Index
Aachen, 126, 180
‘Abbasid Baghdad, 186, 346
‘ Abbasids, 48,100,166,187,194, 200, 252, 398, 411, 505-6
Caliphate, 24, 168, 199, 211, 213, 238, 252, 346, 402, 406
Court, 180, 195, 199
‘Abd al-Malik, 505
Abd al-Rahman III, 346, 349
Abelard, Peter, 129 absolutism, 99, 113 Abu Ishaq al-Sahilil, 601
Abu-Lughod, Janet, 634, 683
Abu Mufarrij, Shaykh, 299-300, 302
Acciaiuoli, 259, 266
Achaea, 580
adab, 191-2 adaptation, 22, 34-5, 328, 415, 476, 500, 559, 668
Aden, 4, 279, 301-4, 552, 674 administration, 123, 134, 180, 432-3, 532, 534, 539-42, 576-7
centralized, 24, 332, 506, 578 imperial, 33, 555, 644 indirect, 539-40
tax, 561, 570, 575, 577
administrative expertise, 518, 521 administrative models, 32, 381 admirals, 259, 271 Adrianople, 575, 579 adultery, 87 advisers, 73, 184, 515 Aegean Sea, 274, 564 aesthetics, 191, 436
Afghanistan, 26, 165, 373, 375, 396, 406
Africa, 2, 5, 9, 12, 109-10, 340, 342, 415, 562-4 East, see East Africa.
hierarchies and solidarity, 109-12
Horn of, 170, 394, 486
Islam and educational institutions, 135-7 North, see North Africa.
northern, 681-2 sub-Saharan, see sub-Saharan Africa. West, see West Africa.
western coast of, 8, 254
Afro-Eurasia, 31, 33, 142, 667, 670-1, 674-7, 680, 682-3
trade and commerce, 233-54
afterlife, 200, 546
agrarian reformers, 52-3
agricultural growth, 216, 626 agricultural production, 220-1, 246, 318,
336, 531
agricultural societies, 95, 105, 669 agriculture, 20, 45, 53, 97-8, 100, 107, 148,
334-6, 376-7, 669
permanent, 49, 54
rainfed, see rainfed agriculture.
wet-rice, 518, 525
agro-literate societies, 212, 217, 225 agro-urban civilizations, 29, 145, 149-50 Akroinon, 157, 564
Albertus Magnus, 45
alchemy, 125, 340
Aleppo, 72, 134, 354, 391, 432, 571
Alexander the Great, 343-4
Alexandria, 155, 263-4, 269-70, 273-4, 276, 279, 292, 345, 418
Algeria, 402, 606
alliances, 80, 155, 253, 389, 495, 518, 562, 580, 606, 622
marriage, 35, 147, 621, 643
political, 185, 190, 545
Almagest, 347, 349
Almohads, 12, 162
Almoravids, 372, 394, 596, 606-7
Alps, 277, 322
alum, 259, 268, 275, 282, 524
Amalfi, 274, 567
Amaravati, 451, 457
Amaury, king of Jerusalem, 12 ambassadors, 201, 347, 349, 540
Americas, 8,18-19,33-4, 71, 83,117,141-2,174, 328-9
educational institutions, 137-40 hierarchies and solidarity, 109-12 Amoghavajra, 462, 464-5 Anagarika Dharmapala, 477 anal intercourse, 86-7
Anastasius, Emperor, 560, 562
Anatolia, 155, 158, 373, 377, 400, 535, 540, 564, 566, 569
ancestors, 403, 587, 590, 593, 605, 620, 650 Inca, 642, 645, 647-8, 662
Soninke, 590, 593
Ancona, 269, 276
Andahuaylas, 644 al-Andalus, 71, 237, 276, 279, 326, 349, 431, 433,
597
Andalusia, 277, 281, 329
Andes, 638, 642-5, 648, 650, 654-6, 658, 660,
662
Andronikos II, 580-1
angels, 416, 438
Angkor, 16, 60-1
Angkorean Cambodia, 16, 24
animal husbandry, 46
combined with rainfed agriculture, 52-5
Ankara, 582
anthropological approach, 55 anthropologists, 46, 109, 111-12, 310, 592, 610-12
Antioch, 154-5, 160, 274, 418, 420, 569, 571, 575
Antisuyo, 638, 650
Antwerp, 273, 277
apostasy, 430
apostles, 7, 418-19, 422
Apulia, 272, 281, 572
Aquinas, St.
Thomas, 129Arab, tribes, 394, 400, 402, 405
Arab conquests, 11, 15, 21, 25, 395, 399, 401-2, 411, 430, 433
Arabia, 2, 20, 236, 239, 373, 399-400, 403-4, 411, 559-60
western, 389, 404
Arabian Sea, 290
Arabic, 12-13, 131-2, 297, 299, 345-7, 349-50, 378, 401-2, 409
inscriptions, 297, 436
script, 299, 391, 396, 400
Arabic erotic literature, 88
Arabic science, 341, 353, 356
Arabization, 671, 673, 681
arable land, 334, 371, 472, 670
Arabs, 12-13, 271, 343, 353-4, 368, 399-403,
411-12, 564, 566
warfare, 155-8
Aragon, 276-7, 281, 497
Aramaic, 292, 399, 401, 411 archaeological research, 311, 614, 618, 625 archaeologists, 112, 588, 610-12, 617-18, 625, 627, 629, 633
archaeology, 16, 23, 109, 394, 592, 619, 643-4, 649
archbishops, 12, 428-9, 441 archery skills, 163, 168
architectural forms, 550, 620, 623 architectural styles, 601, 642 architecture, 72, 138, 182, 195, 311, 315, 321-2, 620, 625
civic, 618, 630
monumental, 588, 620
Arghun, Ilkhan, 443, 549
arid regions, 44, 47, 51, 403-4 aristocracy, 118, 120, 160, 164, 189-90, 258, 520-1, 531
Guanzhong, 515-16, 520 military, 370, 575
aristocratic clans, 220, 514-16, 521 aristocratic patronage, 183, 195
Aristotle, 45, 126, 129, 339, 345, 351, 356 arithmetic, 129, 132, 350
Armenia, 154, 267, 420, 427, 540, 543, 546, 560, 568
Armenians, 22, 424, 432, 546, 564, 569, 571, 575 armies, 102, 153-4, 156-7, 162-5, 371-2, 565, 567-70, 575-6
large, 149-50, 362, 578
Mongol, 530, 547
Roman, 154, 158
standing, 83, 514, 520, 523, 526, 531 thematic, 571-2
armor, 149, 152, 170, 173
Arras, 260, 262
arrows, 146, 156, 161, 173, 447, 602
arsenals, 270-1, 331
art, 15, 316, 320, 322, 326, 329, 335, 545, 624, 650 art forms, 32, 468, 474, 476-7
art styles, 34, 633
Arthasastra, 99, 287, 292
artisanal expertise, 318, 320
artisanal processes, 316, 335 artisans, 302, 320-4, 326, 329, 331, 457, 542-4,
607
Ascalon, 15
asceticism, 80, 200, 420, 422, 434
Ashikaga period, 121, 125
Asia, 317-18, 340, 415, 443-4, 447-8, 454, 460-2, 466-7, 476-7, 580
Central, see Central Asia.
East, see East Asia.
Inner, 365-7, 370, 375, 537 northeast, 542
South, see South Asia.
Southeast, see Southeast Asia. southern, 46, 58, 452-3, 672 southwest, 18, 665
West, 11, 166, 424, 436, 443, 492, 670 western, 340, 385, 442, 537
Asia Minor, 226, 277, 374, 416, 559, 564-6, 576, 578, 580-1
Askia Muhammad, 348, 603
Askias, 603-4, 607
Asoka, King, 304, 447, 450-2, 460 assemblies, 99, 102, 105, 127, 228 associations, 30, 85, 90, 95, 127, 223, 238, 257, 261, 264-5
merchant, 30, 261, 305-6
Asti, 259
astrolabe, 330, 350, 352
astrology, 125, 138, 194, 343, 345, 348, 355 astronomy, 129, 132, 343, 348-9, 352, 354-5, 410, 432, 543-4
Western, 349, 355
Atahuallpa, 639, 662
Athens, 343
Atisa, 467-9
Atlantic Ocean, 70, 257, 681
Augsburg, 261, 283-4, 368 Augustine, St., 57, 417, 419
Australia, 18, 310, 328, 427
authority, 70, 73-4, 97, 99, 342-3, 418-24, 504, 571-2, 606
central, 179, 370, 571, 669 centralized, 244, 538 ecclesiastical, 127, 347, 441 personal, 134, 141
political, 190, 296, 455, 471, 474, 532 religious, 138, 156, 504, 506 supreme, 515, 518
autocratic rule, 494, 499, 515
automata, 321, 330
autonomic states, 665-6
autonomy, 106, 220, 226, 252, 495, 559, 564,
681
Avars, 366, 437, 486, 513, 564
Averroes, 356
Avignon, 180, 266
Awdaghust, 596, 607
Axial Age, 206-7, 209, 212-13, 216, 218-19,
225-6, 665-7, 681
legacies, 207-12
religions, 208, 211
‘ Aydhab, 279, 299, 301
‘ Ayn Jalut, 162, 165
ayurveda, 85
Ayyavole, 305
Ayyubids, 238, 279
Azerbaijan, 377, 535, 554
Aztecs, 3, 25, 137, 140, 610, 613, 619-20, 626,
628-33
Aztlan migrations, 627
bab mandu, 14
baccalaureus, 129
Bactria, 345, 375, 514
Baghdad, 130, 133, 246, 248, 263, 276-7, 346-8,
565
‘Abbasid, 186, 346
court, 190, 263
Jews, 237
Mongol occupation, 227, 318
al-Bakri, 135, 586
balance of power, 491, 509, 531, 570
Bali, 47, 306
Balkans, 154-5, 171, 224, 267, 392, 564, 569-70,
576, 581
Balkh, 246, 345
Baltic Sea, 30, 160, 243, 261, 269, 276-7, 279
Bambuk, 596-7, 607
Banakati, Muhammad, 14 banking, 78, 90, 244-5, 249, 259-60, 263, 266,
271, 371, 581
banquets, 185, 193, 196, 198
Banu Hud, 352
Banyeres of Barcelona, 260
Bar-sur-Aube, 272 barbarians, 147, 151-2, 180, 220, 320, 559 barbers, 296
Barcelona, 260-1, 266, 269, 276-7, 281, 283
Bardi, 259, 266
Barlaam, 22
barter, 53, 111, 264, 551
Barygaza, 292, 304
basic education, 126, 132, 140
Basil II, 568, 570, 575-6, 578
Basin of Mexico, 611, 616-17, 621-2, 625, 631
Basmils, 367
Basra, 72, 266
Bateson, Gregory, 47
battering engines, 150
battles, 146,149,153-6,159,162,165-6,170-1,576 see also names of individual battles.
cavalry, 165Bay of Bengal, 290, 451, 455
Beckwith, C., 346
Bedouins, 361, 372-3, 376, 378 bees, 44
Beijing, 4, 168, 180, 441, 467, 554, 677
Beirut, 270, 274, 276, 279 belief systems, 476, 606, 669 beliefs, 410, 417-18, 427-8, 434, 440-1, 464, 469-71
Belize, 614, 623
Ben Yiju, Abraham, 301-4
Benedict, St., 126 benefices, 128, 198
Bengal, 73, 215, 238, 290, 312, 552, 679
Bay of, 290, 451, 455
Bihar-Bengal region, 464, 467-8
West, 458
Benjamin of Tudela, 15, 680
Bentley, Jerry, 602, 683 Berber nomads, 394, 596
Berbers, 342, 372, 402, 595-6, 606
Sanhaja, 595-6
Berg-op-Zoom, 273
Bergen, 274, 277, 279 Bernard of Clairvaux, 44 Bertrand, Georges, 52
Betanzos, Juan de, 639, 645-7, 649, 656 Bhadresvara, 297
Bharuch, 288, 304
Bible, 14, 110, 347, 416-17, 593
Bida, 593-4
Bihar, 331, 450, 454, 464, 467-8, 678 biodiversity, 61, 67
Biraben, Jean-Noel, 18 Biran, Michal, 33, 534 birch-bark documents, 16 biremes, 268, 270 bishops, 12, 352, 417-19, 422, 429, 434, 436, 438, 441, 443
Bisson, Thomas, 211, 217-18
Bithynia, 267, 565, 580
Black Death, 18, 62, 67, 248-9, 253, 315, 676 Black Sea, 244, 246-8, 269-70, 274, 279-81, 283, 437, 580, 582
black stone, 289, 468 Bloch, Marc, 53-4, 81 boats, 149, 268-70, 296, 320 flat-bottomed, 277
sewn, 291-2
bodhisattvas, 22, 452, 465
bodyguards, imperial, 181, 184
Bohemia, 160, 282
Bologna, 128
Bonnassie, Pierre, 260
Bonsignori, 259
Book of the Eparch, 262 booty, 147, 152, 492, 538, 542, 552
Bordeaux, 260, 272, 277
wines, 281
borders, 25, 149, 491, 525-6, 559, 562, 565-6, 578-9
Borobudur, 465
Borromeos, 260
Boserup, Esther, 55
Bosphorus, 561, 581
Boucher, Guillaume, 20-1
Bourgneuf, salt, 277, 281 bows, 146, 158, 324, 602
composite, 154, 171 boys, 70, 87, 126, 132, 146, 184 brahmanas, 296, 304
Brahmanism, 464, 468
Brahmins, 73, 185, 199, 502
brass factories, 300, 302 bribery, 148 brides, 72-3, 77, 83, 85-6 brocade, 242, 597 ‘Brog-mi, 469 brokers, 78, 82, 263, 299, 527 bronze, 23, 174, 458, 626
coins, 522, 524
prestige items, 243 smelting, 625, 682 statues, 331, 524
brothers, 74, 90,147,189-90, 419, 516, 577, 593, 642
Bruges, 261-2, 266, 272-4, 277, 279 bubonic plague, see plague.
Buddha, 447-8, 450-1, 453, 455, 458, 471, 473, 475, 477
images, 14, 126, 455
Buddhism, 121-2, 124-6, 448, 450-62, 468-77,
549-50, 672
across Asia, 454-61
Chan, 466, 473-4
diffusion, 447, 451, 671, 683 doctrines, 447-50, 452, 455, 457-8, 461,
465-6, 471
East Asian Buddhist world, 469-74 and educational institutions, 122-6 India-Tibet Buddhist world, 468-9 Mahayana, 122, 125, 452, 672
persecution, 467, 469, 548
Pure Land, 470, 473
sangha, 124 schools, 469, 474-5 spread, 447-77
between 5th and 10th centuries, 454 early, 450-4
Sri Lanka-Southeast Asia Buddhist world, 474-6
Tantric, 465, 468
Theravada, 125, 475, 504
Tibetan, 469, 473, 546, 549-50 transmission, 447, 457, 460
Buddhist artifacts, 455, 471, 672
Buddhist communities, 447, 460, 471-2
Buddhist ideas, 447-8, 453, 462, 466, 470, 476-7, 672
Buddhist institutions, 451, 470, 474
Buddhist interactions, 448, 454, 460, 475, 672
Buddhist law, 549
Buddhist learning, 452, 454, 457
Buddhist literature, 450, 454
Buddhist monastic institutions, 104, 118, 121-3, 125-6, 140, 152, 466, 470-2
Buddhist monks, 447, 453-4, 457, 467, 469, 471, 474, 672
Buddhist monuments, 471, 515
Buddhist networks and exchanges, 448, 454, 462-7, 470, 473, 672
Buddhist paraphernalia, 457, 462, 471
Buddhist relics, 455, 475
Buddhist rituals, 472-3
Buddhist teachings, 32,124-5, 448, 452, 476, 677
Buddhist temples, 121, 124, 181, 306, 455, 460
Buddhist texts, 124, 453, 457, 461-2, 471-2
Buddhist universities, 122
Bulgars, 560-1, 566, 569-70, 574, 579
Bulghars, 243, 367, 389-91, 395 rulers, 389-90, 392
bureaucracy, 28, 100, 346, 419, 424, 539, 542 civil, 33, 182, 531
Iranian, 369, 374
sclerotic, 167
Weberian, 111
bureaucratic entrepreneurship, 527
Burgundio of Pisa, 347
Burma, 305, 452, 534
Burmese, 125, 503
butchers, 376, 574
Byzantium, 262, 270-1, 273-4, 400-1, 415-16, 419-21, 427-8, 559-84
11th century developments, 572-6 army, 154, 435, 570, 576
Church, 560, 583
continuing problems and final collapse, 579-83
court, 179, 181, 184-5, 679
emperors, 11, 100, 154-5, 179, 181, 190, 197, 562-3
see also names of individual emperors.
