Index

Abba Tesfa Sion 259

Abdullah Mukarram Shah, Sultan of Kedah

389

Ablay Khan 367

Abomey 126

Abu Said, and Timurid Empire 357

Aceh 375, 379-8i, 386

Acosta, Jose de 4

Acton, Lord xvii, xx

Africa

and Barbary corsairs 421

Congo 276

Christian converts in 290 disease in 54-6, 60, 72-3

and maritime trade 54-63 resistance in African slaves 39 environment preservation 46, 52 European settlers in 455 Ghanaian gold 276 and Ioannes Leo Africanus 436 Kanem-Bornu Sultanate 325 large animals in 38 mixed marriages 142-3 Muslims in 327, 432, 459 nomadic pasturalists 33, 449 Ottoman expansion in 417, 419, 454, 456-7, 463 population of 13-16 and population of Lisbon 292 Portuguese lanςados 293 rinderpest 72 and slavery 454, 457

in Caribbean 237, 261, 400-1, 404-6 disease introduction to New World

67-8, 74

and gender structures 141 intermarriage 141-3 and Portuguese traders 285 racial ideology of New World in the plantations 66-7, 138-9 and VOC 196

and spice wars 378

and tobacco 65, 70

Tondibi, battle at 323-4

West African traders 231, 277

see also Sahara; slave trade;

Zambezia, greater

Agra 125

agriculture

expansion 32-3, 35-6

farming

depletion of natural resources 44-6 and nomadism 44

and fertility decline 51

and global trading relationships 36

and New World 36, 215

revenues from 328, 330

revolutions in 55, 109, 115, 119, 128

and sustainability 51

Ahmed al-Mansur, Sultan 323

Ahuitzotl, coronation of 224

Akbar the Great (Jalal-ud-Din Muhammad)

5-6, 336

Ala al-Din Riayat Shah 379

Alaol, poetry of 207

Albuquerque, Afonso de 283, 293 alcoholism 69-70

Alexander VI, Pope 232

Alfonso the Magnanimous 417

allegiance, oath of (shert') 299

Almada, Andre Alvares de 294

Almogataces 439-40

Alpujarras rebellion 432

alternate attendance system (Japan) 112 alum 101, 425-6

Alvares, Domingos 295

Amangkurat, Sultan 382

Amboyna Massacre 381

Americas, and European land grabs 43 food plants from 40-1 hunting of fur-bearing animals 47, 49 import of domestic animals to 40 wealth building in 46-7 wildlife in 38

Americas, indigenous empires in contact with Europeans 183, 211-13 depopulation of 39-40, 42, 460 imperial centers and existence of Spain as dominant 236

and mestizo culture 138

Amiens 122

Amsterdam 119-23, 184-6

Amursana, and Zunghars 363

Ancestral Pueblo 219

Andaya, Leonard and Barbara 136

Andes 219, 226 metallurgy in 226 and silver 80, 83-5, 88

Andrada Castel Blanco, Manoel de 287 anemia 58

Angkor Wat 125, 189, 373

Angola, and silver 280 animals

and Columbian Exchange 38-41 and disease transmission 56-9, 64, 72-3 and food supply 35-6 horse-power and nomads 172 and human population size 37-8 and hunting 43, 51

of fish 50

of fur-bearing animals 47-50

Antonio, Maestro, and ‘white gold' 97

Antwerp 120-3, 193

Arabian Sea 183, 188-9, 200

Arabic cosmopolis 203-5

Arawaks, decline of 396

Aristotle 473, 475-6

Armenian trade network 197-8 art market, development of 123

Asian merchants, organization of 197-8 ethnic and religious domination 199 support for 198-9

Asian trading networks expansion of Islamic empires 202 and European operations 201

Askia Ishaq II 312

Astrakhan 165, 176 astronomy, and voyages of discovery 424, 475-6

Asuwada, creation of society 255 Aurangzeb 468-70

Averroes 473

Avril, Pere 306

Axayacatl 224

Ayudhya 373, 375-6, 383, 388

and Constantine Gerakis 384-5

and Naresuan 383-4

temple of Wat Ratchaburana 376

Ayutthaya 189

Azevedo, Jorge Pinto de 281

Azores 275

Aztec Empire 214, 215, 235, 277

architecture 220

and ball courts 221 calendar of 222-4 coatequitl labor system 227 emphasis on militarized masculinity 153 incorporation of city-states into 224-5 pantheistic religion 221-2 regional cultural tradition 220-1 and smallpox 65-6

Spanish appropriation of as New Spain 238 writing system 223

see also Mesoamerica; Tenochtitlan

Babur, and Timurid Empire 357

Bacon, Francis 94, 476-7

Baghdad 124

Baikov, Fedor Isaskovich 301

Baiqara, Husain 356 Bairoch, Paul 107

Balanzas, Abraham 441

Balboa, Vasco de 147-8 Banda, massacre in 381

Bandar-e Abbas 194 banditry 461-2 banner system 168, 319, 364-5

Banten 379-81, 386

Barbarossa, Uruj Khaireddin 439 Barbary corsairs 421-2

Barkey, Karen 450 al-Barnawi, Muhammad 247

Barros, Joao de 272 Batavia 127, 191, 195, 201

and VOC 381, 386

Battle of al-Qasr al-Kebir 275

Batu Mongke 160-1

Bay of Bengal, and maritime trade 183 Bayin-naung, King of Pegu 383 baylans (catalonans) 146

beavers, effect of decline on environment 47

Beijing 116, 118-19, 184-6

Beinart, William 47

Bekbulatovich, Simeon 164

Bell, Thomas 101

Bello, David 48-9

Bello, Muhammad 246-7

Bennett, Judith 136-7 berdaches, see two-spirit people beriberi 58

Bering, Captain Vitus 314-15

Bernier, Franςois 125

Biraben, Jean-Noel 14-15

bison, depletion of herds 51

Black Death, see bubonic plague

Bogd Gegen 362

Bombay 127 bone-china 97

Borges, Jorge Luis 22

Borno Empire 246, 250-1

Borobudur 373

Boston 126

Bottger, Johann Friedrich 97 bourgeoisie, rise of 129

Boyle, Robert 478

Brahe, Tycho 476, 479

Brand, Adam 306, 314

Brandao, Ambrosio Fernandes 280

Braudel, Fernand 10, 31, 35, 122, 182-3, 416 Brazil 277, 280-1

and Pombal 278

sugar and gold fleets 284

Britain

china factories 97

cities 123-4

cotton printing technology 101

global leadership 471

and the Great Game 366 gunpowder 42

and masculinity 140

and Mediterranean expansion 442

and overseas empires 61, 449, 453-5, 483

Parliament of 447, 472, 482-3

religion 467-8, 479

revolts in 462-3

see also East India Companies

British East India Company 389, 470

see also East India Companies

Brito, Filipe de 193, 389

Brody, Hugh 44

Brooke, John L.

