practices 375 demographic implications 135, 144 effect of in Africa 136, 145, 274 enslavement and sale 140-3 factory trade 139 historiography of 135-8 industrialization 161 mechanism of purchase 139 Middle Passage (voyage) 147-9, 275 mortality 144, 147 numbers 136, 144-7, 263 plantation system 263 profitability 187, 274 slavery 3, 73

abolition 20, 97, 144, 269, 277, 280 conversion to Islam 374

Incas 15

as legal system with right to sell 138 Mediterranean 127

for plantation production 20

slaves

American-born (“creoles”) 149 armed resistance 156, 272 bonds of friendship 148 in Brazil 267 creole form of colonial language 152 cruelty towards 272-3, 279 cultural events among 151, 275 dance 153

escape 155 ethno-linguistic diversity 148 life in Americas 149-50, 275 mortality 155

music 152

native languages 151-2 religious life 153-5 social groups and identity 150-3,

275

Sufi Muslims as 367

Smith, Adam

The Wealth of Nations 287

Theory of Moral Sentiments 290

Smith, Thomas C., on Japan 299

Smith, Wilfred Cantwell 319

Society of Jesus see Jesuits

Sonam Gyatso, (third) Dalai Lama 51

Sorel, Georges 455

South Africa, settlement migration in 22

South Asia see India

South Sea Company 178

Southeast Asia 7

Chinese diaspora 3

free ports 241

protection and tribute 96 role of women in commerce 197

Spain

Columbian Exchange 105 forced labor systems in Americas 17 historiography of Americas 435 imposition of Christianity in Americas 353

legal basis for conquest of Indies 81 navy 41

papacy 337

Philippines 129

profits from silver trade 216, 227 settlement of North America 23,

71-3, 92

state control of trade in America 210

Spanish missionaries

Americas 319

Mexico 71

religious customs in Americas 325-7

Spanish Netherlands 342

religious repression 343

spice trade 182-3

spices

cinnamon 246

cloves 246

nutmeg and mace 244

pepper 246

Spinoza, Baruch (Benedict) 70, 320

Sri Krishna Caitanya, guru 63 states

chartered companies 170, 175, 209 Islam 376-81

regulation of commerce 205 relations with merchants 178-81, 186 religious wars 343 trade diasporas 170

violence against religious dissenters 341

Stroganov family of merchants 195

Sufi and Sufi tariqas (brotherhoods) 361-70 claims to be sayyids 364 creation of genealogies 364, 368 as cultural mediators 361, 368, 370, 380 grants of land to 371 local influence of 368

patronage 363

“renewal” (eighteenth-century) 381 shrines 359, 365-6

theocratic states 380 trans-regional 383 transmission of learning 367 as ‘ulama 367, 370 wandering 370, 372 waqf endowments to 363

Sufism 62-3

in Delhi 64

expansion of 363

sugar production 118, 127

Barbados 269

and industrialization 264 introduction to Brazil 266 life of African slaves 149, 271 see also plantation system

Suleyman the Magnificent, Sultan 36,

71, 378

Sumatra, Sufism in 62

supply and demand mechanisms 216-21 cross-border monetary flows 217

Surat, port 241, 249, 251, 258

Gujarati merchants 252 merchant clans 200

Switzerland

persecutions of witches 344

Zwinglianism 340

Syrian Christianity 335, 355

Catholic missionaries 356

al-Tabari, Abu Ja'far 431

T'aejong, King, of Korea 407 Tafazzul Husain Khan, translator 427 Taino people, Hispaniola 107, 109-10, 115,

117, 127

agriculture 108, 125

Taiping religious movement 398

Taiwan 88, 245, 355

Taylor, Charles, A Secular Age 313 tea, trade in 185 technology

application to exploration 105

application in warfare 30

cotton industry 293, 295

trade 162-8

Tenochtitlan, Mexico 71

Teton, Juan 125

“Teutonic Knights” 13 textiles

trade with India 183, 250, 293

see also cotton industry

texts, ancient (Greek) 67

Thirteen Years' War (1593-1606)