Komnenoi, 572, 575-80
merchants, 572, 574 reorganization and recovery
750-1000, 566-70
state formation and empire building, 508-9
tagmata, 164, 569
warfare, 153-5
Cacaxtla, 618
Caesarea, 155, 200, 274
Frankish, 17
Caffa, 248, 274, 276, 552
Cahorsins, 262
Cairo, 72, 78, 131, 133-4, 238, 272
Geniza, 271, 276, 292, 299-300 Cajamarca, lord of, 651-3 Calais, Wool Staple of, 262, 275, 277 calendars, 138, 183, 407, 613-14 Calicut, 254, 279 caliphate, 11, 160, 162, 237, 389-90, 406, 408, 504, 506-7, 571
caliphs, 11-13, 163-4, 186, 190, 200, 389-90, 405-6, 408
Cambay, 288, 297
Gulf of, 288, 294
Cambodia, 15, 331, 458
Cambrai, 262, 281
camel caravans, 236, 245, 277, 598, 674 camels, 242, 245, 296, 336, 363, 590, 595 camphor, 237, 444
canals, 47-8, 235, 621
irrigation, 641
Canari, 657
Canary Islands, 283, 395 cannibalism, 50 canon law, 77, 128
Capac, 645
capacocha, 661
capital, 264-5
capital cities, 180, 399-400, 411, 587, 616, 624 imperial, 416, 561, 623, 631, 638, 647 captives, 149, 170, 174
caravans, 552, 595, 600
camel, 236, 245, 277, 598, 674 caravanserais, 246, 248, 300
caravels, 329, 381
careers, 78,119,131,134,183,192,198, 575, 577, 581
cargo(es), 30, 233, 250, 282-3, 290, 551, 674 Carlowitz, Hanns Carl von, 62
Carolingian Renaissance, 126, 496
Carolingians, 45, 100, 166, 188, 200, 214, 283, 496-7, 566, 667
carpets, 242, 597 cartography, 1-10, 195, 543, 673, 680
Sino-centric, 2
cash, 157, 265, 300, 566, 568
caskets, 22
Caspian Sea, 241, 243 castes, 73, 99, 107, 185, 197, 252, 408, 525 Castile, 162, 259, 267, 282, 497 castles, 159, 162, 166, 168
Catalan Atlas, 8, 680
Catalans, 275, 279, 581
Catalonia, 12, 260, 271, 282
Catequil, 660, 662
Cathay, 13, 348 see also northern China cathedral schools, 126, 128-9, 131, 141, 350 Catherine of Siena, 79
Catholic Church, 158, 493 cattle, 109, 334, 518
Caucasus, 399, 421, 535, 567, 574-5
North, 368
cavalry, 149-50, 152, 154, 156, 158, 161, 170-2, 569, 593
heavy, 159, 161, 514, 517 light, 154, 161 mamluk, 165, 170
tribal, 153
cavalry battles, 165 caves, 290, 426, 650 celibacy, 87-8, 419 censuses, 540, 542
Central Asia, 241-2, 364-7, 369-70, 376-7, 424,
437, 451-2, 488-9, 553-4
central control, 164, 506, 530
Central Europe, 52, 63, 65, 244, 249, 254 central Germany, 281
central governments, 100, 515, 520-1, 524, 527-9, 531, 539, 541, 669, 673 central India, 215, 375, 455
central Java, 241, 465
central power, 98, 179, 370, 374, 502, 566, 571, 580, 669
centralization, 239, 541, 642, 666 centralized administration, 24, 332, 506, 578 centralized empires, 24, 381 centralized government, 244, 402, 531, 538 centralized states, 33, 120, 518, 553 ceque shrines, 648
ceramics, 296, 312, 320, 642, 660
styles, 641-2
ceremonies, 111, 185, 196-8, 465-6, 473, 594,
602
imperial, 185, 561
religious, 137, 185, 198, 457 Ceylon, 3, 393, 450 Chach, 242-3
Chachapoyas, 657 Chaghadaids, 535, 547-8
Chalcedon, Council of, 427, 560 Chaldeans, 343, 417 chamberlains, 184, 186-8
Champagne, fairs of, 259, 262, 266,
272-3, 277
Chan Buddhism, 466, 473-4 Chancas, 644, 650, 653 chancellors, 129
chanceries, 182, 186, 188, 515 Chang'an, 180-1, 345, 438, 514-16, 520, 524 chants, 197-8, 426, 464
Chapar b. Qaidu, 552
Chapata, 475 chapels, 181, 188 charisma, 189, 419-22, 440, 537
dynastic, 492, 507 charity, 72, 156 Charlemagne, 24, 65, 126, 157, 159-60, 180, 195, 198, 572
Charles Martel, 158-9, 368
Charles the Simple, 12 charter of Visnusena, 295-6 charters, 188, 295-6 cheeses, 272, 281, 578 chelandia, 270-1 Chiang Mai, 125
Chichen Itza, 620, 623-4
chiefdoms, 110, 240, 592, 595, 598, 606, 623, 641, 650
Mande, 597-9, 606 chiefs, 99, 110-11, 121, 184, 246, 287, 295, 593,
599-600
provincial, 138-40 Chieri, 259 child-raising, 70, 668 childhood, 189, 424 children, 83, 89, 113, 116, 137-8, 146, 164, 181, 187, 599
Chile, 638, 641, 650, 658
Chimor, 653
Chin, 370, 380, 675
China, 4-7, 24-7, 74-6, 166-7, 233-7, 452-7,
469-74, 516-20, 543-5
Confucianism and educational institutions, 118-19
court, 181, 183, 201, 306, 443, 453, 455 eastern, 393, 410
economy, 235, 237, 470, 532
emperors, 189, 196, 455, 514
see also names of individual emperors.
Five Dynasties Interregnum, 523-4
Grand Canal, 167, 331, 516, 524
Great Wall, 514, 525
Han, see Han.
institutions, 121, 498, 503
internal challenges and decline of Tang power, 519-21
Liang, 460
localist turn under Southern Song, 528-30 long-term trends in state-society relations, 530-2
Ming, see Ming.
Mongols, 2, 11, 166-8, 378, 393, 440, 548 new policies of Wang Anshi, 527-8 North, 166-8, 370-1, 437-8, 455, 488-9, 491, 522-3
post-An Lushan transformation of government and society, 521-2 post-Han, 448
prosperity and crisis under Song, 524-6 reunification, 33, 533
Song, see Song.
South, 217, 220, 246-7, 393, 514, 522-3, 539,
551
state formation
Sui through Song, 513-32
Sui, see Sui.
Sui-Tang, see Sui-Tang.
Tang, see Tang.
warfare, 152-3
Yuan, see Yuan.
Chincha, 25, 653, 659
Chinchaysuyo, 638, 650-1
Chinese culture, 121, 214, 320, 401
Chinese diasporic communities, 27, 476
Chinese maps, 2-4
Chinese models, 33, 180-1, 184, 499, 501, 516, 518
Chinese monks, 454, 462-4, 472
Chinese scholars, 319, 344, 346, 677
Chinese ships, 251, 293
Chinese silk, 239, 378
Chinggis Khan, 24, 246, 440-1, 491-2, 534, 537-9, 546, 550
Chinggisids, 534-5, 541-3, 545, 547-51,
553-4
Chioniades, Gregory, 349, 352
Chios, 259, 274, 279, 281
Chola kingdom, 168, 236, 299, 300, 494
Chonai, 273
Choson, 119, 307
Christ, see Jesus,
Christendom, 7, 27, 32, 155, 211
Christian life in Sassanid and Muslim polities, 427-36
Christian life outside Abrahamic sphere, 437-41
Eastern, 225, 442
life in Christian polities, 420-7 regional systems, 415-45
Western, 26, 214-15, 219, 223-4, 494-8, 501-2, 507, 510
Christian communities, 416, 421, 429, 432, 434, 437, 444, 681
Christian ethics, 420
Christian faith, 130, 260, 422
Christian institutions, 32, 141, 416-20, 442
Christian life, 32, 415-19, 422, 426, 433, 437-8,
440, 443
outside Abrahamic sphere, 437-41 in Sassanid and Muslim polities, 427-36 Christian monasteries, 77, 126, 140 Christian polities, 100, 416, 419-20, 422, 426-7, 437, 440, 442
life in, 420-7
Christian regions, 32, 416, 422, 424, 429, 442, 444-5
Christian rulers, 32, 130, 135, 347, 416, 421, 495
Christian worship, 428, 432
Christianity, 56, 103-4, 156, 427, 430-1, 438, 441-2, 560, 675, 683 and European universities, 126-9 Mesopotamia, 418
Nestorian, 194, 208, 225, 227, 426-8, 437-8,
441, 444
Orthodox, 427, 534, 544
Protestant, 124
Christians, 87, 345-6, 415, 424-38, 440, 442,
444
Eastern, 434, 436
European, 415, 418, 442
chrysobulls, 274, 578
church courts, 418, 421
Church of Holy Wisdom, see Hagia Sophia.
Cieza de Leon, Pedro, 639-40, 643, 645, 651, 661
circular maps, 5, 8 cities, 260-1, 343, 561, 564-5, 581, 614-16, 618-20, 622-3, 630-2, 648-9 major, 261, 407, 515, 614, 628 citizens, 140, 197, 261, 270, 601 city-states, 34, 101, 104, 107, 495, 554, 621-2, 625, 628-30
conquest-era, 630 Italian, 322, 552, 674
Mayan, 137
civil bureaucracy, 33, 182, 531
civil service, 84,101,119,122,126,138,183, 354, 515, 570
examinations, 117-21, 124, 140-2, 183, 515, 525, 527, 529
civil society, 630, 666
civil wars, 152-3, 155, 157, 159-60, 163-4, 581, 583, 662
civilian elites, 101, 151, 319 class conflict, 108-9
classes, 104, 109, 113, 129, 194, 224, 235, 542, 669, 679
commercial, 236, 252, 581 military, 149, 158, 199 upper, 108, 437, 450 warrior, 221
Classic Maya, 611, 613-14, 618, 624, 633, 682 clay models, 649-50 clergy/clerics, 32, 124, 128, 200, 418, 420-1, 440, 515-16, 519
clerical elites, 217, 220, 224, 226, 681 climate, 15, 57-8, 241, 249, 373, 564, 594, 649, 661
change, 57-8, 61
Medieval Climate Optimum, 58, 61, 334, 336
climatological approach, 55, 57 cloth, 75, 242, 261, 277, 282, 296, 304, 514, 656-7
precious, 258-9 woolen, 259, 262, 266, 272-3, 282-3 cloth of gold, 75 Clovis, 12 coal, 335 coastal navigation, 268, 270, 277 coercive power, 63, 211, 217, 229, 361, 631 Coeur, Jacques, 261 coins, 90, 95, 238, 244, 396, 405-7, 523-4 bronze, 522, 524 gold, 267, 553, 561, 590 iron, 524 silver, 243, 290, 296 coir, 250, 291, 675 coitus, 85-6, 89
Collasuyo, 638, 646, 648, 650, 658 collective identities, 224 collective worship, 32, 424 Cologne, 261 colonialism, 318, 328 colonies, 274, 654, 657
trade, 242, 415, 437 colonists, 654, 657-8 colonization, 54, 83, 313, 477 Columbus, Christopher, 174, 632, 634 command, 128, 211, 250, 567 commanders, 75, 165, 187, 538, 547, 575, 577, 593, 600
commentaries, 45, 131, 349, 356, 529 commerce, 233, 238-9, 245-7, 251-2, 259-60,
287-8, 290-2, 443, 595-6, 673-4
activities, 258-60, 262, 267, 675 Afro-Eurasian, 233-54 colonies, 242, 415, 437 expansion of, 244, 471, 551, 632-3, 682 foreign, 235, 251, 275, 526-7 gold, 250, 590 goods, 632, 682 diversity, 634, 682
international, 34, 262, 264, 271, 276-7, 535, 550
long distance, 30, 159, 233, 239, 242-3, 245-6, 249-50, 252-3
maritime, 270, 287-8, 290, 295, 548 networks, 276-9 objects, 279-84
overland, 247, 378, 381, 673-4
private, 235-6
retail, 272
routes, see routes.
salt, 266, 590, 603
slaves, 170, 258, 283, 303, 552 state and papal intervention, 274-6 trans-Saharan, 34, 109, 586, 589, 595, 598, 600, 602, 607
transit, 236, 239, 244, 390
tribute, 235, 250 commercial centers, 237, 245, 259, 266, 596, 601-2
commercial classes, 236, 252, 581 commercial diasporas, 27, 396 commercial economy, 77, 141, 239, 243, 246, 249, 252, 257-8, 632
commercial exchanges, 470-1, 476, 616, 620, 633
commercial growth, 225, 228, 239, 520 commercial markets, 264-5, 267 commercial networks, 34, 257, 471, 596
Mesoamerica, 632-3
commercial revolution, 90, 244, 471 commercial taxes, 522, 525, 540 commercial techniques, 30, 264 commercialization, 634, 682
commodities, 233, 238, 241, 243-4, 250-1, 287,
290-1, 296-7
luxury, 251, 281, 287, 550-1, 597, 602, 670,
673, 679-80
commoners, 83, 90, 119, 137, 362, 374, 404,
456-7, 531, 621-2
commons, tragedy of the, 63 communities, 105-6, 113, 122, 124, 290-1, 297,
416, 424-6, 504, 654
agricultural, 105
Buddhist, 447, 460, 471-2
Christian, 416, 421, 429, 432, 434, 437, 444,
681
Jewish, 78, 130, 237, 301, 304, 417, 428, 430 local, 102, 105, 215, 297, 505, 669 maritime, 30, 287 merchant, 438, 450, 476
monastic, 122, 450, 452, 455, 475, 504 sailing, 30, 291
seafaring, 30, 291, 306 settled, 428, 590 trading, 287, 290, 295-6, 451 village, 531, 587, 654
compasses, 313, 317 magnetic, 250, 675
Compendium of Chronicles, 12, 14, 543,
549, 680
competition, 29, 189-91, 194, 201, 262, 283,
523, 594
complexity, 98, 196, 201, 238, 312, 587, 596,
666
economic, 28, 109
of government, 97, 669 composite bows, 154, 171 concubines, 74, 81-2, 87-8, 107, 183, 191, 245,
304
confiscations, 252, 575
Confucian ethics, 76, 87, 531
Confucian schools, 121-2, 140
Confucian statecraft, 516, 530
Confucianism, 28, 75, 140, 142, 156, 191, 225,
339, 521, 677
and educational institutions, 117-21
Japan, 120-1
Korea, 119-20
Neo-Confucianism, 120-1, 214, 220, 486,
500, 522, 530-2
texts, 118-20, 122, 124, 140, 183, 354
Vietnam, 121
conquered countries, 32, 365, 371-2, 377, 379, 381, 671
conquerors, 146, 151, 156, 227, 370, 380, 403, 411-12, 489, 491
Spanish, 16, 487, 612 conquest dynasties, 153, 158, 163-4, 488, 500-1, 504
conquest-era city-states, 630 conquests, 359-60, 363-5, 371, 375-7, 380-1, 491, 538-9, 650, 673, 682
Inca, 650-5, 682
Islamic, 71, 89, 101, 122, 158, 671, 673, 676, 678, 681
Mongol, 9, 24, 30, 96, 227, 391, 393, 673, 677, 683
nomadic, 31, 52, 376, 379, 381, 673 see also pastoral nomadism, migrations and conquests.