Bruges, growth of 119-23

Brunei, Muslims in 375 bubonic plague (Black Death) 30, 35-6, 59-63,

71, 119, 448-9, 452

Buddhism

in Central Asia 348

and Chakravartins 163

and fragmentation of Mongol Empire 162 hostility towards Muslim ideology 162 and Japanese women 153

and trading networks 373

in Turfan 351

Buginese expansion in eighteenth century

199

Bukhara 359, 368-9

bullion 457

Burma 373, 383, 388

Cabral, Pedro Alvares 378 cacao, and Aztec markets 221

Cairo 124-5, 250, 433

Cakchiquel, conquest of 216 calabai and calalai 146

Calcutta 126-7

Qaldiran, Battle of 338 calico-printing 93, 98

European attempts at 98-103

Calicut, and Indian Ocean trade 184 Calvin, John, and Protestant reform 149 Cambay, importance for trade 184, 191, 200 Cambodia 384

Campanella, Tommaso 287

Canary Islands 275

Canton, and Indian Ocean trade 192

Cape route, development of 183

Cape Verde 275 capitania-donataria, land grant system 275 caravan system 174-5, 188

Caribbean 393-4, 396

colonization process in 394-5, 399-401, 404

distribution networks 408-9

education 405

and histories of Mexico and US 394-5

and history of global connections 412 indigenous population decline 65, 218, 396, 399

and pirate mercantilism 398

trade in 399

plantations 395

restrictions on 409

sugar 401 smuggling 397, 409-10

see also piracy; slavery; sugar

Carletti, Francesco 9

Casa da India, and trade regulation 284 Casa de la Contratacion, Spanish trade regulation 284

casados 193

casta paintings 128

Castile 273, 419

see also Spanish Empire

Castillo, Bernal Diaz del 214

Castro, Brahmin Mateus de 290

Castro, Dom Joao de 272

Castro, Fidel 411

catalonans (baylans) 146 Catherine II 315, 319

Catholicism, process of conversion to

289-90

and Sino-European relations 310

and social discipline 149-50 suppression of new knowledge 479 weakening of 485

see also Jesuits

cattle ranching 232, 259, 408

Qelebi, Evliya 438

Central Asia 11-12, 347

diversity in 347-8

and the Great Game 366

and gunpowder 456-7

Islamicization of 327, 370, 374

mixed marriage in 143

Shaybanid Khanate 325, 339

see also Mongol Empire; Qing (Manchu) dynasty; Ottoman Empire; Temur; Timurids; Safavid Empire; trade; Uzbeks

Chaghadai Khanate 159-61, 347 chain migration 110, 122-5

Chakri dynasty, origins of 388-9

and southern Malay polities 389 Champa 189, 375

Chaplin, Peter 314

Charles V (Charles I of Spain) 273,

275, 287

Chaudhuri, K.

Chavin civilization 215

chicken pox 40-1, 56, 64

Chimalpahin, Domingo 10, 294 China

and Confucianism 153, 469, 473 consumption, rise in 118 domestic political control 201 economic domination of Southeast

Asia 201

growth of trade in 116-19, 200-1, 457 immigration process in 118

and Mongol invasion 115

and New World foods 40-1, 45

and Qing restructuring 464

reaction to seventeenth-century disorders 465

and scientific revolution 486

and Sinophobia 201

supply of food and furs under Manchu 48-50

see also Ming dynasty; Qing dynasty Chinese Grand Canal 188, 191 Chinese porcelain 93-5

European recreation of 96-7 modular production of 95-6

Chinese Seas 183

Chinggis Khan 160, 163, 347, 447-9 Chinggisids

decline of 159

internal discord 159-60 survival of idea 161, 179

Chingunjav 362

cholera, spread of 69 chonin (merchants) 111, 113-14 Chontal kingdom 216

Christian powers, in Mediterranean clashes with Muslims 419 control of western Mediterranean

417-19

pilgrimages 437 repression of minorities 431-3 westward movement of Greek speakers 419-21

Christianity, conversion to 234 and French missionaries in Siam 384-5 in Southeast Asia 380, 387, 390 see also Catholicism; Jesuits

cities

common features of 128 conditions for growth 109-10, 128-9 distinctions between 129 economic reasons for growth 120-2 periodization comparisons 129-30 populations of 108, 115, 119, 124-6 and rise in consumption 118, 120 and social mobility 123 and state capitals 125 see also colonial cities; individual cities;

urban networks; urbanization city-states 449, 454 climate change

and agriculture 32-3, 41-2, 44-6 impact on societies 42 and reaction of religious to 467 and rise of modern state 448, 457, 461

Clive, Robert 125

cocoa 408

cod, overfishing of 50

Coen, Jan Pieterszoon 381 coffee 72, 124, 340, 387, 408, 429 cold virus, spread of 64

Cold War, and Cuban Revolution 411

Colon, Hernando, and Columbus 4 colonial cities 126-7

importance of race 127-8 colonization

in sixteenth century 454-5

and implantation process in Caribbean 400-1

introduction of sugar 401 spread of disease 71-2 see also Columbian Exchange; Spanish

Empire; Portuguese Empire; East India companies

Columbian Exchange 38-41, 64

cultural transfers 65

disease transfer 65

effect on nomadic people 178

Columbus, Christopher 4, 273, 277-8, 283, 394, 396

and Columbian Exchange 38 foundation of La Isabela 231 preconceptions about indigenous peoples 213

commenda partnership 198 commerce, see trade commercial centres, see entrepots companies, establishment of in Indian

Ocean 194-5

British country traders 197

Dutch interregional circuit 195-6 and spice trade 195 and slave trade 196 see also East India Companies

Confucianism 153, 469, 473

Congo, and Portugese Empire 276 Constantinople, see Istanbul consumer society, first traits of 77-8

Couto, Diogo do 271

Contreras, Alonso de 283

Cookworthy, William 97

Copernicus 476 core-periphery models 11-12

Corso, Sampiero 440

Cortes, Hernan (Fernando) 125, 210, 212,

232, 237, 277, 283, 295

cotton industry, in Ming China 85-6, 88

Auntie Huang and cotton production 86-7 and cotton tax 86

regional division of labour 87-8

role of women 85

see also textile industry cotton, production in Caribbean 408 Coxe, William 316

Crenshaw, Kimberle 135 creolization, in Indian Ocean 151-2, 206, 406

Crete, religious communities in 432-3 Crimean Khanate 160, 165-6

Crioulo 142

Cronon, William 43

Crosby, Alfred 40-1, 64 Cuban Revolution 411

Cusi Yupanqui (Pachacuti) 225, 240 Cuzco 126, 226, 277

Cyprus, war of 421

d'Anania, Giovanni 250

D'Anville, Jean Baptiste 307, 315 da Gama, Vasco ι, 13, 182, 283, 295, 378 daimyo 110-14

Damascus 124

Davis, Natalie Zemon 135 de Houtman, Cornelis 381 de la Valette, Jean 439 decolonization

and Cuba 411

and Haiti 411

lack of in Caribbean 412-13

and scientific revolution 483

Delhi 125, 184-6

Delisle, Guillaume 305, 308, 310 Delisle, Joseph Nicholas 306, 311, 313 della Valle, Pietro 436

d'Entrecolles, Pere 97 Demak 380 Demeny, Paul 32 Descartes, Rene 476-7, 479 disease transmission 33-8, 56, 63-4, 74

and Amerindians 34-5, 39, 42, 46 comparison between Old and New World 56-9, 73 epizootic transfer of 64, 72 in Eurasia 54-60

and population size 54-5, 237

and slave trade 39, 67-8, 74

in tropical Africa 54-5 see also individual diseases

divorce 149

Dom Afonso VI 288

Drake, Sir Francis 397 Du Halde, J.

Dutch colonial establishments, in Indian Ocean 196

Dutch East India Company 109, 190, 381-2, 387

and forced migration of convicts 196, 382 and slave trade 196

and spice monopoly 195 support for traders 198 dzimbabwe 259

breakdown of imperial authority in 262 habitation sites 259-60

political aggregation in 260-2 state structures 260

see also Zimbabwe imperium

East India Companies

and Adam Smith 3

and imperial expansion 194, 197

and Indian calico-prints 98

and porcelain imports 95 relationships with local women 138-9 see also British East India Co.; Dutch East India Co.