38, 40

Thirty Years' War 13, 343

Tibet

Buddhism 50, 388, 391

China 51-3

Mongols 50-1

Muslims 55

Timbuktu 358

Sufism in 63

Timur (Tamerlane) 358, 373, 433

Tipu Sultan, of Mysore 46 tobacco 107, 121-2

freight costs 165

to China 129

Tordesillas, Treaty of (1494) 337

Tovar, Simon de 121

trade

armed 210, 242-6

between Asia and Europe 160-87 changing patterns of 181-5 comparative history of 160-2, 185-7 brokerage 174

business forms 169-74, 185

Christian missions 355

credit markets and financial institutions 174-8, 186

expansion of 190

expansion of Christianity 353 institutional changes 165 legal contracts 172 maritime 163, 186

long-distance routes 184, 354

military force 178

overland 164, 227

protection costs 191

regulations 178

technology and infrastructure 162-8 unarmed 4, 16

see also markets

trade diasporas 169, 193, 202, 252

relations with states 170

trade networks 192, 201-3, 256-8

Asia 251-6

translations 427

for merchants 168

turkeys 124-5

al-Tasi, Nasir al-Din 70

Ulugh Beg, observatory in Samarkand 67 unified theory of prices 220-2

Hydraulic Metaphor 222-6

Union of Brest (1596) 351

United Provinces see Netherlands

United States of America

Africans in 22-3

modern debt-financed trade 219 plantation slaves 20, 278, 280

Uyghur peoples 373, 399

Venetian Interdict (1605-7) 346

Venice 10-11

merchant quarters 168

Ottoman Empire 66

religious repression 342

spice trade 182, 259

Verbiest, Ferdinand 35

Vico, Giambattista 322, 448-55

Hobbes 448-50

La scienza nuova 328, 448

On the most ancient wisdom of the Italians 448

posthumous fame 452

Virgin Mary, in Islam 64

Virginia, tobacco cultivation 121

Vitoria, Francisco de 81

Voes, Henry, Augustinian friar 341

Vora, Virji, merchant 251, 253

Walajah family, Arcot 426 Wang Yangming, philosopher 390 Wangara merchants 200, 203, 208 Wanli, emperor of China 390 War of the Austrian Succession 41 War of the Spanish Succession 41 warfare

in Africa 146

communication 31 as duty of men 30 enslavement 142 in Europe 288 military revolution 33-6 naval 41-3, 178 patterns of 29-31 scale of 31-2 sources of power 31 and technology 30 wars of religion see religious wars weapons 33

Ottoman muskets 38

sale of to Africa 140

West Africa

intermediaries 18

migration 9

Portuguese trade with 9, 12, 16, 92, 160 West Indies 97

Great Britain and 42

see also Caribbean

Westphalia, Treaty of (1648) 344 Wicquefort, Abraham de 84 witches, persecutions of 344 women

African slaves 267

Buddhism 408

business 169, 197, 198

Japanese Buddhist convents 414 Jewish marriage customs 199 in Korea 405, 409

labor markets 298

labor in peasant households 295 marriage to in-migrating men 4 purdah 8

religious restrictions on migration 26 role in commerce 196-9

as rural labor force 9

as temporary (“secondary”) families 18 use of dowries as capital 175, 199 warfare 30

Wycliffe, John 338

Xavier, Francis, Jesuit 58, 354, 415 Xu Guangqi, scholar and Christian convert 56

Yamazaki Ansai, Japanese scholar 59 Yazdi, Zafar Nama 433

Yongle, Ming emperor 388, 392 Yongzheng Emperor, China 403

Yoshida Kanetomo, shrine priest 416

al-Zabidi, Murtada 384

Zheng He, Admiral 3, 7, 160, 182,

399, 443

Zhu Xi, scholar 59

Zoroastrianism 327

Zungars of Xinjiang 44, 46, 52

Zwingli, Ulrich 339-41

1^{1 * 3} Nicolas Sanchez-Albornoz, The Population of Latin America: a History, trans. W. A. R.

Richardson (Berkeley, CA: University of California Press, 1974); William L. Sherman,

Forced Native Labor in Sixteenth-Century Central America (Lincoln, NB: University of Nebraska Press, 1979), pp. 15-19.

1^{1 2} For an excellent summary of the great transformation of Japan around 1600, including the intellectual developments discussed here, see Conrad Totman, Early Modern Japan (Berkeley, CA: University of California Press, 1993).

1 ³ Totman, Early Modern Japan, pp. 179-82; Wm. Theodore de Bary, “Sagehood as a Secular and Spiritual Ideal in Tokugawa Neo-Confucianism, ” pp. 127-88; and Mina- moto Ryδen, “Jitsugaku and Empirical Rationalism in the First Half of the Tokugawa Period,” pp. 375-469, both in Wm. Theodore de Bary and Irene Bloom (eds.), Principle

and Practicality: Essays in Neo-Confucianism and Practical Learning (New York: Columbia University Press, 1979).