Ottoman, 262, 283, 392, 396
Seljuk, 373, 377
Spanish, 613-14, 618, 620, 622, 625-6, 632-3 consolidation, 147, 215, 296, 531, 671, 675
internal, 160, 172
political, 513, 674
religious, 295
territorial, 644
Constantine the Great, 561-2
Constantine V, 157, 565, 569
Constantinople, 155, 258, 276-9, 347, 560-8, 572-5, 579-80, 582-3 see also Byzantium.
Great Palace, 560-1, 574
merchants of, 262, 578 consumers, 30, 196, 233, 525, 550, 674 contact zones, 310, 328-9 continuity, 180, 214, 221, 440, 490, 492, 495, 508, 513, 665
and change, 313-18
contracts, 15, 71, 77, 82, 90, 259, 265, 676 oral, 198
written, 82 control, 34, 117-18, 152, 164-5, 169, 188, 503, 595, 602-3, 606-7
central, 164, 506, 530
direct, 138, 486, 641
effective, 100, 502
conversion, 71, 73-4, 390-2, 416, 430, 437, 507, 547-8, 671, 676
forced, 104, 448
royal, 547-9
convoys, 264, 268-9, 302
copper, 23, 34, 282, 295, 302, 524, 590, 595, 644, 648
Coptic, 343, 401, 424, 432, 435-6
Coptic martyrs, 431
Copts, 427, 432 Cordova, 12, 346, 349, 680 Coricancha, 646-8, 653 Cornwall, 277, 282
Coron, 274, 279
corruption, 471, 528 Cortes, Hernan, 610, 623, 628, 632, 634 cosmology, 137, 206, 209, 213, 223 Cossacks, 426
cotton, 238-9, 253, 282, 284, 295, 305, 317, 632,
679
Council of Chalcedon, 427, 560 Council of Florence-Ferrara, 583 councils, 102, 112
ecclesiastical, 421, 428 royal, 99, 102, 112 ruling, 98, 102, 107 court astrologers, 185, 198 court ceremonial, 196-9 court culture, see courtly cultures. court life, 29, 190, 196, 201 court poets, 193-4 court rituals, 197, 395, 421 court traditions, 35, 179-80 courtiers, 181-2, 184, 186, 189, 191-3, 195, 197,
330 male, 184, 189 courtliness, 189, 191-2, 196 courtly cultures, 120, 179-201, 324 competition and courtliness, 189-92 court and critics, 199-201 court ceremonial, 196-9 cultural production in courts, 192-6 membership and function, 182-9 power and place, 179-82 courtly love, 196 courts see also courtly cultures.
‘Abbasid, 180, 195, 199
Byzantine, 179, 181, 184-5, 679 church, 418, 421 and critics, 199-201
India, 179, 181, 197 Islamic, 179, 194, 201, 679 Japan, 180, 183, 193, 519 papal, 179-80, 679 royal, 182, 186, 188, 191, 195-6, 200, 551, 602
Western, 188, 190, 195, 200
cowrie shells, 245, 597
crafts, 77, 98, 109, 116, 316, 321-2, 324, 335, 360,
670 craftsmanship, 8, 147, 542 craftsmen/people, 95, 107, 252, 290, 305, 320,
456, 572, 581, 583 creation myths, 35, 643-4 credit, 249, 266, 273, 527, 537 Cresques Abraham, 8 Crete, 83, 274, 279, 281 crime, 86-7, 105-6 Crimea, 243, 274, 366, 391, 543 critical reflexivity, 206 crop failures, 55, 249, 621 crops, 26, 111, 216, 336, 654, 656 cross-cultural exchanges, 32, 462, 672 Mongol empire, 541-5 cross-cultural interactions, 297, 378, 672-3 cross-gender behavior, 87 cross-regional interactions, 462, 469 crossbows, 152, 160, 172-4, 315 Crusader States, 162, 347, 578 crusaders, 17, 329, 426, 578 crusades, 12, 78, 274, 329, 424, 436, 442, 444
First, 7, 12, 17, 130, 161 Fourth, 24, 274, 579 crystallizations, cultural, 29, 206, 209, 212,
216, 229 cuicacaUi, 137-8 cultivation, 44, 48, 75-7, 117, 192, 259, 281, 360,
410
cults, 418, 472, 642, 644, 646-8, 656-7, 660-1,
682
relic, 450, 475 cultural crystallizations, 29, 206, 209, 212, 216,
229
and trans-regional reorientations, 208-12 cultural dominance, 206, 320 cultural ecumenes, 29, 212-13, 216, 225, 227 cultural exchanges, 312, 347, 378, 677 cultural frameworks, 310, 490, 493 cultural heritage, 138, 212, 346 cultural legacies, 24, 29, 225, 499, 537, 681 cultural practices, 211, 215-16, 321 cultural production, 192, 194-5, 201, 436 cultural supremacy, 33, 333 cultures, 29, 31, 44, 60-1, 195-6, 219, 309-10,
316, 335, 543 elite, 317, 402, 411, 614 irrigation, 50, 67 material, 329-30, 545, 624 political, 380, 507, 550 religious, 33, 483, 496, 503 sedentary, 50-1
currency, 111, 245, 266-7, 522, 524, 527, 597, 656
exchange, 244, 266, 273, 552
gold, see gold, coins.
metal, 30, 264 curricula, educational, 132, 141, 322, 350, 527 custom duties, 259, 275 customary law, 295, 380, 407
unwritten, 104, 669 customary practices, 116, 295-6 customs, 89, 102, 130, 192, 211, 303, 514, 587, 606, 638
religious, 103, 669
Cuzco, 25, 138, 638-49, 651-3, 655-6, 658, 661-2
Lower, 642, 648-9
Upper, 642, 647
Valley, 641, 643, 647
Cyprus, 270, 273, 279, 281, 396, 564
da Gama, Vasco, 254, 415
Dahbattan, 302
Dai Viet, 121
Dakajalan, 598
Dalmatia, 569, 572
Damascus, 4, 133-4,155, 180, 411, 432, 564, 599 dance, 81, 138, 661
Dao Learning, 529, 531
Daoism, 121, 156, 225, 546, 665 Datini, Francesco di Marco, 260, 265, 267 Datong, 456, 460
daughters, 74-5, 90,128,131,138,185, 224,304, 430, 578
de la Vega, Garcilaso, 639, 655
Deccan, 451
decimal units, 537-8, 542, 655 defenders, 150, 380, 530 defense, 151, 162, 167, 172, 261, 274, 519, 578, 580, 583
deforestation, 59-60, 335, 614 deities, 197-8, 546, 638, 643, 660
local, 661-3
Delhi, 248, 297, 375
sultanate, 82, 164, 169, 215, 238, 548 Demetrius, St., 273, 574 democracy, 106-7, 113, 210 demographic decline, 562, 572, 618 demographic growth, 159, 216, 572, 578, 583, 622, 641 deserts, 47, 51, 57, 241, 360-1, 363, 590, 594-5 despotic power, 101, 628-30 Despotism, Oriental, 96, 99, 105 deviance, 86-8
dharma, 85, 549
Dharmapala, Pala ruler, 468
dhimmi, 275, 429, 432, 681
Dhu'n-Nun, 44
Diabe Cisse, 593
Diafunu, 606
dialectical reasoning, 129, 350
Diamond, Jared, 55, 61, 614
diasporas, commercial, 27, 396 diet, 371, 545 dikes, 47, 65, 325, 329
Dinga, 593
Diogenes, Romanos, 576
Dioscorides, 349-51 diplomacy, 35, 419, 443, 650, 682 diplomatic missions, 467, 553 diplomatic relations, 389, 466, 502, 517, 672 direct taxes, 522, 531 disciples, 124, 321, 417, 450 discovery, voyages of, 313, 317, 341 disease, 59, 248, 315, 471, 663, 674
infectious, 66, 662
ditches, 150, 618, 624 divergences, 224, 233, 311, 336, 497, 501, 672 diversification, 266, 314, 316-17, 326 diversity, 34, 43, 53, 73, 76, 267, 410, 415-16,
441-2, 444
of trade goods, 634, 682 divination, 197, 322, 438, 543, 673 diviners, 598 division of labor, 148, 159 divorce, 71-2, 76, 78, 434 doctors, 12, 78, 128, 194, 345, 352, 354-5 domestic skills, 116, 140 domestic slavery, 28, 80, 83 dominance, 56, 85, 152, 262, 502, 518, 529, 582,
597
cultural, 206, 320 political, 34, 377, 387, 607 domination, 95, 214, 228, 604
political, 363, 623 world, 494, 510
Dominican order, 129, 442
donations, 289, 295, 451-2, 472, 475, 477 donkeys, 245 donors, 73, 91, 123
Dore, Elizabeth, 50
Dorestad, 258, 276
dower, 71, 676
dowries, 73-4, 77-8, 90 drainage, 47-8, 111 dreams, 354, 453, 648 dried fish, 595-6 dromedaries, 245, 363, 373
dromons, 270-1
droughts, 43, 46, 58, 589, 614, 621, 627, 661 drums, 194, 593
Du Huan, 15
duchies, 102, 274, 567, 569 dukes, 160, 569, 577-8 Dunhuang, 438, 457, 467 durability, 26, 33 Dust Bowl, 45, 54 duties, 13, 85, 100, 113, 181, 185, 191, 296, 305,
678
parish, 444
religious, 132, 156 dykes, see dikes dynastic change, 189, 485, 498, 604 dynastic charisma, 492, 507 dynastic instability, 366, 600 Dyrrachion (Durrazzo), 273, 564, 569, 581
Early Middle Ages, 53, 258-9, 276, 281, 283 Early Postclassic period, 619, 631 East Africa, 71-2, 108-9, 169, 251, 291, 294,
393-4, 396
East Asia, 122-3, 447, 463-5, 470-2, 485,
498-501, 503, 519, 531
Buddhism and educational institutions,
124-5
genesis, 519-33
East Europe, 365, 367-9, 372
East Siberia, 377, 673
Eastern Christendom, 225, 442
eastern Europe, 166, 215, 224, 243, 548 eastern hemisphere, 1-2, 5, 20, 24-6, 83, 341 eastern Mediterranean, 21, 24, 30, 58,133, 160,
257, 273, 349, 385
ecclesiastical authorities, 127, 347, 441 ecclesiastical laws, 90, 420 ecological instability, 48 ecology, 15, 47, 52, 57, 60 economy, 90-1, 244-6, 249, 525, 527, 589, 682
Chinese, 235, 237, 470, 532
commercial, 77, 141, 239, 243, 246, 249, 252, 257-8, 632
development, 222, 245, 252, 501, 635 economic activities, 213, 222, 296, 303, 360, 476-7
economic foundations of societies in Eurasia, 96-8
economic phenomena, 612, 614, 619
growth, 30, 90, 121, 159, 218, 284, 523, 530,
610
market, 530-1
pastoral nomadic, 359-60
political, 287, 589
private, 528, 531
resources, 148, 151, 386, 522, 544 sustainable agricultural, 48-9 transformations, 220, 223
ecumenes, 26, 29, 214, 219, 229
cultural, 29, 212-13, 216, 225, 227 religious, 24, 26, 207
Edessa, 155, 428, 575
education, 116-19, 121-6, 130-41, 668, 676 basic, 126, 132, 140
educational institutions, 28, 35, 116-42, 677-8
Americas, 137-40
and Buddhism, 122-6
China, 118-19
and Christianity, 126-9
and Confucianism, 117-21
development, 126, 678
formal, 117, 132, 140-2
and Islam, 131-5
Africa, 135-7
Japan, 120-1
and Judaism, 130-1
Korea, 119-20
primary, 116, 668
Vietnam, 121
educational resources, 122, 124, 126
Egyptian traders, 601-2
Egyptians, 258, 343
Eisenstadt, Shmuel N., 206, 226, 665-7, 681,
683
elderly parents, 90, 677
elite culture, 317, 402, 411, 614
elite families, 224, 655
elites
civilian, 101, 151, 319
clerical, 217, 220, 224, 226, 681
educated, 124, 220
landed, 224, 379
literati, 119, 220
local, 34, 106, 499, 505, 559, 562, 567, 673,
679
military, 151, 221, 331, 379, 506
political, 151, 221, 226,303, 361, 379,389, 521, 666, 681
regional, 164, 641
religious, 207, 217, 221
ruling, 378, 520, 545
traditional, 221, 226
urban, 133, 160, 222, 226, 604
Ellenblum, Ronnie, 58
Elvin, Mark, 49 emancipation, 107, 304 embassies, 236, 389, 455, 518, 553, 601-2 emirates, 571, 580 emirs, 567, 571 empire, system of, 665-7
empire building, 33, 35, 156, 171, 488, 671-2, 674-6
Mongols, 537, 541
and state formation, 483-510 employment, 185, 235, 311, 314 empresses, 183, 198, 576 endowments, 118, 122, 128-9, 133, 297-8 enemies, external, 80, 157
energy, 43, 157, 316, 334-5, 464, 648
kinetic, 161, 173, 314 engineers, 154, 167, 170, 354, 539 engines, 30, 233, 244, 252, 528
battering, 150
stone-throwing, 150
English merchants, 275, 277 English peasants, 108, 333 enlightenment, 79, 125, 450, 466 enslavement, 82-3, 149, 171 entertainers, 31, 306 entertainment, 181, 197, 542-3, 679 entrepreneurs, 195, 250, 333, 527, 552 environment, 27, 94, 309, 316, 323, 334-6, 400,
410, 434
and humans, 43-68
natural, 361, 648
physical, 309, 334 environmental change, 335, 489 environmental damage, 28, 62 environmental historians, 46, 59, 62, 334 environmental history, 45, 51, 54, 56, 59, 61, 64-5, 67
environmentalism, 47, 57 envoys, 27, 453, 455, 461, 475 epic narratives, 587
Epiclassic period, 618, 626, 628, 630-1 epidemics, 66-7, 565-6, 583
Epirus, 569, 579-80
Equal Field system, 514, 522, 530-1 espionage, 262, 520
estates, 74, 158-9, 163, 223, 552, 575
small, 167, 568
Esterlins, 261
ethics, 130, 191, 220, 350
Christian, 420
Confucian, 76, 87, 531
Ethiopia, 24, 109-10, 135, 415-16, 437, 440, 442, 444, 487
ethnic groups, 102, 613, 625, 627, 642 ethnic identities, 292-3, 495, 497, 535, 655
Euclid, 126
eunuchs, 84, 183, 185, 187, 189, 197, 245
Eurasia, 29, 96-7, 111, 219-20, 340-2, 535-8, 541-5, 673, 679
class conflict, 108-9
Eastern, 490, 516
economic foundations of societies, 96-8 hierarchy and government, 98-101
Inner, 484, 486-92, 499, 501, 507, 510, 514 law, 104-6
local society, 106-7
religions, 103-4
solidarities within polities, 101-3
western, 179, 494
Eurasian steppes, 31, 145, 360, 362-3, 365-7, 371-4, 380, 389
Europe, 5-9, 95-6, 106-8, 223, 228, 252-4, 340, 422-4, 443-4, 674-5
Central, 52, 63, 65, 244, 249, 254
East, 365, 367-9, 372
Medieval, 45, 58, 76-7, 94, 96, 99, 109, 125-6, 314-15
military revolutions, 171-4 northern, 17, 53, 95, 128, 215, 257, 261, 279,
284, 310
southeastern, 387, 392, 484 southern, 211, 329
western, 26, 160-1, 179-80, 182, 214-15, 220,
222, 226
European Christians, 415, 418, 442
European scholars, 126, 142, 320, 322, 436
European trade networks, 257-84
European universities, 117, 126-9, 135, 141,
223, 350
Euthymius the Georgian, 22 examinations, civil service, 117-21, 124, 140-2,
183, 515, 525, 527, 529
exchanges
commercial, 470-1, 476, 616, 620, 633 cross-cultural, 32, 462, 541, 544-5, 672 cultural, 312, 347, 378, 677 diplomatic, 349, 462, 680 technological, 328-9
exile, 199, 264, 420, 506, 521, 598-9, 638 expertise, 136, 166, 320, 324, 328, 419 administrative, 518, 521 technical, 318, 323, 329, 333
experts, 31, 185, 329, 337, 539, 542, 546, 548-9 exports, 242, 253, 262, 264, 275, 282,
524, 574
expulsions, 78, 104, 121
extortion, 252, 275
fairs, 257, 259, 271, 471
of Champagne, 259, 262, 266, 272-3, 277 faith, see religions.