Edo (Tokyo), growth of 111-13

and Eddoko 111, 114

and pleasure 113 education

and Borno Empire 103-4

and clerical towns 248

and French Revolution 450

and the ‘Grand Tour' 437

of men 134

and Peter the Great 300

zawiya community 124-6, 245

Elcano, Juan Sebastian 1

Elmina 126

encomienda, Spanish land-grant system 275 entrepots 127

in Africa 244

on Atlantic seaboard of greater Sahara 254-7

and bubonic plague 60, 71 in Caribbean 408-9

connections between maritime zones 184 free ports 433-4

in Iberian empires 283-5

in Southeast Asia 372

transregional functions of 189

and Venetian trade 426 see also trade

environmental change 52, 56-7, 178-9 Erauso, Catalina de 291

Eredia, Manuel Godinho de 230

Esen, attacks on Hami 351

Ethiopian monks, travels of 258-9 Euphrates, river 188

Europe 470-5

classical literature of 470-5, 477

conflict in 410, 462

and global trade 457

and New World foods 40-1

philosophy of government during

Enlightenment 482-3

relationship between justice and authority 480-2

urbanization 119, 122-3

falciparum malaria 67-8

families and households

and commenda contracts 198

in cotton trade 87-8

dynastic kinship 382 demand on environment 45-6

and farming 44 household taxes 92-3 and mining 81-2 in settler colonies 139

and Sikhs 152

and slavery 141

and travel 315

see also famine; peasants famine

and corruption 247

and disease 72

and fungal blights 58

in Russia 462

a ‘social' phenomenon 34

and sustainability 45-6

Farde, Peter 251

Faria, Manuel Severim de 273 feitorias in Portuguese Empire 276-7 Ferreira, Alexandre Rodrigues 278 Fez 250

Finlay, Robert 94

Flachat, Claude 101

Florence 122

Flynn, Dennis O.

forests and grasslands, transformation of 32,

41, 45

preservation in Africa 46

reforestation 46

see also climate system; Haiti; sugar fossil fuels 31

France

and Catholicism 144

characteristics of modern state 447, 452

France (cont.)

and colonial trade distribution networks 408-9, 427

and diplomacy 422

and empire 449

and Haitian Revolution 410-11

and Huguenots 187 pasteurization 73 population growth 45 revolts in 462 and Siam 384 and slavery 261 syphilis from 54-64 trade aggression in eighteenth century 442 see also French Revolution

Francis I (France) 422

French Mascarene Islands, slave trade in 196 French Revolution 450, 484-5

Freyre, Gilberto 277

Frois, Luis 279 Fronde 463 fundaq/fondaco 192 fur trade 47-50, 139, 166, 174 see also animals

Galdan, Khan

and Dalai Lama 162

and Junghar Empire 168

and Qing dynasty 361

and Zunghar mongols 360

Galen 475, 477

Galileo 476-7

Galvao, Antonio 291 Ganges, river 188, 191 Gantimur, defection to imperial Russia 301-2 Gaubil, Antoine 310-13

gay liberation movement, effect on history

135

Geissler, Christian Gottfried Heinrich 316 gender systems 133, 154

and American Indian two-spirit people 144-5

and Bugis of South Sulawesi 146

and Chinese cotton revolution 78, 85, 92-3 cultural contacts 138

and gender hierarchy 133-4, 137

and male migration 141 queer theory 135 and race 162

and religion 141, 146-8, 150-2 Confucianism 153

Islam 254

Kabbalah 153-4

Sikhism 152-3

third and transgender categories 147-8 women's rights movements 134-5

Genoa 120-2, 193, 428, 440

Georgi, Johann Gottlieb 316

Gerakis, Constantine 384-5 germ theory of disease 73 al-Ghazali 473

Gia Dinh, siege of 390

Gibson, James R. 49

Giraldez, Arturo 284

Giri 380

glass and porcelain manufacture 438 Glorious Revolution 463

Gmelin, Johann Georg 314

Gmelin, Samuel Gottlieb 315

Goa 127, 184, 276-7

Gois, Damiao de 284

gold 192, 231, 246, 258, 263, 276

see also Mwene Mutapa Empire;

Zimbabwe imperium

Golden Horde 159-60, 165, 298-9

Gomara, Francisco Lopez de 4, 234, 237 Gomes, Fernao 292 gonorrhea, spread of 64

Gowa, and VOC 382

Granada 119, 275

Great Accra 126

‘great divergence' 12, 16-17

Great Horde 160

Great Wall, the 166, 170

Great Zimbabwe 259-61

Greater Antilles, Spanish settlers in 396

Grijalva expedition 8

Gritti, Andrea 416, 436

Guaman Poma de Ayala, Felipe 294

Guangzhou 118

gunpowder 191, 323, 338-9, 424

and ‘gunpowder empires' 337-8

see also Ottoman Empire

gurus 152-3

Gutierrez, Gerardo 220

Guzman, Don Guillen Lombardo 293

Habib, Irfan xx

Habsburg dynasty 187

Hafiz-i Abru, and Rashid al-Din's history 356

Hafsid dynasty (Algiers) 422

Haiti 40

Haitian Revolution 410-11

Hami, relationship with Ming China 351 deterioration in 352

Hangzhou, and trade 116, 118

Hanseatic League 449, 454

Harriott, Thomas 476

Harvey, William 477

Havana 127

healing towns 264

Hegiran calendar 5

Herat 355-6

hereditary rights, and modern states 447, 485 local authority rule 448-9 see also French Revolution

Herzog, Tamar 288

Hideyoshi, Toyotomi 109-10, 454 hijra 147

historical anthropology, and universalism 245

and anti-urban movements 247

Hobbes, Thomas 479

Hoja Safar (Khudavend Khan) 189 Homann, Johann 310

Hong Taiji, and Qing Empire 297-8

Hooke, Robert 478

hostage system 299-301

Hu Juren 92

Huari civilization 215

Huayna Capac 229

Hughes, Lotte 47

Huitzilopochtli, Aztec god 221, 224 Hunyadi, John 338

Hurmuz 276-7

Iberian empires, relationship between 279, 282-3

administrative and institutional structures 286

Arbitrismo 286

comparisons between 278-82

ideological global infrastructure 287-8 and Catholicism 289-90 day-to-day religious practice 290 power relations with other societies 288-9

and independent nation-states 278

social fabric of 291-4

trade links and regulation 283-6

Iberian Union 271-2

Ibn ‘Arabi 205

Ibn Battuta 374

Ides, Evert 306

Il-Khans 159-60 immunity, and disease survival 55-6

and hemoglobin mutations 57 import substitution 79

and technology transfer 93

see also calico-printing; Chinese porcelain

Inca Empire 215, 225, 235

centralized control over subject peoples 226

civil war in 229

diet and agriculture 227-9 mining in 82-3, 227 mita system 81-2 population of 219-20 Quechua language 227 quipu use 229 religion 228-9 road system 227 smallpox epidemic 229 Spanish appropriation of existing empire

238

and traditional Andean civilization 226 India

Arabic cosmopolis 203, 205

British control of 202, 486

change in military balance in 197 cities 124-6, 460

and climate change 42

cloth production in 93, 103-4, 327, 457 debates between scholars 205

and disease 59, 61, 71

effect of New World crops on land 45 opium trade in 400

religion in 147, 152-3

and Rome 183

and science 60

and Vasco da Gama 182

Vijayanagara 190-1

see also East India Companies; Indian Ocean; Mughal Empire; Portuguese Empire

Indian Ocean

and Age of Commerce 207

coastal emancipation in 187 domination of interior from coast 202 expansion into Europe 207

links with Mediterranean 183, 192-3

and slave trade 196

staple ports 184

see also companies; maritime trading circuits; trade

indigo 408

Indonesia, and spice trade 195 industrialisation 103

and urban growth 122

intermarriage 141-3

International Sanitary Conference (1851) 72-3 intersexed children 133

Isfahan 125

Iskandar Muda 379

Islam 203-4, 348, 370, 471

and Buddhism 162

and Christian thought 473-4

clerical towns of greater Sahara 248 erosion of gender variation 147-8 fragmentation of Mongol Empire 162 geographic spread in Southeast Asia 374-5, 380-1