1^{1 * * 4} Totman, Early Modern Japan, pp. 161-75; Okada Takehiro, “Practical Learning in the Chu Hsi School: Yamazaki Ansai and Kaibara Ekken, ” in de Bary and Bloom, Principle

and Practicality, pp. 231-305; and Herman Ooms, Tokugawa Ideology: Early Constructs, 1570-1680 (Princeton University Press, 1985), pp. 194-286.

1 ⁵ Totman, Early Modern Japan, pp. 283-91; de Bary, “Sagehood as a Secular,” in de Bary

and Bloom (eds.), Principle and Practicality, pp. 154-72; and Samuel Hideo Yamashita, “Nature and Artifice in the Writings of Ogyu Sorai (1666-1728),” in Peter Nosco (ed.), Confucianism and Tokugawa Culture (Princeton University Press, 1984), pp. 138-65.

¹⁶ There is a rich body of scholarship in English on this topic; basic are C. R. Boxer, Jan Compagnie in Japan, 1600-1817: An Essay on the Cultural, Artistic and Scientific Influence Exercised by the Hollanders in Japan from the Seventeenth to the Nineteenth Centuries, 2nd rev. edn. (Oxford, Tokyo, and New York: Oxford University Press, 1968); Donald Keene, The Japanese Discovery of Europe, 1720-1830, rev. edn. (Stanford University Press, 1969); Marius B. Jansen, “Rangaku and Westernization,” Modern Asian Studies, vol. XVIII, No. 4 (1984), pp. 541-53; Grant K. Goodman, Japan and the Dutch, 1600-1853 (London: Curzon, 2000).

1⁰ Jenny Pulsipher, “Gaining the Diplomatic Edge: Kinship, Trade, and Religion in Amerindian Alliances in Early North America," in Wayne Lee (ed.), Empires and Indigenes: Intercultural Cooperation and Conflict in the Early Modern World (New York University Press, 2011), p. 23.

¹¹ Daniel Richter, Facing East from Indian Country (Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 2001), p. 87.

1 ^{1 2} Marshall Sahlins, How “Natives ” Think: About Captain Cook, For Example (University of Chicago Press, 1995).

1 ^{3 *} Abraham de Wicquefort, The Embassador, p. 6.

¹⁴ Theodore Bent (ed.), Early Voyages and Travels in the Levant (London: Hakluyt Society, 1893), p. 65.

1 ⁵ William Foster, Early Travels in India (Oxford University Press, 1921), pp. 229-30.

1^{1 * * * 5} Luis Martin, Daughters of the Conquistadores: Women of the Viceroyalty of Peru (Albuquer­

que: University of New Mexico Press, 1983), pp. 38-43.

1 ⁶ Herman L. Bennett, Africans in Colonial Mexico: Absolutism, Christianity, and Afro-Creole

Consciousness, 1570-1640 (Bloomington, IN: University of Indiana Press, 2005), p. 16.

1 ⁷ Aylen Capparelli, et al., “The Introduction of Old World Crops (Wheat, Barley, and Peach)

in Andean Argentina during the 16th Century,” Veget Hist Archaeobot 14 (2005): 472-84.

1^{1 2} Linda Heywood, “Slavery and its Transformation in the Kingdom of Kongo,

1491-1800,” Journal of African History 50 (2009): 1-22.

1^{1 2} Sebouh David Aslanian, From the Indian Ocean to the Atlantic: The Global Trade Networks of Armenian Merchants from New Julfa (Berkeley, CA: University of California Press, 2011), pp. 185-97.

1 ³ Francesca Trivellato, The Familiarity of Strangers: The Sephardic Diaspora, Livorno, and Cross-Cultural Trade in the Early Modern Period (New Haven, CT: Yale University Press,

2009).

1^{1 2} Fariba Zarinebaf-Shahr, “The Role of Women in the Urban Economy of Istanbul, 1700-1850,” International Labor and Working Class History 60 (2001): 142; RonaldJennings, “Women in Early 17th Century Ottoman Judicial Records: The Sharia Court of

Anatolian Kayseri,” Journal of the Economic and Social History of the Orient 18 (1975): 65, 78, 97, and 104; Ira M. Lapidus, A History of Islamic Societies (Cambridge University Press, 2002), p. 852; Kenneth Pomeranz and Steven Topik, The World that Trade Created: Society, Culture, and the World Economy, 1400 to the Present (Armonk, NY: M. E. Sharpe, 2012), p. 6; Stewart Gordon, When Asia was the World: Traveling Merchants, Scholars, Warriors, and Monks who Created the “Riches of the East” (Philadelphia, PA: Da Capo Press, 2008), pp. 85-6; and Craig A. Lockard, “‘The Sea Common to All': Maritime Frontiers, Port Cities, and Chinese Traders in the Southeast Asian Age of Commerce, c. 1400-1750,” The Journal of World History 21 (2010): 228-32.