Fakhr al-Din, 553
families, 28, 81-3, 85, 87-9, 116, 197-9, 424-6 Central and East Asia, 73-6
elite, 224, 655
Europe, 76-9 imperial, 181, 183-4, 193, 197, 473, 567
Islamic world and South Asia, 71-3 family life, 16, 80, 434, 676-7, 683 structured, 71, 676
family members, 81, 134, 492, 567, 575, 577, 581
famines, 98, 154, 252, 305, 435, 621
Farakoro, 598-9
farmers, 48, 163, 314, 527, 542, 607 farming, 52, 55, 97, 322, 361, 600, 631
see also agriculture.
families, 514, 522, 525 pasture, 48, 51 terrace, 47, 49-50 wet rice, 49-50, 518
fathers, 72, 90, 131, 138, 189, 191, 298, 303, 570, 576
paternal rights, 82-3, 89
Fatimids, 238, 264, 271, 576
Faulkner, Edward H., 54 female slaves, 81-3, 304-5, 602
Fertile Crescent, 32, 279, 404, 411-12 fertility, 48 fertilizers, 48-9, 53 festivals, 103, 196, 656 feudalism, 95, 105, 210
Indian, 238
Fez, 26, 134
financial incentives, 329-30
fines, 86, 407
fiscal policy, 527, 552 fish, 259, 270, 273, 277, 281
dried, 595-6
fishermen, 607 fishing, 30, 291
Five Dynasties period, 523-4
Flanders, 259, 261-2, 269-70, 272-3, 281 Flannery, Timothy F., 55 flat-bottomed boats, 277
fleets, 167, 169, 240, 250, 264, 578, 603
Hanseatic, 268
Italian, 160, 268-9
Mongol, 167
Flemish, 261, 273, 275, 279
Florence, 260-1, 266, 269
Florentines, 259, 275 flutes, 193
food, 49, 72, 74, 111-12, 316, 320, 332, 335, 538,
543
food, production, 34, 241, 336 food supplies, 54, 162, 281, 614 footmen, 149, 161 forced conversion, 104, 448 foreign merchants, 237, 262, 272, 275, 303, 306 foreign trade, 235, 251, 275, 526-7 foreigners, 113, 150, 275, 301, 352, 471, 542,
574-5, 579
forestry, sustainable, 62-3 forests, 52-5, 57, 60-3, 65-6, 97, 595-6, 598 fortifications, 17, 150, 154, 166-7, 182 fortresses, 110, 153, 569, 647
trace italienne, 174
Fourth Lateran Council, 81-2 fragmentation, 128, 252, 496, 499, 671, 676,
678
political, 11, 101, 238, 495, 513, 524, 537, 670,
682
France, 90, 96, 165, 260-1, 273, 275, 277, 419,
424, 497
northern, 130
southern, 77, 157, 262, 442
Franciscans, 129, 421 Frankfurt, 273
Franks, 12-14, 17, 22, 27, 84, 102, 153, 158-60,
366, 368
see also Carolingians.
warfare, 158-62 freed slaves, 304, 597 freedom, 191, 304, 440, 521, 546, 550, 564 Frescobaldi family, 259
Friday prayers, 389-90, 405, 407-8 Frisian merchants, 258, 272, 276
Frisians, 243, 261, 279
fubing militias, 152-3, 168, 514, 516, 520-1, 530 Funan, 455, 458
funduq, 272
furs, 237, 243, 263, 273, 277, 282, 320, 390, 551 Fustat (Old Cairo), 263, 293, 301, 353, 431 fustians, 282-3
Galata, 574, 582 Galen, 85, 126, 355, 410 galley ships, 268-70, 282 galleys, 25, 268 gantowisas, 80
Gao, 34, 136, 348, 586, 596, 600, 602-5, 607 Gaon, 130, 141
Gaozong, Chinese emperor, 520
gardens, 7, 52, 105, 181-2, 198
Gaul, 22, 158, 416, 484 gender, 15, 28, 70-1, 79, 85, 89, 140, 588, 598
assumptions, 70, 76, 89
difference, 71, 677
expectations, 70, 89
and slavery, 80-4
systems, 28, 71, 677
third, 87
gendered space, 187 genealogies, 107,109-10,194,342, 412, 538, 633 generals, 169, 520, 525, 576
slave-eunuch, 164
generosity, 72, 110, 192, 568, 657 Geniza, 263, 267, 299-300, 302-3
Genoa, 160, 248, 259-60, 269, 274, 276, 279-83, 574
Genoese, 274, 282-3, 574, 582 genres, 10, 58, 131, 200, 353, 409, 454 gentry, 96, 500 geographers, 5, 7, 544, 592 geographical knowledge, 32, 476 geography, 5, 112, 145, 245, 292, 401, 543, 673 geometry, 129, 350
Georgia, 267, 427, 540, 567 Georgian, 22, 432, 434-5 Germans, 158, 276, 279
Germany, 102, 130
central, 281
northern, 54
southern, 277, 282-3
Ghana, 135-6, 395, 487, 586, 590-1, 594-5, 597-8, 600, 603
Ghazan, Ilkhan, 74, 547, 553 Ghaznavids, 373, 392, 402 Gibraltar, 259, 402 gifts, 164, 198, 200, 287, 290, 450, 550, 652-3, 656
exchange of, 186, 643
marriage, 71, 90, 676-7
Giovanni de' Marignolli, 11 girls, 70-2, 138, 287, 676 Glacken, Clarence J., 56 glass, 238, 283, 320, 590, 597 glassware, 243, 597, 679 globalization, 30, 35, 284, 535, 666-8, 681, 684
proto-globalization, 35, 665, 667-8, 670, 681, 683-4
globalized world, 35, 555, 667, 683 glocalization, 35, 665, 668, 680
God, 44, 192, 405, 407, 409-10, 416-17, 427-8,
434-5
grace of, 207, 420 goddesses, 80, 354 godhead, 438, 464 gods, 99, 103, 197, 207, 502, 613 gold, 195, 239, 245, 267, 593-8, 600-2, 646, 653 gold, coins, 267, 553, 561, 590
gold trade, 250, 590 golden ages, 193, 239, 600
Golden Horde, 74, 365, 369, 371, 391, 426, 545, 547, 552-3
Golden Horn, 272, 574, 582 goldfields, 596, 598, 607 Goryeo, see Koryo
Goths, 153, 437
Gottfried, Robert S., 62
government, 101-2, 107-10, 112, 118, 211, 217, 252, 668-9
central, 100, 515, 520-1, 524, 527-9, 531, 539, 541, 669, 673
centralized, 244, 402, 531, 538 complexity of, 97, 669
Eurasia, 98-101
layers of, 97, 669
officials, see civil service.
units of, 94-5, 101
governors, 187, 405, 570-1, 577, 581, 593-4 grace of God, 207, 420
grain, 147, 163, 197, 238, 242, 259-60, 275, 281,
295
tithe, 262, 281
trade, 258, 260, 281
grammar, 122, 129, 132, 194
Granada, 134, 162, 279
Grand Canal, 167, 331, 516, 524 grandsons, 7, 346, 579, 639 Great Palace, 560-1, 574
Great Silk Road, 366, 378
great snake, 593-4
Great Wall, 514, 525
Great Zimbabwe, 60, 109
Greece, 207, 218, 409, 665
Greeks, 22, 271, 273, 342-3, 345-7, 349, 427,
434-5, 579-80
Gregorian reforms, 579
griots, 135, 678
Grove, A. T., 63
growth, 53, 55, 68, 106-7, 216, 223-4, 471-2 agricultural, 216, 626
commercial, 225, 228, 239, 520 economic, see economy, growth. population, see population growth. unsustainable, 49 urban, 281, 450, 499, 522
Guaman Poma de Ayala, 639, 657, 661
Guangzhou, 235, 237, 526
Guanzhong aristocracy, 515-16, 520
Guascar, 662
Guatemala, 614, 623-4
Guayna Capac, 639, 650-1, 658-62 guilds, 95, 262, 287, 323, 334
merchant, 216, 306, 451
Guillaume of Villehardouin, 580
Gujarat, 104, 238, 290, 294, 296-7, 299,301,303 coast, 288, 294, 297, 548
Gulf of Cambay, 288, 294
Gulf of Mexico, 623, 625, 634 gunpowder, 171, 313, 545
weapons, 29, 166, 171, 173-4, 381, 554 guns, see gunpowder, weapons. Guptas, 49, 238-9, 484, 502
hadith, 86, 132, 134, 194, 430
Hagia Sophia, 181, 185, 197, 444 hagiography, 420, 568
Haithabu, 258, 276
Hamburg, 261, 267
Hamdan al-Atharibι, 12
Han, 179-80, 448, 452-3, 455, 498, 515,
517, 521, 679
Han, Southern, 524
Han Suyin, 60
handguns, 171-3
Hangzhou, 235, 331, 528, 530, 554
Hanse, 261, 268, 274, 277, 279, 284
Hardin, Garrett, 63-4
harems, 79, 81, 84, 86
Harold Godwinson, 161
Harris, Marvin, 50, 55
Harun al-Rashid, 11, 346 harvest, 197, 271, 540
Harz mountains, 267, 282
Hasan b. Bundar, 301, 303 healing, 543, 547, 673 heaven, 80, 87, 155-6, 189, 196-7, 207, 227,
490, 520, 537
heavy cavalry, 159, 161, 514, 517 heavy ploughs, 53-4, 313, 315 heavy soils, 53, 55, 336
Hebrew, 22, 131, 300, 304, 344, 347
Heian Japan, 120, 164, 180, 221, 330, 448, 473
heirs, 11-12, 72, 82, 138, 160, 164, 513, 516,
534, 539
Hellas, 569
Henan Province, 456
Heraclius, Byzantine emperor, 21, 155-7,
563-4
Herat, 246, 248
herds, 111, 150, 359, 371, 489, 538 heresy, 87, 420-1
heretics, 81, 104
Hermann of Carinthia, 354, 356
Hermes, 342-3
hermits, 103, 426
Herodotus, 247 hierarchies, 100-2, 190, 228, 489, 577, 642,
648, 669, 679
and government
Eurasia, 98-101
local, 98, 107, 669
political, 100, 108
religious, 34, 103, 562 social, 28, 75, 98, 103, 109, 420, 531, 553 and solidarity, 94-113 hieroglyphs, 341, 633
High Middle Ages, 53, 57, 210, 257, 281, 315, 334
high officials, 133, 187, 194, 200, 527, 538 Hijaz, 300, 404
Himalayas, 122
Hindu traditions, 215, 680
Hinduism, 30, 85, 104, 125, 288, 293, 306, 355, 402, 665
Hippo, 417-18 hippodromes, 181, 185 historical records, 142, 145, 330, 458, 501, 604,
630
historiography, 12, 67, 95-6, 320, 330, 680 Hocquet, Jean-Claude, 281
Holy Land, 435, 444
Holy Roman Empire, 222, 419, 497-8, 510 homosexuality, 86-7
Honduras, 624
honey, 44, 243, 277, 595
Honnecourt, Villard de, 326 honor, 71, 74, 84, 153, 185, 460, 676
Horden, Peregrine, 59, 257, 276
Hormuz, 279, 297
Horn of Africa, 170, 394, 486 horsemanship, 147, 163 horsemen, 149-50, 154, 161, 163, 170 horses, 170, 174, 239, 242, 333-4, 363, 589, 591, 595, 597
war, 245, 524
hostages, 543, 653
hostels, 129, 132 household work, 305 households, 28, 72, 74-5, 77, 81-2, 116, 188,
621, 654-6
imperial, 181-2
houses, 74-5, 80, 133, 137-8, 299, 647, 649-51, 657-8
Hsiung-nu, 365-6
Huamachuco, 660
Huang Chao, 11, 523, 166
Huanuco Pampa, 657
Huari (Wari), 640-1, 643, 660
Huarochiri, 661
Hugo of Santalla, 352-3
Huichang Persecution, 470
Huizinga, Johan, 43, 47, 63, 68
human nature, 46, 56, 117
Hungarians, 166, 368-9
Hungary, 20, 162, 166, 171, 282, 368, 390, 392-3, 534-5
hunger, 58, 147, 162
Huns, 66, 375
hunters, 187, 607
husbands, 71-5, 77, 80, 87-9, 91
hydraulic societies, 47
hydraulic works, 323, 329
Hyech'o, 464
Iberian peninsula, 2, 81, 126, 269, 276, 395, 506, 569, 671, 681
Ibiza, 260, 281
Ibn ‘ Abdun, 351-2
Ibn Battuta, 43, 50, 293, 543, 586, 599, 602, 680
Ibn Fadlan, 389-91, 395
IbnJubayr, 15, 293, 680
Ibn Khaldun, 110, 134, 361, 377, 379, 599
Ibn Khurdadhbih, 263
Iceland, 22, 243, 277, 340
iconography, 196, 441, 634, 682
idealization, 192, 196
ideals, 100, 125, 666
ideologies, 51, 235-6, 318, 500-1, 537
political, 525, 531, 553
Ifriqiya, 263, 276-7
Ilkhanate, 535, 540, 547-8, 553
Ilkhanid Iran, 539, 545, 677
Ilterish, 146, 152
imitation, 208, 261, 320, 326, 518, 650 immigrants, 102-3, 121, 332, 518, 522, 548 imperial administration, 33, 555, 644 imperial bodyguards, 181, 184 imperial capitals, 416, 561, 623, 631, 638, 647 imperial ceremonies, 185, 561 imperial courts, 75, 182-3, 217, 221, 226, 235, 306, 531
imperial expansion, 157, 488, 491, 496, 504
imperial families, 181, 183-4, 193, 197, 473, 567
imperial households, 181-2
imperial ideology, 490, 560
imperial power, 180-1, 222, 487, 494, 508, 576 imperial rule, 214, 220, 227, 491, 494 imperial sovereignty, 33, 508, 530 imports, 23, 239, 294, 304, 601, 623, 672 Inca, 3, 50, 137, 140, 638-40, 642-63, 682
ancestors, 642, 645, 647-8, 662 capital, 25, 138 conquests and diplomacy, 650-5, 682 empire, 16, 35, 639-40, 656, 667, 682 state and religion, 638-63
homeland, 642, 654
myth of origin, 642, 645, 650 origins in documentary sources, 642-5 regions and households, 655-63 religion, 648, 659-63, 682 rulers, 35, 111, 643, 645-6, 648, 650-1, 656 sources of Andean history, 639-42 state, 111, 638, 642, 644, 654, 656-8 and Sun, 645-50, 660, 682
Inca Pachacuti, 645, 648, 656, 662
India, 11-13, 89-90, 98-9, 103-4, 218-19, 224-5, 241-2, 263-4, 301-5
central, 215, 375, 455 courts, 179, 181, 197 eastern, 451, 462 northern, 72-3, 165, 169, 238-9, 447, 451, 462, 468-9, 543, 545
northwest, 82
and pastoral nomads, 375-6 peninsular, 238-9
southern, 108, 169-70, 240, 250, 305, 429, 451, 474, 548, 675
state formation and empire building, 501-4
trade, 288, 300-1, 674
west coast, 290-2, 299-300, 304
Indian Ocean, 5, 235-6, 239, 250-2, 287-8, 290-3, 393-5
interconnectedness, 305-6 Islamic civilization, 393-4 western, 287-8, 290, 292, 294, 299, 302
Indian slaves, 82, 303
Indian subcontinent, 19, 215-16, 219, 224, 287, 299, 303, 305, 316
Indicancha, 642, 646 indigo, 296
indirect taxes, 522, 524-5, 531 Indonesia, 241, 276, 503 industrial revolution, 68, 213, 220, 254, 314 industrialization, 666, 684 inequality, 94, 97, 102-3, 110, 113, 669, 678 infantry, 149-50, 154, 161, 167 infectious diseases, 66, 662
infidels, 547, 571 information, 2, 4, 7-8, 11, 13, 15-16, 94, 362,
639
infrastructures, 31, 158, 235, 243, 316, 336, 381,
509, 551
inheritance, 28, 72, 89-90, 98, 104, 112, 164, 197, 220, 223-4
Inner Asia, 365-7, 370, 375, 537
Inner China, 500
Inner Eurasia, 484, 486, 488-92, 499, 501, 507,
510, 514
interactions with adjacent civilizations, 487-93
Inner Mongolia, 370
Innocent III, 82, 421 innovation, 31, 68, 214, 250, 266-7, 309-10, 353,
489, 514, 539
and technologies, 309-37
inscriptions
Somanath-Veraval, 297-8
Tamil, 73, 305
instability, 34, 52, 562, 576, 579 dynastic, 366, 600 ecological, 48
institutions, 32-3, 116-17, 122-4, 133-4, 142, 209, 419-20, 505-6
Christian, 32, 141, 416, 442 educational, see educational institutions.