and Kazakhs 367

Muslim royal lines 161

relationship between justice and authority 480

and Sidi al-Mukhtar 252

slavery 333-4

and Sufism 386-7

in Turfan 351

Istanbul (formerly Constantinople) 124-5, 433 and Galata 434

and trade 125, 184-6, 426, 431, 438

Italian city-states 192-3

Itzcoatl 224

Ivan I, and Golden Horde 165

Ivan III 177, 298

Ivan IV 164, 177, 299 ivory, African export of 263

and hunters' guilds 265

Izmir 433-4

jade 221

Jagath Seth 202

Jakhanke ulama 244

Jalayirids 164

James II, of England 463

Janissaries 338

Japan

agricultural revolution in 109 and China trade 201, 457-9 control of foreign trade 109, 189 customs of 279

farming strategies 51

and Iberian trade 284

kamikaze 159

modern statehood 447, 449, 486

and natural environment 42, 45-6 population in 15, 36

new urban culture 111-14

Russian cartography 152, 315

Tokugawa regime 45, 110, 112-13, 454 unification of 454

and VOC 381-2, 455

women and Buddhism in 153

see also leisure; individual cities jasagh law, in Timurid Empire 355 Java (Jawa) 378, 387 Jefferson, Thomas 139, 483 Jesuits

in seventeenth century 278, 467-8, 479 and coordinate mapping 307 employment in China 302, 310-12, 320 missionary work 289

and Treaty of Nerchinsk 303

see also Catholicism

Jews 419-21, 432, 434, 468 jihads 253-4

Jingdezhen porcelain kilns 95-6 John II, of Portugal 276, 287

Johor 379

Junghar Khanate (Oirat) 168-9, 172, 177 Junghars (Kalmyks), and Buddhism 162

Muslim portrayal of 162

Russian influence on 165

see also Galdan

Jurchen tribes, and origins of Qing dynasty

297

Juwdar Pasha 323-4, 333

kamikaze, divine protective wind 159 Kanem-Bornu Sultanate 325, 339

Kangxi emperor 320

interest in science 308-9

and Jesuit mapping 306-7

and Tulisen 303

Kano 250

al-Kashnawi, Muhammad ibn Muhammad al-Fullani 251

Kasimov Khanate 164

Katsina 250

Kazakh 160, 163, 169-70, 366-7, 370

Islamicization of 367, 370

Russian government of 367

Kazan Khanate 160

Kelly, Joan 136 Kepler, Johannes 476 keystone species 37-8 Khalkhas, and Manchu Qing dynasty 169

Khami 259, 261

Khami kingdom 261, 263

Khiva 368

Khoi people 70

Kimpa Vita, Dona Beatriz 290

Kirghiz 160, 163

Kirilov, I.

Knights of Malta 421, 425, 439, 442 Knights of St John 421

Kokand Khanate 369

Koxinga (Zheng Chenggongh) 382 Krasheninnikov, Stepan 315

Krishna Chaitanya 153

Kyoto 110-11, 113

land tenure systems, in Islamic empires 328-30

state control of land 330

Landa, Diego de 214 language standardization 114, 124 las Casas, Bartolome de 4, 231, 234 Latin cosmopolis, and Indian Ocean 206 laws and legal systems

and Declaration of Independence 483 on intermarriage 139, 406 in Islamic societies 480

lawyers, and urban growth 120 in mediaeval Europe 480-2 and Montesquieu 482 and Napoleon Bonaparte 485 natural laws 479, 485 shari'a law 187 and social discipline 150 sumptuary laws in Japan 45

Le dynasty 376

see also Nguyen; Trinh

Leibniz 478

Leiden 122

Leipzig 122 leisure 113-14, 118, 123-4, 129

Lemba association 265

Lepanto 415, 419, 421, 424

Lesser Antilles, northern Europeans

in 396

Lieberman, Victor 12-13, 348

life expectancy 33

see also disease transmission; famine Light, Francis 389

Lima 127, 277

Lisbon 119, 184-6, 193

Little Ice Age 15, 30, 40, 42, 448,

457, 461-2

Livi-Bacci, Massimo 14-15

Livorno 433-4

Locke, John 479, 482 Lombard, Denys 19

London 119-23, 184-6

Lorge, Peter A. 77

Louis XIV 129, 307

Louis XVI 463

Lovek 383

Loyasa, GarciaJofre de 8

Lu Kun 93

Lucayan people 218, 396

Lunda Empire 262

Luria, Isaac 153-4

Luther, Martin 149

Lyon 122

Ma Huan 375

Ma Mingxin 366

Ma Wensheng 353

Macau 127, 191, 276-7, 284

MacCormack, Sabine 226

Machado, Simao 271

Maddison, Angus 14-15

Madeira 275

Madras 127, 197

Madrid 120, 123

Magellan, Ferdinand (Fernao de Magalhaes)

1, 7-8

al-Maghili, Muhammad ibn ‘Abd al-Karim ibn Muhannad 249-50

Mahayana Buddhism 385 mahus 147

maize 115, 221, 340, 430

Malacca 276-7, 375

Malagueta pepper 276 malaria 55, 57-8, 71, 73-4

Malaspina, Alejandro 278

Malherbe, Pierre-Olivier 9

Mali Empire, decline of 249

Malik ibn Nabir 254

Mamluks 417

Manchu Empire see Qing (Manchu) dynasty

Manco Capac 238-40

Manghit dynasty 368-9

Manila 126-7, 191, 201, 279

Manila galleons 8, 284-5

Mann, Charles C.

Manuel I (Portugal) 285 al-Mansur, Sultan Ahmad 249

Manzanedo, Miguel de Jaque de los

Rios de 282

mapping technology

Delisle 305

Etats du Tsar 306

Remezov 304-5

see also Jesuits; Kangxi emperor;

Peter the Great

Marcus, Lucas 259 maritime insurance 423 marriage 127-8, 138-9, 293, 308 Creolization 151-2 and religion 138-9, 142-3, 149, 432-3 and social discipline 383 see also intermarriage

marten, extinction of 47 masculinity 140

Mataram dynasty 380

and Pakubuwana II 386-7

and relationship with VOC 386

and Sultan Agung 382 matchlock firing mechanism 477-8 Maya civilization 214-15, 277

calendars of 222

segmented societies in 216 writing system 223

McNeill, J. R. 31

McNeill, William H. 60 measles 56, 64-6, 72 Mecca 203-5, 247, 250 Mediterranean 415-16

artisans 438

battlefield front line 415, 442 clash between Muslims and Christian powers 419

diffusion of knowledge in 440-1 displacement of peoples through wars 419-21

language use in 441 mercenaries 438-9 merchants 438 minority communities in 439-40 pilgrims 437-8

population increase in 425 religious exchange 431-3 rise of Muslim powers in east 417 security in 424 slave-raiders in 439 travellers in 435-7

see also trade, in Mediterranean

Mehmed IV, Sultan 468

Mehmed, Sultan (the Conqueror) 335-7, 426 Meissen, and recreation of porcelain 97 Melaka 184, 194, 376-9

Memije, Vicente de 288

Mendes Pinto, Fernao 283 meningitis 71 merchants, see trade mercury amalgamation 81

Mergui 388-9

Merin, Mulay Alal 436

Mesoamerica 219

cities in 220-1 knowledge of celestial bodies 222 religion 221-2 writing system 223 see also Aztec Empire

messianism 335 metallurgical technologies 259-60 Mexica, see Aztecs

Mexico City 126-7, 277 Mexico, revolt in 485

Mianli Temur, Prince of Hami 351 Michiel, Beatrice (Fatima Hatun) 437 migration, between Europe and Caribbean 405

male 141

and piracy in Caribbean 397 and race relations 139 and sexual relations 138 and transport revolution 71 see also intermarriage

Milan, growth of 119

Milescu, Nikolai (Spafarii) 302 military drill 477-8

military technologies 76, 453, 455-6 and ‘gunpowder empires' 456-7

Miller, Shawn 39-40

Milovanov, Ignatii 302 mines and mining

in Africa 259-61, 263-4, 323-4 and alum 425-6 in Brazil 292 in Caribbean 234 and Guinea's military regime 253 and Ottoman trade 429 of silver 78-9