1^{1 * 3} Martha C. Howell, Commerce before Capitalism in Europe, 1300-1600 (Cambridge Univer­

sity Press, 2010), p. 100; Jennings, “Women in Early 17th Century Ottoman Judicial Records”: 97; and Steven Ozment, Magdalena and Balthasar: An Intimate Portrait of Life in 16th-Century Europe Revealed in the Letters of a Nuremberg Husband and Wife (New York: Simon and Schuster, 1986), pp. 70-1.

1 ⁴ Grassby, Kinship and Capitalism, pp. 286-7, and Trivellato, Familiarity of Strangers, pp. 133-5.

1^{1 2} Dennis O. Flynn and Arturo Giraldez, “Introduction: Monetary Substances in Global

Perspective,” in D. O. Flynn and A. Giraldez (eds.), Metals and Monies in an Emerging Global Economy (Aldershot: Variorum, 1997), pp. xv-xl.

1⁰ Fundamental for the notion of protection costs is Frederic C. Lane's work on Venetian trade. See Frederic C. Lane, Profits from Power: Readings in Protection-Rent and Violence­Controlling Enterprises (Albany, NY: State University of New York Press, 1979).

11 From 1609, the VOC had a factory on the island of Hirado, off Nagasaki.

1 ^{1 2} In 1647, the VOC banned trading from Gujarat to the sultanate of Aceh; the aim was to force Gujarati merchants to buy their spices only from the VOC, and at prices dictated by the Company: Sinnappah Arasaratnam, Merchants, Companies, and Commerce on the Coromandel Coast (Oxford University Press, 1986), pp. 123-5. Coen died in 1629.

1^{1 * 3} Femme Gaastra, “War, Competition, and Collaboration: Relations between the English

and Dutch East India Companies in the 17th and 18th Centuries,” in H. V. Bowen, Margarette Lincoln, and Nigel Rigby (eds.), Worlds of the East India Company (New

York: Boydell, 2002), pp. 49-68.

1^{1 * 3} Y. Zheng, China on the Sea: How the Maritime World Shaped Modern China (Boston, MA:

1 ⁴ Y. Zheng, The Social Life of Opium in China (Cambridge University Press, 2005).

1^{1 2} Naquin, Peking: Temples and City Life; Goossaert, “Counting the Monks”; Monica Esposito, “Daoism in the Qing, 1644-1911,” in Livia Kohn (ed). Daoism Handbook,

pp. 623-58; Vincent Goossaert, “Taoism, 1644-1850,” in The Cambridge History of China, The Ch'ing Empire to 1800, vol. ιx, Part 2 (Cambridge University Press, forthcoming).

1^{1 * 3} Szonyi, Practicing Kinship; Faure, Emperor and Ancestor; Kenneth Dean and Zheng

Zhenman, Ritual Alliances of the Putian Plain (Leiden: Brill, 2010); Mark Meulenbeld, “Chinese Religion in the Ming and Qing Dynasties,” in Randall Laird Nadeau (ed.), The Wiley-Blackwell Companion to Chinese Religion (Chichester, West Sussex, and Malden,

MA: Wiley-Blackwell, 2012), pp. 125-44.

1^{1 2} Antonio Galvao, Tratado dos Descobrimentos, Visconde de Lagoa and Elaine Sanceau

(eds.), 4th edn. (Oporto: Livraria Civilizaςao, 1987), p. 299.

1^{1 * 3} Marcin Bielski, Kronika: tho iesth Historya swiata (Warsaw: Wydawnictwa Artystyczne i

Filmowe, 1976).

1 ^{4 *} Jan Kieniewicz, “Nouvelles et merchandises: La perspective polonaise des decouvertes portugaises au xvιe siecle”, in Jean Aubin (ed.), La Decouverte, Ie Portugal, et !'Europe (Paris: Centre Calouste Gulbenkian, 1990), pp. 331-45.

¹⁵ For a somewhat larger perspective on these questions, see Endre Igloi, “Die ersten

polnischen, ungarischen und russischen Berichte uber die Entdeckung Amerikas”, Slavica: Annales Instituti Philologica Slavica Universitatis Debrecinensis, vol. ιv, 1964: 121-30.

1 ⁶ Joseph Matuz (ed. and trans.), L'ouvrage de Seyfi Qelebi, historien ottoman du xvιe siecle (Paris: Adrien Maisonneuve, 1968).