Islamic civilization, 405-8 monastic, 450, 452, 464, 467-70, 473, 475-6 political, 151, 207, 215, 516, 519, 612 religious, 103, 299, 329, 519, 532, 670, 683 insurance, 260, 266-7 integration, 33, 120, 225, 303, 311, 554, 650, 666, 682
large-area, 20, 24
political, 1, 361 regional, 35, 667, 682 intellectual life, 213, 435, 529 intensive cultivation, 488, 522, 611 interactions
cross-cultural, 297, 672
cross-regional, 462, 469
social, 94, 217
stylistic, 634, 682
interconnectedness, 233, 290, 305 interdependence, 117, 419, 506, 681 internal consolidation, 160, 172 international markets, 252, 551, 602 international trade, 34, 262, 264, 271, 276-7, 535, 550-1
Inuit, 61
invaders, 154, 172, 213, 489, 502, 639
Spanish, 111, 638, 649, 662
invasions, 71, 73, 76, 165-7, 373, 375, 572, 575 Mongol, 18, 166, 180, 221, 335, 376, 528 Muslim, 72, 81-2 nomadic, 365, 368, 377
inventions, 53, 62, 87, 267, 310, 317-19, 322, 341, 471
investment, 90, 122, 160, 253, 282, 315, 323-4, 336, 476, 527
investors, 265, 301, 550
Ioannina, 273, 581
Iodasaph, 22
Ionian Sea, 274, 579
Iran, 371, 373-4, 378-80, 391-2, 399-401, 491,
493, 543-4 see also Persia. bureaucracy, 369, 374 Mongol, 380, 443, 543 religions, 208, 225
Iranians, 271, 344, 402, 411, 488, 544
Iraq, 246, 248, 263-4, 393, 396-401, 411, 426-7, 534-5
Ireland, 95, 349, 416, 424
iron, 109, 111, 154, 162, 275, 282, 314, 518, 524-5 coins, 524 nails, 250, 675 technology, 591, 595 tools, 34, 595
irrigation, 47-8, 97, 111, 315, 621 canals, 641 cultures, 50, 67 networks, 65, 376
systems, 46-51, 58, 60, 680
Islam, 71-2, 134-6, 140-1, 389-95, 401-6, 430-1, 436-8, 545-7, 670-1
central Islamic lands, 298, 346, 403 and educational institutions, 131-5
Africa, 135-7
expansion, 215, 218, 385, 484-7, 504, 508-9, 671
madrasas, 131-4, 136, 141, 217, 350, 408, 678, 680
Sunni, 133, 374, 405
Islamic civilization, 32, 83, 133-4, 215, 217, 227, 484, 506-7, 671
African interior, 394-5
Atlantic, 395-6 centrality, 385-412 components, 405-12 culture, 408-11 far north, 389-93 Indian Ocean, 393-4
institutions, 405-8
origins, 411-12
regions around 1500
Arabian homeland, 403-4 former Byzantine provinces,
400-1
former Persian Empire, 398-400 old lands, 396 second wave of conquests, 401-3 state formation and empire building, 504-8 Turks, 391-3
Islamic conquests, 71, 89, 101, 122, 158, 671,
673, 676, 678, 681
Islamic courts, 179, 194, 201, 679
Islamic heartland, 30, 236-8, 241, 246, 252-3,
372, 507
Islamic law, 106, 132, 298, 405, 407, 430, 554,
602; see also shari‘a law
Islamic world, see Islamic civilization. Islamization, 27, 133, 391, 393, 547-9, 671, 676 Italian cities, 244, 332, 574, 578, 583 Italian city-states, 322, 552, 674 Italian fleets, 160, 268-9
Italians, 262, 266, 271-3, 275-6, 279, 284, 396,
497
Italy, 7, 77, 126-8, 258-9, 273, 277-9, 545,
562-4, 568, 572
northern, 159, 223, 497
southern, 160, 347, 567, 572
itinerant traders, 476, 672
ivory, 109, 195, 245, 348, 416, 572, 596
Jacobite Church, see Syriac Orthodox
Church.
Jacques Coeur, 261 al-Jahiz, 147
Jains, 73, 288
Jam, 540-1
Jamal al-Dιn, 4
James of Venice, 347
Japan, 2-3, 29, 63, 100, 179, 454-5, 458-61, 473,
516-19, 672
Confucianism and educational
institutions, 120-1
court, 180, 183, 193, 519
Heian, 120, 164, 180, 221, 330, 448, 473 Kamakura period, 121, 125, 221, 473 Kyoto, 180, 189, 221, 473, 519 Tokugawa regime, 222, 485
Jaroslav, Prince of Rus', 261
Java, 167, 240-1, 306, 393-4, 410, 465, 468, 476 see also Indonesia.
central, 241, 465
eastern, 241
west, 305
al-Jazari, 326 jealousy, 84, 88, 102, 599 Jenne, 109, 136, 588-9, 593, 596, 598, 600, 602-3, 607
Jerusalem, 7, 130, 155, 160, 162, 391, 418, 421, 432, 442-3
Kingdom of, 12, 17, 162, 442
Jesuits, 344, 355
Jesus, 356, 417, 419-20, 422-4, 427-8, 436, 560, 618, 620
sutras, 438
jewelry, 22, 85, 186, 597 Jewish communities, 78, 130, 237, 301, 304,
417, 428, 430
Jewish law, 130, 304
Jewish merchants, 27, 237, 263, 276, 301
Jewish scholars, 27, 347
Jewish women, 78, 89, 131
Jews, 13-14, 87, 130-1, 141, 263-4, 344, 346,
351-2, 429-30, 433-4
Baghdad, 237
Radhanite, 237, 263, 276
jihad, 571
Jimenez de Rada, Rodrigo, 12
Jin, 331, 528
Joan-Joan, 366
Joannes of Dalyatha, 434-5
Joannes of Phanijoit, 431
John IV Lascaris, 580
John V Palaiologos, 581
John VI Kantakouzenos, 581-2
joint family ownership, 90
Josaphat, 22
Joseph, husband of Mary, 424
Joseph b. David Lebdi, 301
Joseph Ibn ‘Awkal, 263
Judaism, 28, 141, 243, 369, 389, 404, 433, 437, 491, 665
and educational institutions, 130-1 Junagarh, 297
Jurchen, 65, 166-7, 324, 370-1, 380 Jurchen Jin, 317, 324, 528 jurisprudence, 132, 430, 535 justice, 28, 94, 99, 108-9, 156, 186, 191, 407, 493, 679
Justinian, Byzantine emperor, 82, 126, 154, 200, 345, 427, 484, 513, 560
Kaifeng, 166, 181, 324, 331, 524, 528, 554 kallanka, 656, 659
Kalyan, 288
Kamakura period, 121, 125, 221, 473
Kamalasila, 466
Kamalasri, 13
Kanheri, 290
Kaniaga, 606
kapikulu, 171
Karimis, 238, 264
Kashmir, 13, 348, 549
women, 73
Kedah, 458 keshig, 538-9, 541 khagans, 146, 152, 569-70 khanates, 243, 270, 426, 534, 540-3, 547, 551,
554
Chaghadaid, 535, 548
Mongol, 267, 547-8, 551 khanqah, 133-4 khans, 74, 277, 365, 538-40, 550 khaqanates, 516, 537
Khazar, 365, 368-9, 399
Turkic, 365-6
Uighur, 367
khatib, 299
Khazar khaqanate/state, 365, 368-9, 399
Khazars, 12, 243, 263, 365, 367-9, 389, 399, 437, 486, 491
khipus, 16, 140, 640, 655-8
Khitan Liao, 166, 317, 532
Khitans, 166, 367, 370-1, 380, 471, 523, 542, 554 Khosro I Anushirwan, of Persia, 154-5, 344-5 Khotan, 452, 457
Khubilai Khan, see Qubilai.
Khurasan, 132, 277, 373, 375
Khwarazm, 369, 376, 378
Kiev, 508, 554, 578
Killke, 642
Kimeks, 369 kinetic energy, 161, 173, 314 King of Kings, 399, 408
Kingui, 606
kinship, 70, 97, 112, 334, 668
groups, 137, 647-8, 650-1, 654, 662 rules of, 97, 112
ties, 70, 183, 437 knights, 161, 224, 363, 579 knowledge, 15, 116-18, 129-30, 135, 141-2,
319-21, 324-8, 351-4, 356, 680-1 astronomical, 438, 680 cultures, 328, 336 flows, 311, 378 geographical, 32, 476 religious, 28, 117, 134, 140-1, 678
scientific, 31, 342, 344, 351, 432, 680 technological, 312, 315, 337, 672, 680 transmission of, 26, 28, 117, 134, 329, 354 Kocho, 457 Koguryo, 459-60, 517-18 kola nuts, 595-6 kommerkion, 262, 274 Komnenoi, 509, 572, 575-80 Koran, see Quran.