Inca deities 83-4

Inca techniques 80 mercury amalgamation 81 mita labor force 81-2

Potosi mine 79, 277 in Songhay 249 and slavery 254, 457

Ming dynasty 160, 298 Confucian ideology of 350-1 and Great Wall 456 integration with neighbours 455 isolationist policy 348-50 and Mongols 163, 166 recruitment of foreign experts 353 relationship with Timurid Empire 355 Southeast Asian activities 376 trade and reconstruction of Great

Canal 191

and urban revival 115 voyages to Southern Asia 374-5 see also China; Turfan

Miranda, Francisco Sa de 273

Misa, Thomas, ‘technologies of the court' 84

missionaries 141, 148, 150-2, 290

in Cambodia 383-5 and Chinese porcelain production 94 Jesuit 254, 307

and mixed marriage 138-9 and Mongol courts 162 and Qing court 310-11 and two-spirit people 144

Mississippian culture 219 mixed blood, attitudes towards 140

Mixtecs 216, 223

Moche civilization 215

Moctezuma Ilhuicamina 224

Moctezuma Xocoyotl 223-4, 230, 236, 294 modern states, creation of 447, 452 coexistence of old and new 449-50 domination of large centrally-run territorial states 449

Eastern models 452

European domination of 451-2 global crisis of seventeenth century 460-5 global trends 447-51 and industrialization 487

stability 453-4

Mokyr, Joel 103

Mongol Empire 159-60, 347

and bubonic plague 60, 159-60 and Galdan 360 ideology 162 and Manchus 168 shift in power 63 and translatio imperii 161 see also Qing dynasty monism debate 205 monkeys, and transfer of yellow fever 68 Montesquieu 482-3 Monzaemon, Chikamatsu 114

Morocco

battle at Tondibi 323-4 Saadian dynasty 417, 428

Moscow 119

Mubarak, Shaikh Abu'l Fazl ibn 5

Mughal Empire 184-6, 190-2, 327, 486 Babur, conquest of Kabul 186, 325, 338 and British East India Company 194 land assignment (jagir) 329 importance of Cambay and Surat 200 and religion 327, 337, 468-9

slavery in 334

and state entrepreneurship 341

and trading communities 200, 369 Muhammad Ali 486

Muisca people 216

Mukaveti, Alagiyavanna 293 al-Mukhtar al-Kunti, Sidi 252

Muller, Gerhard Friedrich 315 mumps 56, 64-6, 72

Murad IV, Sultan 341

Muscovy, and Russian Empire 298

Muslim communities

in Africa 247-8

delegations to Mecca 382 effect of plague on 61-3 in Mediterranean 417, 419-21, 432 orthodoxy in 334-7 populations, in early modern empires 327

and Portuguese incursions 378-9

in Southeast Asia 373, 375-8

Mwene Mutapa Empire 260-3

Nadir Shah, invasion of Bukhara 368

Nanak, Guru 152-3

Nanchang 118 Nanjung 115-16, 118

Nanyang 200-1

Napier, John 477

Naples 119, 433

Napoleon Bonaparte 485

Naqshbandi Sufis 360, 366

Narai (King) 384

Naresuan 383-4 Native Americans

civilizations preceding the Aztecs and Incas 214-15

European view of 214 nomadic societies in 219 sedentary societies 215-17 semisedentary societies 219-20 settlement patterns and population 219-20 see also Aztecs; Incas

naval warfare

in Asia 458

development of shipping and gunnery 455, 457-8

Nazca civilization 215

Neo-Confucian (Chinese) cosmopolis 207 Netherlands

and colonization 455

expeditions to Aceh and Banten 381 French invasion of 387

Netherlands (cont.)

and Peter the Great 308

and slavery 261

urbanization in 107

see also Dutch East India Company NewJulfa 197-8

New York 126

Newton, Isaac 477-9

Nguyen Anh 389-90

Nguyen Hue (Quang Trung) 390

nharas 142

Nicholas of Cusa 480

Nixon, Francis 101

Nobunaga, Oda 109, 454

Noghais 17-18, 160, 165, 173 nomads, steppe

claimants for leadership 160

defeat of Crimean Tatars 173

fragmentation of 160

global networks 177-8, 180

in Islamic empires 330

military advantages 171

religions 162-3

and Russian influence 165, 176-7

shifts in global political and economic history 177-8

see also caravan system; overland trade; Siberia

Norbuti Biy 369

Nurhaci, groundwork for Qing

Empire 297 nutritional diseases 58

O'Brien, Charles 103

obsidian 221

Olmec civilization 215

opium trade 197, 340, 400

Oran 275

‘oriental despotism' 331

Osaka 110, 114

Ottoman Empire 188-91, 325, 417, 428, 442-3, 463-4

and bullion 429

clashes with Christians 419

and commerce 342, 417, 426

and devshirme 333-4, 439

diplomatic alliances in Mediterranean 422

and elite slavery 333-4

and gunpowder technology 338

ideals of liberty and national sovereignty 486

Kadizadeli movement 467-8

land assignment (timars) 329, 331

links with sea and land 184-6

military class 334

and millet system 199 movement of women in 437 and nomadic world 186-7 open networks in 186 population estimates 327 and religion 327, 336-7, 431 state entrepreneurship 341 and Turkish cosmopolis 205

Oyo nobles, view of rural people 246

Ozbeg Khan 358

Pacific Islands 49

Pagan 189

Paine, Thomas 484

Pakubuwana II 386-7

Palembang 386

Pali cosmopolis 206-7

Pallache, Samuel 436

Pallas, Peter Simon 315-16

Panipat, Battle of 338

Paris 119, 122-3

Parker, Geoffrey 15, 42

Parliament, in Britain 482-3

Pascal, Blaise 478

Peace of Westphalia 463, 468

peasants 34

in Africa 34, 246-7, 260-1, 263

in China 91, 110, 464 de-peasantization 249, 253-4, 262 and disease 61

migration to cities 112 ownership rights in Islamic empires 328 and revolts 465 and tax-farming 453

Pech 216

Pegu 189

pellagra 58

pepper 386

Perdue, Peter 29, 304

Perez, Manuel Bautista 285

Persian language 204-5

Peter the Great 120, 319

civilizing mission 300

and mapping 306-8, 313

Philip II 5-6, 120, 287

Philippines 279, 281-2, 379-80, 387 Phnom Penh 189

Phra Phetracha 385

piracy 455

and Amerindian population 398

in Caribbean 397-8

costs to Spain 397

in Mediterranean 421

and sugar trade 401

Pires, Tome, on Cambay 184

Pius II, Pope 426

Pizarro, Francisco 230, 237-8, 277 plantation economies, and slave labor 275 plantation societies 405-6

political theology, and Universal Empire 244 and anti-urban movements 247

Polo, Marco 115, 374, 471

Pombal, Marquis of 278, 295

Pomeranz, Kenneth 12, 16-17

population growth 13-16, 30-2, 108, 115, 460, 462, 470

Porco silver mine 80, 83-4

portolan charts 424

Portuguese Empire 272-3

and Brazil 277

capture of Ceuta 419

and commerce 193, 276

and Crusades 287

domestic population in 273

and Estado da India 276-7, 280-1, 283, 285-6

exploration of South Atlantic 275 and indigenous peoples 275 maritime nature of 272, 280 relationship with Spain 271-2, 282 share in China trade 200

and spice trade in Southeast Asia 378-9 see also Iberian empires

Potosi silver mine 9, 78, 277

and indigenous technologies 80

and Inca beliefs 83-4

and Manila galleons 284-5 mercury amalgamation 81

Spanish discovery of Cerro Rico 79 and urban growth 127

Prevesa, Battle of 419

prices, rise in seventeenth century 461 printing 118, 122, 438

Protestantism 477

ideal of marriage 149

and social discipline 149-50

Protten, ChristianJ. 256

Ptolemy 473, 475

Puebla de los Angeles 277

Puritans, and Church of England 467

Qesada, Gonzalo Jimenez de 237 Qianlong emperors 320

and Confucianism 469

and map-making 310, 317

Qing (Manchu) dynasty 116, 190-2, 298, 318 acceptance of Volga Kalmyks in 1771, 173, 298

art and literature in 317-18

banner system 168, 364-5

campaign against Zunghars 362-3 common aims with Russian Empire 297, 304, 309-13

conquest of Junghars 169, 172 contacts with Russia 302, 313, 356 and early modern mapping technology 304, 306-7

and eastern Central Asia 348 ethnographic surveys 317 intermarriage 138

links with sea and land 184-6 management of difference within empire 318-20

Manchu attacks in Amur basin 302

and Mongols 163

occupation of eastern steppe 170 open networks in 186

policy of divide and rule 169

and Tibet 362

Treaty of Nerchinsk 168, 303

tributary system 299-301

see also China; Xinjiang

quarantine, international agreements on 69,

72-3

Qubilai Khan, and cotton industry 86 queer theory 135

Quetel, Claude 64

Quiche, conquest of 216

race relations 127-8, 405-6

and mixed race progeny 406

Radkau, Joachim 51 al-Rahman Jami, ‘Abd 356

Rai, Gobind, and Khalsa brotherhood 153 Raleigh, Sir Walter 213, 381

Ramirez, Alonso 283

Ramos, Alonso 290

Raychaudhuri, Tapan xx al-Razzaq Samarqandi, Abd 378

Reaumur, Rene 97

Reigota, Isabel 291

religion

and conflict in the steppe 162

diversity of in Central Asia 348

and gender classification 144-7

and nomadic unity 163

reform in sixteenth century 148

religion (cont.)

and wars 467-9

see also individual religions religious authority

and creation of modern states 450

and European warfare 454

reaction to seventeenth-century disorders 465-7, 469

reaction to new knowledge of seventeenth century 479 Remezov, Semon, Atlas of Siberia 304-5 Ricci, Matteo 118 rice cultivation 115-18, 189, 191 Richards, John F. 29-30, 32, 43-4, 47 Rifkin, Mark 145 rinderpest 65, 72 Rio de Janeiro 127

Rio de la Plata, Spanish-Portuguese dispute 279

rivers, and process of state-formation

in Arid zone 188

in Southeast Asia and Java 189-90 Robertson, William 212

Roman law 472, 474

Rome 119-20, 123, 183

Rousseau, Jean-Jacques 482 rubella 56, 64-6, 72

Ruddiman, William 41-2

Russia

and alcoholism 69

and Astrakhan Khanate 165

and the Great Game 366

and Kazan 165

and nomadic world 186-7

investment in fortifications against 170

and Kazakhs 169-70, 366-7, 370 military effectiveness against 171, 173 and new weapons 172

Princes of Muscovy and Mongol legacy 164-5

share of overland trade 176-7

and Siberia 166, 174, 179

trade with Khanates 369

trade and relations with Qing dynasty 361, 369

war with Ottoman Empire in eighteenth century 442-3

and western Central Asia 348

see also Russian Empire

Russian Academy of Sciences 308, 314-15 Russian (Romanov) Empire 298-9, 318

art and literature in 317-18

and early modern mapping technology 304

embassies to Peking 301-2, 314 ethnographic surveys 316 and exploration 313-15 management of differences within empire 318-20

and Qing dynasty 297, 301-2, 304, 309 cooperation vs. competition 302, 309-13

Treaty of Nerchinsk 303 tributary system 299 see also Peter the Great; Siberia

Sa‘adi dynasty 325

Saavedra, Alvaro de 8

Sacramento, Spanish-Portugese

dispute 279

sacrificial rituals 221-2, 229, 235

Safavid Empire 190-1, 327, 464

and break-up of Timurids 359

and gunpowder diplomacy 339 land tenure system (iqta‘) 329-30 links with sea and land 184-6 open networks in 186 religious orthodoxies 336

Muslim majority in 327

Shi'ism 337, 342, 469

Shah Ismail I 325, 335

and trading community 199 see also Nadir Shah

Sahara 243-5

Saikaku, Ihara 111, 114

salt trade

in Africa 243-4, 249, 257

in Andean cities 226

in China 116-18

Salvador 127

Salvador, Frei Vicente do 279, 282 Samarkand 125, 354, 369

and Temur's architecture 355-6

and Ulugh Beg 354

samurai 110-11, 114

San Juan, Catarina de 290

Sanskrit cosmopolis 203

Santa Casa da Misericordia 286

Santo Domingo 231

Sao Tome 275 scholarship, in Middle Ages 473-4 in Europe 474 in Islam and China 474

and philosophers of society 479-80 see also scientific revolution

science

advances in seventeenth century 478

Asian technologies 79, 98 eurocentric approach to in history 60, 103-5

and European classical texts 471-2

in Iberian empires 278

Islamic 248, 473

and Kangxi Empire 309

and Peter the Great 308, 314

and Temur 358

scientific revolution

and science of liberty 480-5

and voyages of discovery 475-8

sea otters 49-50

secularism 335-6

see also Mughal Empire

Segovia 122

Selim, ‘the Grim' 325

Seneca 4, 18

Seoul 125

Seville 119-22, 285

sexuality 135, 146, 154

and criminalization of sin 149

and religion 153, 383

see intermarriage

Shah Abbas 197

Shah Rukh, and Timurid Empire 354-6

Shaibani, Muhammad 358-9

shari'a law 331-2

and sovereign power 332, 334

in Timurid Empire 355

in Xinjiang 364

see also messianism; secularism; slavery Shaybanid Khanate 325

Sherley, Sir Anthony 271, 281, 287

Shiite orthodoxy 336

in Safavid Empire 337 shipbuilding 430 shoguns 109

Siam

conflict with Burma 388

contests in 384

Persian community in 385

and Rama I (General Chakri) 388-9

and Taksin 388

see also Chakri dynasty

Siberia

and fur trade 48

interest of nomadic empires in 174 access to luxury goods 174 closure of frontier after Russian-

Manchu treaties 174

importance of iron 174

map of 304-5

Russian conquest of 166

Russian exploration of 299, 301-2 see also Bering

Siberian Khanate (Taybughid dynasty) 160 use of Islam 162

Sican civilization 215 sickle-cell trait 57 signares 142

Sikhs 152-3, 468-9 silk production 438

and decline of household weaving in China 89, 122

exchange for silver 284 technological improvements in 88-9 see also textile industry

Silk Roads, trade on 359-60

Silveira, Francisco Rodrigues 273, 281 silver

Chinese demand for 9-10, 81, 84 and Spanish colonial trade 120-2, 231, 396

use in Mughal and Manchu empires 192

and world systems 78-9, 284

see also Potosi silver mine

slavery

in Caribbean 237, 396

and decolonization 412

and European economic development 407-8

and food production 408 interracial sex 406 mortality rates 404 and production of sugar 401-3 and understanding of colonialism 408 elite slavery 332-3

extralegal practices in Ottoman Empire 333-4

and Islamic land tenure 333

and growth of cities 129

and plantation economies 275, 277

and racial ideology 66-7

and sanctuary in entrepots 257

and silver mining 277 slave trade 285

in Africa 249, 253-4, 262, 265

in Black Sea region 165-6 consequences of illegalization 70 in Indian Ocean 196 and polygyny 141

and Qur'an 333

slave trade (cont.)

and sexual relationships 139

and transfer of West African disease 67-8,

74

see also Haitian revolution; racial stratification; slavery

sleeping sickness 54-5, 67 smallpox 48

and decline of Amerindian populations 40, 229, 396

and nomadic peoples 178

spread to New World 64-6

Smith, Adam 2-4, 11, 404, 482

Smith, Michael 220 smuggling, in Caribbean 409-10

Snow, John 73

social discipline 149-50

effect of enforcement of on women 150 and masculine ideal 150

and missionaries 150-2

Society of Jesus see Jesuits

Solis, Antonio de 230

Songhay 249-50, 252

Southeast Asia

confrontation in 382-5 diversity in 372, 391 political influences on 373 religious traditions in 373-4, 386-7 shared practices and beliefs 375 violence against Chinese populations 386 see also Muslim communities