Korea, 2, 120, 455, 459-60, 470, 472, 516-18, 531-2, 677
Confucianism and educational institutions, 119-20 Korean monks, 464, 472, 518 Korean Peninsula, 118-19, 467, 516-18, 677 Koryo, 120, 313, 472, 524 Kucha, 452, 457 Kumbi, 593 Kus⅛nas, 451-2 Kutch, 288, 294, 297 Kwon Kun, 2, 5
Kyoto, 180, 189, 221, 473, 519 Kyrgyzstan, 548, 554
labor, 66, 71, 77, 80, 265, 268-9, 313, 316, 332, 656-7
division of, 148, 159
services, 108, 111-12, 514, 522, 531-2, 641 ladies-in-waiting, 183-4, 193 Lagny, 272 Lake Patzcuaro, 50
Lake Titicaca, 638, 640, 645, 653, 657-8, 660 land grants, 106, 157, 180, 303 land revenues, 262, 519 land routes, 25, 277, 463, 574, 674 landed elites, 224, 379 landlords, 105-6, 108 landowners, 101, 105, 271, 568, 670
private, 121, 521, 568, 669 languages, 10, 345-7, 399, 401, 409, 411-12, 441, 633, 655
vernacular, see vernaculars. Languedoc, 281-2 Lascaris dynasty, 580 La Tana, 273, 276-7, 281 Late Middle Ages, 61, 67, 78, 322-3 Late Postclassic period, 617-18, 621-2, 624-6, 628 lateen sails, 268, 270-1 Latin Christendom, 26, 162, 214-15 Latin merchants, 273, 574, 582 Latins, 8, 11-12, 22, 126-8, 344, 347, 351-2, 424, 441, 579-80 law, 77, 81, 128-30, 132, 136, 138, 264-5, 407-9,
419
Buddhist, 549
canon, 77, 128 codes, 28, 83, 519
Eurasia, 104-6
Islamic, 106,132, 298, 405, 407, 430, 554, 602
Jewish, 130, 304
natural, 46, 322 religious, 71, 86, 88, 130, 676
Roman, 82-3, 158, 493
shari‘a, 71, 89-90, 676, 683
leaders, 108, 152, 298, 301, 545-6, 567, 570, 575-6
military, 138, 516, 525
religious, 156, 331
spiritual, 546
leadership, 266, 373, 435, 530, 547, 566, 579, 602 political, 504, 530
learning, transmission of, 116, 135, 141-2, 678 Lebdi, Joseph, 301
Lebdi family, 301, 303
Lechfeld, 368
legacies, cultural, 24, 29, 225, 499, 537, 681 legal partnerships, 90
legends, 10, 22, 342, 344, 422-4, 440, 465, 593-4
legitimacy, 151, 228, 492, 495, 507, 519, 535, 537, 547, 580
legitimation, 102
Leipzig, 273
Lekhapaddhati, 303, 305
lenders, 259, 265
lenses, 85, 667
Leo III, Byzantine emperor, 157, 159, 569
Leo VI, Byzantine emperor, 262 lesbians, 88
levirate marriages, 74, 545, 677
Li Yuan, 516
Liang China, 460
Liao, 166, 331, 370, 380, 440, 471, 491, 523-4 libraries, 136, 343, 347
monastic, 125-6
private, 136
Libya, 2, 136
licenses, 129, 141, 276, 421
life-estates, 154
lifestyles, 149, 252, 385, 424
light cavalry, 154, 161
Lille, 262, 272
Lima, 644, 650
linen, 238, 282
linguistic practices, 215, 224
linguists, 310, 611, 620, 633, 640
literacy, 72, 75, 77-8, 91, 98, 100, 116, 121,
131, 633
basic, 124, 126
literary traditions, 32, 199, 411, 519 literati, 213, 220, 227, 312
elite, 119, 220
literature, 59, 86, 132, 195-6, 393, 399-400, 543,
672
Arabic erotic, 88
Buddhist, 450, 454
classical, 45, 194
litters, 651, 654, 656
Little Ice Age, 58, 61, 249
liturgy, 124, 418-19, 427-9
Liu Ji, 75, 322 livestock, 146, 160, 272, 282, 360, 595 loans, 249, 259, 264, 471, 528, 632 local authorities, 254, 500, 669 local communities, 102, 105, 215, 297,
505, 669
local conditions, 35, 545, 667-8, 676, 681 local deities, 661-3
local elites, 34, 106, 499, 505, 559, 562, 567, 673, 679
local hierarchies, 98, 107, 669
local lords, 25, 98, 105, 226, 658
local rulers, 169-70, 303, 475, 502, 606
local societies, 531, 674, 681
Eurasia, 106-7
local trading communities, 287, 290-9, 451 local traditions, 410, 430, 444, 671, 678-9 localization, 454, 668
logistics, 29, 145, 166, 528, 530
Lombards, 153, 158, 259, 281
Lombardy, 282
London, 261-2, 266, 274, 277, 279 long-distance trade, 233, 239, 242-3, 245-6,
249-50, 252-3, 670-1
long-term sustainability, 589, 607 longbows, 173-4, 315 longevity, 34, 546 looting, 169, 361, 370
lords, 185, 191-2, 198, 644-5, 647, 653, 655, 657-8
local, 25, 98, 105, 226, 658
regional, 654, 656, 661-2
territorial, 66
Lorenzo the Magnificent, 260
Louis IV d'Outremer, 12
love, 44-5, 88, 190, 192-3, 198, 422, 434 lower Cuzco, 642, 648-9 loyalty, 163-4, 185, 538, 543, 566, 581
Lubeck, 261, 267, 277, 284
Lucca, 260, 282
Luhmann, Niklas, 57
Luoyang, 453, 456, 514-16, 524
Lupaqa, 658
An Lushan Rebellion, 166, 520-2, 525 lust, 89, 431
luxury commodities/goods, 251, 281, 287, 550-1, 597, 602, 670, 673, 679-80
Lyon, 273, 282, 418
Maca Uisa, 661
Macedonian dynasty, 213, 270, 576, 578 Machin, 13, 348
machines, 31, 311, 314, 319, 322, 326
McNeill, John R., 67
McNeill, John R. and William H., 46
Madhyamika, 466
Madmun b. Hasan b. Bundar, 301, 303 madrasas, 131-6, 141, 217, 350, 408, 678, 680 Maghreb, 263, 267, 276-9, 590, 594, 596-7, 600, 602, 606
Magyars, 159, 224, 368
Mahayana Buddhism, 122, 125, 452, 672
Mahdiya, 160, 263, 276, 301
Maitrakas, 295-6
maize, 46, 641, 647
maize wine, 647
Malabar Coast, 238-9, 254, 279, 293, 302, 418, 429, 437, 674
malaria, 49-50
Malay Peninsula, 240, 305, 393, 458, 486
Malaya, 335, 429, 675
Malays, 250, 526, 675
male courtiers, 184, 189
male prostitutes, 87
male relatives, 24, 190
male slaves, 81
Mali, 109-10, 135-6, 395, 586, 588, 592-3, 597-607
Empire, 34, 586, 590, 597-602, 604, 606-7
Malindi, 4, 135
Mallorca, 260, 269, 276
Malukus, 241
Mama Ocllo, 651
Mamacatequil, 660
Mamluks, 133, 135, 169, 171, 225, 249, 268, 363,
545 warfare, 162-6
Manchuria, 367, 378, 488, 514, 517, 523, 528, 535, 540, 551
Manco Capac, 642, 646-7, 649-50
Mande, 588, 590, 598-9, 606
chiefdoms, 597-9, 606
Manding, 586-7, 596
Mangalore, 301-4 manhood, 88, 165
Manichaeism, 208, 219, 225, 392, 401, 491, 546
Manigramam, 305
Manjusri cult, 465, 472 manpower, 29, 145, 157, 237, 538
Mansa Musa, 110, 136, 600-2, 604
Mansa Sulayman, 600-2
al-Mansur, Caliph, 348, 433
Manuel I Komnenos, 347, 574, 578 manufactured goods, 242, 253 manumission, 81, 83, 304
Manzikert, 374, 435, 576 mapmakers, 5-8, 10 mappa mundi, 14
maps, 2-10, 14, 387, 447, 543-4, 612, 656 Chinese, 2-4
circular, 5, 8
imported, 2, 10 world, 1-2, 5-10, 14, 680
Marco Polo, 8, 15, 84, 97, 443, 543, 548, 552,
555
maritime communities, 30, 287-306 maritime networks, 297, 299, 460, 474, 476,
671
maritime routes, 30, 247, 250, 274, 277, 452, 455, 551-2, 674-5
maritime technology, 250, 675 maritime trade, 59, 270, 287-8, 290, 295, 548 markers, sacred, 642, 645
market economy, 530-1
market inspectors, 300, 303
marketplaces, 271, 283, 290, 298, 395, 621, 632 markets, 82, 264, 266, 271-4, 471, 597, 632-3,
682-3
commercial, 264-5, 267 expanding, 244, 525 international, 252, 551, 602 rural, 271-2
urban, 271-2
Marks, Robert B., 67
marriage, 72-4, 76-7, 87, 89, 91, 196-7, 304,
436
alliances, 35, 147, 621, 643
contracts, 71, 676 deeply embedded patterns of, 70, 668 levirate, 74, 545, 677
same sex, 87
Marriage at Cana, 436
marriage gifts, 71, 90, 676-7
Marseille, 2, 7, 261, 269, 276-7
Martin of Troppau, 13
martyrs, 418, 422, 431, 571
Coptic, 431
Mary, Virgin, 416, 422-4, 435-6, 444 masts, 251, 268, 271
al-Mas'udι, ιι, 292
material culture, 329-30, 545, 624
material resources, 362, 542 mathematics, 16, 128, 132, 138, 322, 346 matrilocality, 70, 668 mats, 330, 595
Mauritania, 402, 404, 411, 589, 593, 606
Maveraunnahr, 369
Maximus the Confessor, 420, 435
Maya, 16, 50, 60, 85, 137, 174, 610, 622-4, 633 cities, 137, 618, 682
Classic, 6ιι, 613-14, 618, 624, 633, 682 collapse, 60 culture, 16, 60 highlands, 623-4
lowlands, 614-15, 622-3, 626
Mayapan, 623-4
Mecca, 134, 136, 156, 273, 298, 300, 404, 406,
599-600
mediation, 328, 424, 432, 436-7
trade, 361
medicine, 122, 125, 128-9, 132, 342, 355, 543, 679-80
Medicis, 260, 266
Medieval Climate Optimum, 58, 61, 334, 336
Medieval Europe, 45, 58, 76-7, 94, 96, 99,109, 125-6, 314-15
Medina, 156, 298, 404, 408, 432, 564
Mediterranean, 5-7, 59, 247, 257, 269-70, 276,
279-84, 427, 552, 572
eastern, 21, 24, 30, 58,133,160, 257, 273, 349, 385
western, 259, 269
Mediterranean trade networks, 257-84 Melitene, 571, 575
Meloria, 259
Mema, 599, 606
memorization, 132, 134, 324, 395
memory, 102, 214, 399-400, 402, 453, 599, 647
merchandise, 252, 254, 263-5, 268, 270, 275, 277, 300, 328
heavy, 268, 271
merchant associations, 30, 261, 305-6
merchant class, 238, 245, 252-3, 259 professional, 30, 233, 674
merchant communities, 438, 450, 476 merchant guilds, 216, 306, 451 merchants, 30-1, 237-8, 243-4, 258, 260-5, 290, 295-6, 299-301, 551
Byzantine, 572, 574
Egyptian, 601-2
English, 275, 277 foreign, 237, 262, 272, 275, 303, 306
Frisian, 258, 272, 276
German, 261
itinerant, 476, 672 Jewish, 27, 237, 263, 276, 301
Latin, 273, 574, 582
Muslim, 109, 135, 237, 262, 266-7, 297, 393,
550
Saxon, 258, 276
and their associations, 258-64 wealthy, 276, 431
Merchants Venturers, 262, 283
Merinids, 259
Mesoamerica, 23, 25, 34, 137, 331, 487, 681-2 ancient, 610-11, 623, 631, 633
Classic, 614-16
Postclassic, 25, 34, 682
regional trajectories, 616-22 state formation, 610-35
cities and urbanization, 630-2
data and methods, 612 demographic and agricultural growth, 626-7
growth of commercial networks, 632 migrations, 627
polity growth and decline, 628 processes and connections, 626 scholarly approaches, 611-12 writing systems and literacy, 633-4 and world history, 634-5
Yucatan, 622-3
Mesopotamia, 48, 154, 218, 281, 372, 398, 432, 564-5
Christianity, 418
Messines, 272
metal, currency, 30, 264 metallurgy, 23, 518, 642 metals, 244, 261, 268, 275, 283, 287, 320, 405, 468, 590
precious, 239, 249, 267, 550, 598 metaphysics, 339, 350
Mexicanization, 624, 634
Mexico, 23, 50, 614-16, 623-4
Basin of, 6ιι, 616-17, 621-2, 625, 631 central, 612, 615-18, 620-1, 624, 626-32 City, 615-16
Gulf of, 623, 625, 634
west, 23, 25, 623, 625-6, 682
Michael VII Doukas, 576, 578
Michael VIII Palaiologos, 259, 580
Middle Ages, 43-4, 52-3, 56, 58, 66-8, 95,
279-81, 310-11
Early, 53, 258-9, 276, 281, 283
High, 53, 57, 210, 257, 281, 315, 334
Late, 61, 67, 78, 322-3
Middle East, 98, 363, 369, 372, 386, 407, 411,
598, 600, 602
Middle Millennium, 31-4, 55-9, 209-10,
309-10, 667-9, 671-6, 681-4 political landmarks defining, 483-7 for today's historians, 15-17
Middle Niger, 136, 588, 592, 605
Bend, 586
Delta, 588-9, 593, 599, 603, 606
Middle Persian, 191, 409
Middle Volga, 243, 367, 377, 673 middlemen, 236, 239, 244, 596 migrations, 359-60, 362, 364-5, 371, 373, 377-9,
624, 627-8, 671
Aztlan, 627
nomadic, 31, 152, 359-60, 362, 364-5, 372,
375-6, 381, 672-3
Postclassic Mesoamerica, 627-8
Milan, 261, 266, 282, 418
military aristocracy, 370, 575
military classes, 149, 158, 199
military commanders, see commanders.
military elites, 151, 221, 331, 379, 506 military leaders, 138, 516, 525
military service, 74, 153, 159, 164, 185, 366, 370, 374, 438, 569
military skills, 363, 426
military training, 138, 149, 362 milk, 73, 146 mills, 133, 313-14
oil, 296
paper, 26
mines, 150, 244-5, 267, 331
Ming, 119, 121, 168, 220, 235-6, 249-50, 315,
317, 499, 532
Emperor, 453
mining, 62, 65, 68, 150, 318, 525, 658 regions, 269, 315, 322
mints, 249, 303, 396, 590
missionaries, 429, 437, 440, 477, 547, 560 mita, 658, 663
mitayoc, 658
Mixtecs, 625, 633
mobile secretariats, 539, 541, 673 mobility, 51, 154, 156, 348, 589 social, 101, 107, 118 mobilization, 33, 493, 497-8, 542-3, 554 modernity, 53, 222, 485
industrialized, 336 modernization, 665-7 Modon, 274, 279 Mogadishu, 4, 135 Moheyan, 466 Mohina, 640 Mon, 125, 457 monasteries, 7, 103, 124-6, 138, 140, 434, 454,
456, 468-9, 515
Buddhist, 140, 453, 466, 471 Christian, 77, 126, 140
Vikramasila, 467-9 monastic communities, 122, 450, 452, 455, 475,
504 monastic institutions, 450, 452, 464, 467-70,
473, 475-6
Buddhist, 104, 118, 121-3, 125-6, 140, 152,
306, 470, 472 monastic libraries, 125-6 monastic life, 124, 421 monastic orders, 129, 215, 223-4 monastic schools, 117, 122-3, 126, 131 Monemvasia, 262, 581 monetary policies, 523-4, 554 monetization, 33, 245, 518, 527 money, 23, 43, 83, 239, 244, 249, 567, 569, 571,
632 moneychangers, 266, 574 Mongke, 20, 441, 539, 541 Mongol China, 2, 11, 378, 393, 440, 548 Mongol conquests, 9, 24, 30, 96, 227, 391, 393,
673, 677, 683
Mongol empire, 11, 13, 225, 246-7, 491-2, 548, 672, 674
building of, 537-41 cross-cultural exchange, 541-5 economic exchange, 550-3 and inter-civilizational exchange, 534-55 legacy of Mongol statecraft, 553-4 religious exchange, 546-50
Mongol fleets, 167
Mongol invasions, 18, 166, 180, 221, 335, 376,
528
Mongol Iran, 380, 443, 543 Mongol khanates, 267, 547-8, 551 Mongol princes, 167, 548, 551 Mongol statecraft, 553 Mongol Yuan, see Yuan.
Mongolia, 367, 372, 375, 378, 469, 534, 537, 551 Inner, 370
Outer, 370
Mongolian silk, 274, 277
Mongols, 13-14, 20-1, 165-7, 246-7, 371-2, 491-2, 535-51, 553-5see also Mongol empire.
armies, 530, 547
China, 2, 11, 166-8, 378, 393, 440, 548 empire building, 537-41 warfare, 162-6 with China, 166-70
monks, 124-5, 200, 424-6, 447, 460, 463-6, 470, 472-4
Buddhist, 447, 453-4, 457, 467, 469, 471, 474, 672
Chinese, 454, 462-4, 472
Korean, 464, 472, 518
Monophysites, 560, 563
monopolies, 238, 252, 261-2, 275, 281, 527, 572 monotheism, 404, 411
Monte Alban, 616, 625, 682
Montpellier, 261, 276
monumental architecture, 588, 620 monuments, 111, 456, 622
Buddhist, 471, 515
Islamic, 297
Moore, R. I., 216
Moraes Farias, Paulo, 603-5
morality, 328, 666
Confucian, 76
Morea, 581, 583
Morocco, 5, 26, 348, 389, 395, 402, 601-2, 606 Sultan of, 601-2
mosaics, 195, 416, 444, 572
Moscow, 426, 554
princes, 365
Moses, 130
Moses of Bergamo, 347
mosques, 133, 135-6, 294, 299, 408, 432, 601 local, 299
Mosul, 160, 346
mothers, 72, 84, 189, 422-4, 428, 662, 668 see also parents
mounted postal courier system, 540, 673
Mozarabs, 347
mudae, 269-70, 279
Mughals, 215, 229, 484-5
Muhammad ibn al-Muzallik, 264
Muhammad (Prophet), 11, 13, 81-2, 404-6, 409-10, 429-30, 433, 548-9
multilingual dictionaries, 543
multiple modernities, 666-7
Muluk, 604-5
mural paintings, 618, 625
Murasaki Shikibu, 75
Muscovy, 535, 553
music, 81, 129, 138, 182, 193-4, 196, 340, 545,
672
musicians, 197, 290, 345, 593, 602
Muslim conquests, see Islamic conquests.
Muslim faith, see Islam.
Muslim invasions, 72, 81-2
Muslim merchants, 135, 262, 266-7, 297, 393,
550
Muslim rule, 392, 396, 424, 681
Muslim rulers, 32, 136, 331, 392, 406, 408, 432, 563, 681
Muslim scholars, 4, 134, 377
Muslim societies, 72, 406-10
Muslim Spain, 26, 263, 346, 394, 396, 403, 676
Muslim states, 171, 395-6, 404, 561
Muslim traders, 109, 237
Muslim world, 136-7, 262-3, 265, 282-3, 404, 406, 543-5, 551-4
Muslims, 78-9, 141, 275, 292-3, 390-5, 409-10, 431-2, 440-1, 548
Myanmar, 452, 457, 468, 474-6 mystics, 44, 79, 409
women, 79
myth of origin, Inca, 642, 645, 650
Nagapattinam, 306
Nagarjunakonda, 451, 457
Nahray b. Nissim, 263
Nahrwara, 301
Nahuatl, 620
Naiman, 424, 437
Nalanda, 122, 125, 331, 454, 457, 462-4, 467,
678
Naples, 276, 283, 567, 580
Nara, 180, 519
Narasimhavarman II, 306
Narbonne, 261
narrative traditions, 35, 643
narratives, 309, 417, 424, 587, 643, 645 epic, 587 historical, 644 religious, 424
Nasir al-Din, 348
Native Americans, 174
natural environment, 361, 648
natural laws, 46, 322
natural pastures, 359, 363
natural resources, 56, 62-4, 237, 252, 360, 606 natural science, 128, 339, 344-5, 350, 353 Nava Vihara, 345
navigable waterways, 245, 522 navigation, 250, 268-71, 279, 675
navigation, (cont.) coastal, 268, 270, 277
Nawbahar, 345 Needham, Joseph, 340 needles, 319, 597, 625 negotiation, 35, 150, 652, 659 Negroponte, 274, 279 neighbors, 101, 106, 159, 161, 166, 169-70, 336, 519, 554
Neo-Confucianism, 120-1, 214, 220, 486, 500, 522, 530-2 neolocality, 70, 77, 668 Nestorian Christianity, 194, 208, 225, 227, 426-8, 437-8, 441, 444 Netherlands, 47, 273, 281, 494, 497 networks, 236-7, 291, 293, 448, 451, 454, 476-7, 560-1
Buddhist, 462, 473, 672 commercial, 34, 257, 471, 596, 632 of exchange, 465, 654 global, 341, 552 irrigation, 65, 376 maritime, 297, 299, 460, 474, 476, 671 trade, see trade networks.
New Deal, 45, 51 Niane, D.T., 598 Niger, 135, 245, 586, 598, 600, 602, 606
Bend, 589, 596, 602-4, 607 Middle, see Middle Niger.
Upper, 586, 597-8, 607 Nile, 48, 403, 564
Valley, 394, 401 Nineveh, 155, 346, 434 nobility/nobles, 101, 112, 137-8, 196, 201, 211, 218, 621, 651-2 noble savage, 55 nomadic conquests, 31, 52, 376, 379, 381, 673 see also pastoral nomadism, migrations and conquests nomadic invasions, 365, 368, 377 nomadic migrations, 31, 152, 359-60, 362, 364-5, 372, 375-6, 381, 672-3 nomadic realms, 46, 50-2 nomadic rulers, 31, 377, 380-1, 544 nomadic societies, 29-30, 145, 362-3, 489, 669-70, 673 nomadic statehood, 364, 366 nomadic states, 361, 366, 369, 375, 378, 470, 489, 673 nomadic tribes, 366, 437, 471, 476 nomadic warriors, 363, 564 nomadism, 50-2, 57, 373, 375, 488-9 pastoral, see pastoral nomadism.
nomads, 50-2, 146, 148-9, 360-7, 369-81,
437-8, 488
Berber, 394, 596
Oghuz, 369, 373
steppe, 146, 161, 437, 516-17, 530
Turkic, 367-9, 371, 373-4, 377
non-Deistic religions, 208, 339
non-state societies, 611-12
Nordic route, 277-9
Norfolk, 281
Normandy, 161, 283
North Africa, 19, 51, 160, 245, 377-8,
402-3, 416-17, 589-90, 597-8, 600-2
North Caucasus, 368
North China, 166-8, 370-1, 437-8, 455, 488-9,
491, 522-3
North Sea, 243, 257, 261, 276
Northampton, 272
northern Europe, 17, 53, 95, 128, 215, 257, 261, 279, 284, 310
northern India, 72-3, 165, 169, 238-9, 447, 451, 462, 468-9, 543, 545
Northern Song, 65
Northern Wei, 152, 455, 513-16, 521, 530 political legacy, 513-14
Northern Zhou, 524
Northwest India, 82
Notaras, 262, 582
notaries, 188, 265
Novara, 259
Novgorod, 16, 261, 274, 277, 279, 416
Peterhof, 261, 274
Nubia, 135, 267, 394, 427
nuns, 73, 76-7, 79, 122, 124-5, 128, 447, 470
Nuremberg, 261, 284
oars, 268, 270
oases, 244, 403-4, 477, 488
oasis states, 365, 451, 457, 673
oaths, 103, 199
Oaxaca, 610-11, 616, 623, 625
Odantapuri, 468
offerings, 197, 644, 646-8, 661
officials, 101, 104, 106, 118-19, 290, 527, 531,
540, 577
high, 133, 187, 194, 200, 527, 538 literati, 380, 520
Oghuz, 369, 373, 391-2, 399
Ogodei, 379, 440, 539-40
oil, 268, 281, 298, 330, 404, 578
mills, 296
Oljeitu, Il-Khan, 14
Oman, 294, 404
openness, 227, 322, 389 oracles, 646, 660-3 oral contracts, 198
oral traditions, 34, 137, 592, 598-9, 603 importance for West African history, 587-8
oral transmission, 31, 306 Oriental Despotism, 96, 99, 105 Orthodox Christianity, 427, 534, 544 ortoqs, 551-2
Ostrogoths, 427, 484 Ostrom, E., 47, 64
Otto I, 368, 441
Ottomans, 49, 171-2, 229, 271, 318, 484, 506-8, 561, 580-3
conquests, 262, 283, 392, 396 Outer Eurasia, 491
state
empire and religion, 493-4
Outer Mongolia, 370 overgrazing, 51 overland routes, 135, 235, 237, 247, 250, 452,
525, 551-2, 674
overland trade, 247, 378, 381, 673-4 overlordships, 366, 510
owners, 83, 290, 293, 299, 541, 649 ownership, 77, 83, 160, 223, 269, 302, 568, 592 joint family, 90
Oxford, 128-9
pacarinas, 650, 663 Pacaritambo, 642, 645
Pachacamac, 644, 648, 650, 660-3 Pachacuti, 644-53, 656, 660, 662
Pacific, 70, 237, 545, 670, 683
coast, 25, 624-5, 638, 641, 651, 654, 682 pacification, 6, 224 pack animals, 245, 248 Paekche, 459-60, 517-18
Pagan, 125, 305, 474 pagan populations, 390-1 pageantry, 198, 602 painting, 194-5, 321, 330, 467, 545, 656
wall, 196, 444
Pala period, 468-9 Pala Tantric art, 468 palaces, 180-1, 183, 186-8, 190, 197-9, 331, 618, 620, 622, 631
Palaiologoi, 262, 561, 574, 580, 583 Palermo, 347, 349
Palestine, 51, 157, 415-16, 420, 432, 436, 563 pamphyloi, 268, 270 pan-Asianism, 477 panacas, 647, 662
Pannonia, 365-7
Paolino Veneto, 7 papacy, 224, 484, 495-6, 501, 510, 582 papal court, 179-80, 679 paper mills, 26
Parakramabahu I, 474-5 paraphernalia, 454-5, 462, 474
religious, 326, 447, 456, 465 parents, 80, 83, 86, 88 see also fathers;
mothers.
elderly, 90, 677
Pariacaca, 661
Paris, 7, 107, 128, 181, 266, 271-2 parish duties, 444
partners, 86, 88, 244, 263, 265, 301, 551
trading, see trading partners. partnerships, 30, 245, 297, 301, 303, 632
legal, 90
passageways, 30, 233, 239, 250 pastoral nomadism, 241, 359-60, 364, 375
migrations and conquests, 359-81 causes, 360-3 effects, 376-81 Eurasian steppes
semi-deserts and deserts, 363-72 India, 375-6
Near and Middle East and North Africa, 372-5
regional developments, 363-76 pastoralism, 52, 241, 362, 375, 378, 488 pasture farming, 48, 51 pastures, 52-4, 105, 360
natural, 359, 363
unutilized and unclaimed, 360, 673 paternal rights, 82-3, 89 patriarchate, 181, 197, 418, 560-1 patrilocality, 70, 668
patronage, 100, 102, 183, 329, 447, 451, 468, 474, 567, 570
aristocratic, 183, 195 patrons, 12, 72, 133, 138, 163, 192, 194, 353-4 pattana, 292 Patzcuaro, Lake, 50
Pax Chazarica, 368
Pax Mongolica, 8, 247, 329, 348, 680, 683 peace, 88, 149-50, 152, 155, 247, 315, 551 Pearl River, 49
peasants, 49, 53, 62-3, 65-6, 100, 105, 108, 565-6, 568, 575
English, 108, 333 Pechenegs, 368-9
Pegolotti, Francesco Balducci, 267
Pelagonia, 580
Peloponnese, 273, 564, 569, 581 pepper, 239, 251, 262, 264, 301 perfUmes, 574, 597 periodizations, 483, 485, 682, 684 peripheries, 157, 243, 310, 328, 387, 497, 501,
567, 592
Periplus Maris Erythraei, 291-2, 304 Perpignan, 260
persecution, 27, 78, 104, 130, 420, 427-8, 431,
470
Persia, 153-4, 157, 164, 166, 236, 246-7, 432, 560, 564 see also Iran.
Empire, 396-400, 429, 437 northern, 420
Sasanian, 154, 484, 487
warfare, 153-5
Persian Gulf, 24, 238, 250-1, 279, 293, 297,
428, 474, 551, 553
Persian statecraft, 505, 507
Persians, 12-13, 154, 292, 343, 346, 349, 352, 399-401, 438
Peru, 16, 638-9, 643, 650-1, 658, 663
Peruzzi, 259, 266
Peter, St., 418
Peterhof, 261, 274
petitions, 16, 188
Petrus Alfonsi, 342, 350
Philoponus, John, 345
philosophy, 120, 122, 208, 211, 339, 344-6, 348, 351-3, 409
political, 117, 515
Phocaea, 259, 274
physical environment, 309, 334
physical stability, 29, 201
physicians, see doctors.
Piacenzans, 259
Picardy, 281-2
piepowders, 258
piety, 72, 134, 422
Piguerao, 660
Pikillacta, 640-1
pilgrimage sites, 288, 462, 464, 467, 472-3 pilgrimages, 134, 136, 288, 294, 435-6, 442,
462-4, 599-600, 602
pilgrims, 14, 17, 27, 31, 44, 126, 300, 306, 420, 426
pillaging, 149, 571
piracy, 169, 251, 268-9, 291, 331, 564
Pisa, 160, 260, 266, 269, 271, 274, 276,
283, 574
Pisans, 259, 274
plague, 62, 66, 91, 98, 248, 334, 379, 562, 565-6,
674
Planhol, Xavier de, 57
plants, 44, 316, 335-6, 667
new, 316, 683
Plato, 126, 351, 353
ploughs, 45, 54, 109, 111, 311 heavy, 53-4, 313, 315
plundering, 35, 51, 152, 159, 240, 243, 249, 550, 643
pluralism, 214, 222-3, 227, 497
religious, 225, 499, 542
poetry, 15, 75, 87, 118, 193-5, 199, 215, 409, 412 poets, 77, 194-5, 351
court, 193-4
Poitiers, 158, 418
Poland, 5, 162, 419
political alliances, 185, 190, 545
political authority, 190, 296, 455, 471, 474, 532 political elites, 151, 221, 226, 303, 361, 379, 389, 521, 666, 681
political fragmentation, 11, 101, 238, 495, 513, 524, 537, 670, 682
political hierarchies, 100, 108
political ideology, 525, 531, 553
political institutions, 151, 207, 215, 516,
519, 612
political leadership, 504, 530
political orders, 33, 142, 207-8, 217, 219-22, 224-8, 406, 516, 519
political organization, 60, 365, 592, 626 political philosophy, 117, 515
political power, 116, 118, 201, 222, 226, 235, 392, 403, 458, 466
real, 182, 228
vacuum, 670
political practices, 207-8, 220
political stability, 332, 670, 673
political unity, 101, 237, 442, 669
politics, 51, 104, 113, 119, 165, 200, 252, 260, 496, 504
poll taxes, 429, 432
Pollock, Sheldon, 218-19, 224, 435
Polo, Marco, 8, 15, 84, 97, 443, 543, 548, 552,
555
polygamy, 73, 88, 190 polygyny, 71, 76, 84, 676
Poma de Ayala, Guaman, 639, 657, 661 popes, 13, 56, 103, 129, 141, 189, 442-3, 560, 566 see also names of individual popes.
rival, 180
popularity, 466, 471, 473, 475
population
estimates, 19, 98, 181, 244, 248-9, 253, 618-19, 626, 631
growth, 53-4, 91, 522, 525, 617, 620-1, 624, 626, 682
and history, 18-20
pressures, 66, 336
porcelain, 239, 251, 294, 312, 335, 522, 679 ports, 82, 259, 269, 276-7, 294, 452, 574 Portugal, 22, 174, 281, 498
Portuguese, 170, 254, 284, 328 post-Han China, 448
postal courier system, mounted, 540, 673 Postan, Michael M., 53
Postclassic International Style, 624, 633 Postclassic Mesoamerica, see Mesoamerica, Postclassic.
potters, 296, 305, 312, 656
pottery, 16, 293, 595-6; see also ceramics; porcelain
power, 151, 157-8, 179-80, 189-90, 199-201, 490-1, 509-10, 575-8, 605-6, 669-70
balance of, 491, 509, 531, 570
caliphal, 505-6
central, 98, 179, 370, 374, 502, 566, 571, 580, 669
centres, 29, 98, 179, 218, 328, 404, 497, 503, 669, 679
coercive, 63, 211, 217, 229, 361, 631 distribution of, 190, 683 imperial, 180-1, 222, 487, 494, 508, 576 of life, 80, 85 military, 164, 516, 531 political, see political power. social, 151, 314, 328, 496, 500
state, 122, 247, 332, 509, 522, 546, 588, 630 structures, 496, 506-7
Prato, 260, 265
prayers, 44, 132, 197, 199, 434-5, 440, 458
Friday, 389-90, 405, 407-8 pre-Columbian America, 3, 35, 137, 638, 682 preachers, 200, 298, 426, 457, 547 precious metals, 239, 249, 267, 550, 598;
see also gold; silver
prefectures, 95, 562, 565
Prester John, 440
prestige, 73, 132, 157, 250, 484, 519, 541, 551,
561-2
prices, 81, 83, 170, 252, 264, 276, 564, 566, 580, 583
priests, 31, 79, 88-9, 103, 124, 137-40, 418, 424, 437-8, 441 primogeniture, 90, 189-90, 197, 224, 662 princes, 182-4, 186, 190, 192, 197, 199-200, 550, 552
Mongol, 167, 548, 551 princesses, 183-4, 545, 578, 677 printing, 75, 124, 313, 317 woodblock, 14, 26, 124, 314 prisoner's dilemma, 63 prisoners of war, returning, 14, 680 private landowners, 121, 521, 568, 669 private libraries, 136 private trade, 235-6 privileges, 102, 127, 129, 153, 261, 322, 329, 352-3, 542, 546 productivity, 217, 268, 316, 360, 525, 666 professional merchant class, 30, 233, 674 professional soldiers, 153, 569 professionals, 106, 182, 375, 542, 673 profits, 157, 168, 170-1, 174, 236, 246, 264, 290, 551
pronoiai, 171, 577, 581 property, 74, 77, 84, 105, 112, 129, 146, 164, 220, 298
intellectual, 545 landed, 90, 500 personal, 72, 247 private, 575, 621 rights, 105, 112
prophecies, 417, 429, 505, 507 prophets, 54, 190, 237, 342-3, 389, 405, 434, 504, 549
see also Muhammad
prose, 16, 193-4 prostitutes, 87, 199 male, 87
Protestant Christianity, 124 proto-global forces, 670-6 proto-globalization, 35, 665-84 proto-glocal forces, 676-81 proto-glocal tensions, 677-8 proto-glocalization, 35, 665, 668, 680 Provence, 281
Provins, 260, 272 Pseudo-Ptolemy, 353 Ptolemy, 5, 126, 343
Almagest, 347, 349
Geography, 5, 8
public spaces, 217, 221, 228, 406 public worship, 131, 133 publicity, 600, 602 punishments, 182, 184, 407, 433 Purcell, Nicholas, 59, 257, 276 Pure Land Buddhism, 470, 473 pururaucas, 645, 648
Puuc cities, 622, 628
pyramids, 653, 660
Pyrenees, 158-9
pythons, 593-4
qaghans, see khagans.