Spain

and colonial trade networks 408-9

and contraband trade 397

and Cuban decolonization 411

and law enforcement in Caribbean 399 and Lesser Antilles 396

and Morisco community 432 movement of indigenous peoples 396 and trade in Nanyang 200

waste of wealth from Peruvian silver 84 see also Spanish colonialism; Spanish Empire

Spanish colonialism 232-4

appropriation of existing empires 238 indigenous involvement in conquest 238 invasion of segmented societies 216 and Manco Capac 238-40 and New Conquest History 237 view of indigenous people of Americas

212, 214

Spanish Empire

and Atlantic World 281 in Caribbean 230, 235, 277-8 cities in 230-1 demographic collapse of indigenous people 65, 234, 237

failure of, and continued exploration 237

food crops and animals 232 markets and trade 231 slave raiding 232 worldview and religion 232-4 conquest of Mexico and Peru 277-8 transfer of disease to Mexico 65-6 conquest of Tunis 275 link to Americas, Carrera de Indias

283

Portuguese population in 282

see also Iberian empires; Spain; Spanish colonialism

spice trade 429

and Dutch East India Company 194

and Dutch expeditions 381, 387

and European sea-powers 187

and Islamization in Southeast Asia 380 and Portugal 378-9

see also Dutch East India Company

Sri Lanka 280

St Petersburg 119-20

St Thomas Aquinas 474

Stancel, Valentin 288

Steller, Georg Wilhelm 315 Subrahmanyam, Sanjay 136, 244-5, 265, 276 Suez Canal, plans for 188

Sufi mysticism 335-7, 467

desert networks 251

and Pakubuwana II 386-7

in Songhay 250

in Timurid Empire 357, 359-60, 363, 366, 370

sugar 275, 277, 401, 403, 429

and deforestation 39

and economic growth 404, 406-8

and enslaved labour force 66-7

and indigenous population of Americas 47

Moroccan monopoly of 341

Sukhothai 189

Suleyman the Lawgiver 5

Sultanate of Aceh 325, 339

Sun Laichen 77

Sunni Malikism, in Songhay 249-50

Sunni orthodoxy 336

in Mughal India 337, 468-9

in Ottoman Empire 468

Surat 125, 127, 184, 189, 191-2, 195

Suzhou 117-18

Swahili economy 258

sweet potato 115 syphilis 54-64, 69, 178 al-Syuti, Jalal al-Din ‘Abd al-Rahman 249-50

Tabriz 124

Taino people 215, 218, 230-2, 234, 396 Tairona, the 216

Taiwan, and China 191

Tamerlane, see Temur

Tashkent 369

Tawantinsuyu, the Union of the Four Quarters 226

taxation

in Britain 463

on cloth 85-6

and cotton weaving 89-91

in France 484

of harvest 34, 42 immunity from 248 on merchants 176, 358 in Mughal Empire 199, 468-9 in Ottoman Empire 329, 425-6, 428, 431 and ‘capitulations' 342 and shari'a law 332 and timars 331 and waqf 330

under Qing 364-5, 464

on silver 84 tax-farming 453, 463 taxes in kind 88-9, 92, 299 under Tokugawa 110-11 on trade routes 193 in Upper Guinea 253 and warfare 453 in Zimbabwe 260-1

Tay Son brothers 389-90 tea houses 113 technological systems exchanges of 76 historiographical sources 77 and non-Western technological cultures

104

and social context 76, 105 Tehuelche people 219 telescope 476

Temur (Tamerlane) ι, 160, 190-1, 417, 452 campaigns to unite Central Asia 347 Mongol tradition and Muslim populations

161

and Moscovite chronicles 164 plans to invade China, and death 354 see also Timurids

Tenochtitlan 125, 215, 221, 277 architecture in 220 and Calendar Stone 223-4

Teotihuacan civilization 215

Ternate, alliance with Portuguese 378-9 territorial cult, in Luba-Lunda heartland of

Africa 263-4

and ivory trade 265

and Lemba association 265 trans-oceanic links 264 textile industry, in China

and Chinese cotton revolution 78, 85 dependence on 89-91

gender roles in 85, 89, 92-3 and urbanization 116-18

textile trade 122, 197

thalassemias 57

Theravadan Buddhism 373-4, 384, 390

Thulamela 259

Tiahuanaco civilization 215

Tibau, Sebastiao Gonςalves 193

Tibetan Buddhism, and Mongol unity 360

Tidore, rivalry with Ternate 378-9 tigers 37

Tigris, river 188

Tilly, Charles 453

timber, production in Caribbean 408

Timurids 160, 358, 369

and Chinggisid principles 161, 164 destruction of 359

diversity in 348

and Mughal dynasty 359

succession struggles after death of Temur 354-5

and Sufism 357

see also Babur; Temur; Ulugh Beg; Shah Rukh

Tizoc 224

Tlacaelel 224

Tlaloc, Aztec god 221-2, 224

Tlaxcala 222, 224, 277

tobacco 430

and global economy 70, 340 production in Caribbean 408 transfer of addiction from Americas 65

Toghto, and Hami 351

Tokugawa Ieyasu 109, 111-13

Tokyo, see Edo

Toledo, Francisco de 81

Tondibi, Battle of 323

Torricelli, Evangelista 478

Totman, Conrad 46

trade 457, 460, 462

Aztec 221

between Europeans and Caribbean populations 399

and disease transfer 69-70

division of labor in Asian empires 458-9 global 244, 459-60

maritime 183, 184-6

overland

and Manchu policies in Mongolia 177 nomad share in 175-7, 179 silk road syndrome 176

restrictions on 409, 412

see also Caribbean; salt trade; slave trade; spice trade; trade, in Central Asia, in Indian Ocean, in Mediterranean, in Southeast Asia

trade, in Central Asia 176

and Ming isolationism 176, 348-50 Russian trade with Kazakhs 367 Timurid trade with China 356, 358 and Turfan 352-3

and Uzbeks 359-60, 367-9

and Yongle Empire 351

trade, in Indian Ocean 183-4, 191-2

Asian family networks 197-8 and Chinese power 200-1 and European powers 187-8 interregional 189-90 intra-Asian 193 and Islamic empire expansion 202 and Italian city-states 192-3 and Ming China 191 and Mughals 186, 199-200 and nomads 184 and religious minorities 199 and state formation 187-8 see also East India Companies; entrepots trade, in Mediterranean

advances in commercial techniques 422 contacts with northern Europe 430-1 and cultural exchange 433 demand for products 425 expansion of global framework 427-30 and merchant travellers 438 and information 423 nautical innovations 423-4

routes 425-7

and state infrastructures 425

and urbanization 433-4

western domination in eighteenth

century 441

trade, in Southeast Asia

galleon trade 380

and Islam 380

and Melaka 376-8

Nguyen expansion 385

see also Dutch East India Company; spice trade

transport revolution and globalization of disease 70-1

Treaty of Kiakhta 171, 174, 303-4, 311

and diplomatic activity 311-12

Treaty of Madrid 279

Treaty of Nerchinsk 168, 174, 303-4, 361

Treaty of San Ildefonso 279

Treaty of Toledo 279

Treaty of Tordesillas 279, 379, 399

Treaty of Zaragoza 279

Trinh, and Le dynasty 385

and Tay Son revolt 389

Tsewang Rabdan 169, 362

Tuban 380 tuberculosis 69, 71, 73 Tulisen 300, 303, 306-7 Tupi 218

Turfan, relationship with Ming China 351

deterioration in 352

occupation of Hami 352-3

two-spirit people 144-5 typhus, transfer to New World 65-6

Ulugh Beg 354-6

urban guidebooks 114

urban networks 245-6

and anti-urban movements 247

clerical towns 248, 249

conflict with nomadic groups in Africa 244 coastal cities 255

demands of military regimes 253

fortified market centers 248-9 and Mediterranean bullion market 246 radical movements in 253-4 state power 246-7

urban-rural division of labor 246, 248

see also cities

urbanization 107-24, 460

Urdaneta, Andres de 8

US Constitution, drafting of 483

US Declaration of Independence 483

Uskoks 439-40

Uzbeks

instability and decline of

Khanates 367-70

Islamicization of 370

territorial expansion under Muhammad Shaibani 358-9

and trade 359, 369

unification by Abul Khayr Khan 358

Valladolid 120

Valle, Pietro della 125

Van Leeuwenhoek, Anton 478 van Neck, Jacob Corneliszoon 381 Velazquez, Diego de 232

Venice 119, 123

dominion of coastal waters 120-3, 423 and fondaco 434

and ghetto 434

increase in shipping tonnage 424 Indian Ocean trade 192 merchant convoys 426

regional centre for trade 427 resilience of 415

response to piracy 421-2

Veracruz 277

Verbiest, Ferdinand 302

Vesalius 475

viceroyalties, creation of 286

Vieira, Antonio 288

Vienna 119-20

Vijayanagara 124, 190-1

Villalobos expedition 8

vivax malarial infection 55

VOC, see Dutch East India Company

Voltaire 452, 482

von Guericke, Otto 478

von Klaproth, Julius 317

von Tschirnhaus, Ehrenfied Walther 97

Wallerstein, Immanuel 10-13

Wang Gungwu 353

Wang Yangming 465

Wang Zhen, treatise on agriculture 86-7 waqf 330

War of the Marabouts 253

warfare

in fifteenth century 452

in seventeenth century 454

and Atlantic empires 455

in East Asia 455-6

and firearms 453

and horses 184, 186, 190-1, 253, 350 resources for 453

water supply, contamination of 73

Al-Wazzan, Hasan (Ioannes Leo Africanus)

436

Weber, Max 448

whales, and overfishing 50

wheat 430

Whited, Tamara L. 45

William of Occam 480

William of Orange 463

Witsen, Nicolaas 305-6

Wittfogel, Karl ιι

Wolff, Christian 4

wolves 37, 47

women's rights 134-5, 252

Xavier, St Francis 380

Xinjiang 363-4, 370

hostility to Chinese occupiers 365-6 military colony system 364

Muslims in 363-4, 366

Qing control of 364-5

Qing economic policies in 365

Xiu, conquest of 216

Xu Guangqi 88

Xu Jin 353

Yangzhou 118

yellow fever 54-5, 67

Yongle emperor 351

Yongzheng emperor, embassies to Russia

303

and map-making 310, 313

Ysbrand-Ives, Eberhard 314

Yuan dynasty 159-61, 164

Zacatecas, silver from 277

Zambezia, greater cultural-political paradigms of 245 imports of foreign luxury goods 260 Indian Ocean commercial system 257-9

Zapotecs 216

zawiya, and spread of Sufism 247

Zaya Pandita 361

Zeyla, Emir of, and gunpowder technology 339

Zheng He 191, 374-5

Zhu Xi 473

Zimbabwe imperium 260-1

Zuazo, Alonso de 231

Zunghars 361-3

Zurara, Gomes Eanes de 272

1^{1 * * 4} Kenneth Pomeranz, The Great Divergence: China, Europe and the Making of the Modern

World Economy (Princeton University Press, 2000); Jean-Laurent Rosenthal and R. Bin

Wong, Before and Beyond Divergence: The Politics of Economic Change in China and Europe

(Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 2011).

1^{1 2} See Robert B. Marks, Tigers, Rice, Silk, and Silt: Environment and Economy in Late Imperial South China (Cambridge University Press, 1998), ch. 10.

1 ³ William Cronon, Changes in the Land: Indians, Colonists, and the Ecology of New England (New York: Hill and Wang, 1983).

1^{1 * 3} Myron Echenberg, Plague Ports: The Global Urban Impact of Bubonic Plagμe, 1894-1901

(New York University Press, 2007).

1 ⁴ Adam McKeown, “Global Migration: 1846-1940”, Journal of World History 15 (2004),

155-89.

1^{1 2} Dieter Kuhn, Science and Civilisation in China (Cambridge University Press, 1986), vol. 5,

pt 9, p. 390.

1^{1 2} Charles D. Sheldon, The Rise of the Merchant Class in Tokugawa Japan (Locust Valley, NY: Augustin, 1958); contrast E. S. Crawcour, ‘The Tokugawa Period and Japan's Preparation for Economic Growth', Journal of Japanese Studies 1 (1974), 113-25.

1 ³ Howard Hibbett, The Floating World in Japanese Fiction (London: Oxford University

Press, 1959); Teruoka Yasutaka, ‘Pleasure Quarters and Tokugawa Culture' in C. Andrew Gerstle, Eighteenth-Century-Japan: Culture and Society (Sydney: Allen & Unwin, 1989), pp. 3-32.

1^{1 * * 4} Matsunosuke Nishiyama, Edδ Culture: Daily Life and Diversions in Urban Japan, 1600-1868

(Honolulu: University of Hawaii Press, 1997), p. 45.

1 ⁵ Mary Elizabeth Berry, Japan in Print: Information and Nation in the Early Modern Period

(Berkeley, CA: University of California Press, 2006).

1 ⁶ Timothy Brook, The Confusions of Pleasure: Commerce and Culture in Ming China (Berke­

ley, CA: University of California Press, 1998), pp. 123-4.

1^{1 * 3} See studies ranging from George C. Vaillant, Aztecs of Mexico: Origin, Rise and Fall of the

Aztec Nation (Garden City, NY: Doubleday, 1941) to Inga Clendinnen, Aztecs: An

Interpretation (Cambridge University Press, 1991).

1^{1 * 3} Ambrosio Fernandes Brandao, Dialogues of the Great Things of Brazil, Frederick Holden Hall et al. (eds and trans.) (Albuquerque, NM: University of New Mexico Press, 1987),

pp. 19, 146.

1 ⁴ Sherley, Peso de todo el mundo, pp. 90-1.

1 ⁵ Silveira, Reformatio, pp. 146-7; Artur Teodoro de Matos, ‘Advertencias e Queixumes de

Jorge Pinto de Azevedo a D. Joao IV, em 1646, sobre a Decadencia do Estado da India e o Proveito de Macau na sua Restauraςao', Povos e Culturas 5 (1996), 474.

1 ⁶ Telling examples discussed in Paulo Pinto, ‘No Extremo da Esfera Redonda: Relaςδes luso-castelhanas na Asia, 1565-1640. Um Ensaio sobre os imperios ibericos', unpublished PhD thesis, Lisbon, Universidade Catolica Portuguesa (2010), pp. 53-63.

1 ⁷ David Abulafia, ‘Mediterraneans' in H. V. Harris (ed.), Rethinking the Mediterranean (Oxford and New York: Oxford University Press, 2005), pp. 64-93.

1^{1 2} Tulisen, Narrative of the Chinese Embassy, pp. 209-10.

1 ³ Only the first volume was translated into Russian. It appeared in two parts, in 1774 and

1777, and the overview and provincial maps were not reproduced. For additional details on this translation, see Boris Szczesniak, “A Russian Translation of J. B. Du Halde's Description De l'Empire De La Chine,” Monumenta Serica 17 (1958), 373-6.

1 ⁴ Charles H. Parker, Global Interactions in the Early Modern Age, 1400-1800 (Cambridge University Press, 2010).

1^{1 2} Claudia Moatti, (ed.), La Mobilite des personnes en Mediterranee de LAnqtiquite a Lepoque moderne: procedures de controle et documents d’identificatiom (Rome: Ecole franςaise de Rome, 2004).

1 ³ Halil Inalcik and Donald Quataert, An Economic and Social History of the Ottoman Empire,

1300-1914 (Cambridge University Press, 1994), p. 28.