Qanun, 407-8
Qara Qorum, 537, 539, 551
Qarakhanids, 369-70, 377, 380, 673
Qarluks, 367
Qayrawan, 263
Qing, 221, 485, 510
Qipchaqs, 369, 554
Qu Geping, 66
quadrivium, 129, 339
Quanzhou, 235, 237, 305, 441, 526, 551
Qubilai, 13, 74, 84, 329, 372, 473, 475, 530, 532,
549-50
Quechua, 138, 655
queens, 187-8, 190, 197-8, 605
quipus, see khipus.
Quito, 650-1, 663
Quran, 71, 79, 132, 191, 298, 395, 400, 402,
430, 436
Quraysh, 405-6
Qus, 279, 299
Quseir al-Qadim, 299-300, 302
Rabban Sauma, 443-4
rabbis, 89, 130-1, 141
Rackham, Oliver, 63
Radhanite Jews, 237, 263, 276
rafts, 25, 291
Ragusa, 67, 269, 276
Ragusans, 270, 275
raiding, 147-9, 152, 163, 166, 245, 361-2,
369-70, 374, 564, 571
rainfall, 403-4, 594, 627
rainfed agriculture, 46, 48
combined with animal husbandry, 52-5 rakkad, 263
ranks, 29, 73, 94, 97, 165, 183-4, 186, 299, 569,
572
Rapondi, Dino, 260
Rashid al-Din, 12-15, 22, 27, 348, 543, 680
Ravenna, 180, 418, 566
Ravensburg, 261, 266, 283
raw materials, 30, 245, 268, 282, 524, 684 rebellions, 11, 151, 157, 366, 521, 575-6, 578, 657, 661
rebels, 108, 154, 159, 167, 199, 237, 661 reconquests, 562, 569, 571, 575
recruitment, 29, 121, 145, 316, 335, 354, 362, 525, 542, 579
rectangular sails, 268, 271
Red Sea, 238, 251, 263, 271, 275, 279, 299-300, 302, 551, 574
reformers, 124, 432, 527
agrarian, 52-3
statist, 499
reforms, 31, 191, 220, 337, 473, 497, 527, 541, 565, 604
Gregorian, 579
social, 109, 531
refugees, 489, 542
regents, 72, 184
regional elites, 164, 641
regional integration, 35, 667, 682
regional lords, 654, 656, 661-2
regional specialization, 236, 523
regional states, 70, 406, 502, 524 centralized, 33
regional trade networks, 24
relatives, 71, 259, 430, 527, 540
male, 24, 190
relic cult, 450, 475
relics, 198, 442, 450, 456, 460, 471, 473-5, 560 Buddhist, 455, 475
religions, 138-42, 355-6, 401-2, 421-2, 429-32, 504, 546, 549, 669-71
Axial Age, 208, 211
Buddhist, see Buddhism.
Christian, see Christianity.
Eurasia, 103-4
Inca, 648, 660, 682
Iranian, 208, 225
Islam, see Islam.
Judaism, see Judaism.
Muslim, see Islam.
new, 113, 132, 394, 400, 402, 433, 675 non-deistic, 208, 339 and science, 356
state, 141, 416, 631, 682
universal, 79, 501, 670
and women, 79-80
world, 32, 117, 140, 142, 207, 209-10, 386, 390-1, 546-7 religious affiliations, 30, 293, 303 religious authority, 138, 156, 504, 506 religious ceremonies, 137, 185, 198, 457 religious conversion, see conversion. religious cultures, 33, 483, 496, 503 religious customs, 103, 669 religious duties, 132, 156
religious ecumenes, 24, 26, 207
religious elites, 207, 217, 221
religious exchange, Mongol Empire, 546-50 religious hierarchies, 34, 103, 562 religious institutions, 103, 299, 329, 519, 532, 670, 683
religious knowledge, 28, 117, 134, 140-1, 678 religious law, 71, 86, 88, 130, 676 religious leaders, 156, 331
religious life, 130, 200, 421 religious narratives, 424 religious paraphernalia, 326, 447, 456, 465 religious-philosophical approach, 55-6 religious pluralism, 225, 499, 542 religious rituals, 47, 103, 422, 472-3 religious scholars, 395, 404, 548 religious specialists, 124, 646 religious traditions, 399, 407, 409, 547 religious unity, 560
rents, 33, 95, 98, 100, 105, 108, 129, 669 resettlements, 657-8 residential colleges, 122, 129 resilience, 46, 59, 61, 89, 500 resistance, 108, 156-7, 328, 370, 399-400, 402, 566, 570, 581
resource extraction, 490, 550
resources, 159, 161, 163, 387, 490-1, 539, 550-1, 641-2, 654
educational, 122, 124, 126 financial, 329, 563, 575, 580 fiscal, 398, 565 material, 362, 542
natural, 56, 62-4, 237, 252, 360, 606 restorations, 6, 119, 500, 520, 524, 532, 539, 570, 578 retail trade, 272 retainers, 182, 542, 647, 654 retinues, 287, 551 returning prisoners of war, 14, 680 revenues, 290, 295, 522, 524, 526, 528, 530, 551-2, 577
land, 262, 519
tax, 47, 122, 157, 167, 570
revolts, see rebellions.
rhetoric, 63, 129, 320, 322, 332
Rhineland, 196, 258
Rhodes, 276, 279
rice, 46, 197, 241, 314, 329, 595
Richards, John F., 59
rihla, 134, 141
rites, 182, 196-7, 546
ritual items, 23, 32, 476
rituals, 100, 103, 196-8, 201, 319, 321, 422, 515,
519
Buddhist, 472-3
court, 197, 395, 421
religious, 47, 103, 422, 472-3 rival popes, 180 rivalry, 88, 104, 270, 468, 497, 501-2, 524, 594,
651 roads, 27, 35, 235, 290, 443, 538, 540, 644,
648-50
Roger II of Sicily, 5, 195
Roman armies, 154, 158
Roman Empire, 126, 242, 416, 418, 433, 483,
487, 559-62
see also Byzantium.
Western, 152, 416
Roman law, 82-3, 158, 493
Roman traditions, 34, 180, 195, 562
Rome, 11, 15, 98, 153, 158, 180, 418-19, 560-3,
572
Rouen, 277 round ships, 268, 270-1 routes, 237-8, 269, 271-3, 276-9, 451, 589-90,
674
maritime, 30, 247, 250, 274, 277, 452, 455,
551-2, 674-5
Nordic, 277-9 overland, 135, 235, 237, 247, 250, 452, 525,
551-2, 674
spice, 274, 277, 279 royal clans, 182-3, 366 royal conversions, 547-9 royal courts, 182, 186, 188, 191, 195-6, 200, 551,
602 rudders, 250, 271, 675 rugs, 545, 679 rulers, local, 169-70, 303, 475, 502, 606 ruling classes, 95, 221, 253, 370, 374, 379, 547 ruling elites, 378, 520, 545 ruling powers and technological
innovations, 330-4 rural markets, 271-2 ruralization, 34, 561, 610, 618 Rus', 12, 224, 243, 369, 416, 419, 426, 440, 508 Russia, 22, 263, 276, 381, 469, 508, 554, 560 river system, 236, 247, 674
Russian principalities, 281-2, 365, 371, 535
sacraments, 418-19, 422, 435 sacred landscapes, 33, 477 sacred markers, 642, 645
Sacred Rock, 645-6, 657, 660 Sacred Valley, 642-3, 654, 657 sacrifices, 111, 579, 594 Sacsayhuaman, 647 Safavids, 171, 229, 484
Sahara, 20, 135-6, 394-5, 590-1, 595-8, 600,
602-4, 606 southern, 244, 589, 596 southwestern, 136, 607 trans-Saharan trade, 34, 245, 250, 586,
589-90, 595, 598, 600, 602, 607 western, 136, 394, 595, 606
Sahel, 170, 394-5, 589-90, 593-4, 596 sailors, 31, 169, 269, 271, 292 sails, 268, 270
lateen, 268, 270-1 rectangular, 268, 271
St Augustine, 57, 417, 419
St Benedict, 126
St Demetrius, 273, 574
Saint-Ives, 272
St Peter, 418
St Thomas Aquinas, 129
St Thomas the Apostle, 418
St Vitale, 418
saints, 32, 77, 79, 197-8, 422 Saladin, 17, 133, 162, 275 salaries, 132, 408, 562, 570 salinization, soil, 48 salt, 268, 270, 273, 277, 281, 287, 291, 524-5, 595 salt, Bourgneuf, 277, 281 salt trade, 266, 590, 603 salvation, 44, 155, 420, 433, 571
Samaipata, 659 Samanids, 370
Samarkand, 14, 26, 52, 242-3, 246,
248, 437
same sex relations, 87-8 Samguk sagi, 458 sandals, 595, 656-7 sangha, 124
Sanhaja, 590, 595-6, 602 Sanskrit, 125, 194, 215, 290, 292, 297-8, 345-6,
452, 458, 465
Sanskrit-based cultural world, 218, 228 Sasanians, 154-5, 163, 207, 213, 416, 419, 427-8,
484, 487
Saurashtra, 294-5
Saxon merchants, 258, 276 Sayf al-Dawla, 354, 571 scale models, 320, 323
Scandinavia, 89, 243, 276-7, 282 Scandinavians, 222, 243, 261, 276, 279
Scania, 277, 279, 281
Scarsella, 267 scholars, 126-7, 136, 194, 321-2, 347-9, 406-9, 457-8, 619-20, 623
Chinese, see literati.
European, 126, 142, 320, 322, 436 Jewish, 27, 347 Muslim, 4, 134, 377 religious, 395, 404, 548 scholasticism, 129, 350, 680 schools, 91, 116-17, 119-21, 132-3, 136-8, 225, 428, 448
cathedral, 126, 128-9, 131, 141, 350 Confucian, 121-2, 140 monastic, 117, 122-3, 126, 131
science, 195, 339, 341-3, 346, 348, 351, 353, 400, 409, 419
Arabic, 341, 353, 356 diffusion from one source or independent discoveries, 339-42 legends about diffusion, 342-4 methods of transmitting, 348-51 modern, 62, 340 natural, 128, 339, 344-5, 350, 353 politics of communicating, 351-3 and religion, 356 social, 210, 217, 228 transformation of, 356 transmission of, 31, 344, 355-6 with whom should it be shared, 353-5 scientific knowledge, 31, 342, 351, 432, 680 hubs, 344-8
scientists, 194, 343, 354, 544, 548 Scotland, 416 Scott, James C., 61 Scotto, Alberto, 259 scriptural exegesis, 124, 292 scriptures, 122, 124, 402, 409, 418, 438 sculptures, 109, 194, 323, 456, 458 sea routes, see maritime routes. sea trade, see maritime trade. seafaring communities, 30, 291, 306 seasons, 44, 193, 196, 269, 407, 552 seaworthiness, 250-1, 675 secretariats, 182, 515, 520, 522, 539 mobile, 539, 541, 673
security, 246, 272, 275, 277, 378, 424, 435, 550 sedentary countries, 360, 362-3, 369, 371, 376, 380
sedentary cultures, 50-1 sedentary populations, 363-4, 366, 369-70, 375, 379, 538, 596
sedentary societies, 33, 361, 364, 376, 380, 490 sedentary world, 360-1, 376, 491, 551 self-cultivation, 119 self-government, 222, 495 self-images, 29, 212
Seljuks, 164, 371, 373-5, 440
conquests, 373, 377
semen, 85 semi-deserts, 31, 360, 363
Semirechie, 367
Senegal River Valley, 590, 605 serfs, 95, 107
sermons, 299, 303 servants, 81-2, 94, 97, 110, 113, 188, 191, 303-4 settled communities, 428, 590
Seville, 276-7, 342, 351, 639 sewn boats, 291-2 sexual excess, 88 sexual pleasure, 85 sexual practices, 84-6, 89 sexuality, 28, 70, 80, 84-9, 422
Sharfa law, 71, 89-90, 676, 683
Shingon, 465, 473 ship-owners, 238, 262, 264, 290, 292, 297, 301 shipbuilding, 65, 291, 329, 522 shippers, 299, 301, 304
ships, 248, 250-1, 254, 257, 268-71, 297, 300, 302, 675
Chinese, 251, 293 crews, 160, 174, 251, 268 galley, 268-70, 282 round, 268, 270-1
treasure, 174, 251 shipyards, 251, 259, 328 shoemakers, 81, 296 shoes, 75, 78, 311 shops, 133, 272, 288, 298, 572 Shotoku, Prince, 461, 518 shrines, 181, 297, 420, 426, 476, 515, 648, 657,
660-1
Siberia, 510, 535, 540, 551
East, 377, 673
Sichuan, 241, 521, 525
Sicily, 5, 263, 271, 276, 281-3, 347, 349, 563, 566-7
sieges, 159, 161, 166, 172-3, 565, 583-4
Siena, 79, 426
Sii, 603
Sijilmasa, 590, 597
silk, 82, 147, 186, 251, 262, 281, 301, 329-30, 568, 572
Chinese, 239, 378
Mongolian, 274, 277
Spanish, 263
Silk Roads, 97-8, 235-6, 247-8, 250, 345, 348, 437-8, 673-4
Great, 366, 378
Silla, 119, 459, 464, 472, 517-18, 671, 677 silver, 239, 243-4, 267, 524-5, 552, 646, 648, 679
coins, 243, 290, 296 uncoined, 524, 552
Sindh, 288, 348, 389, 392, 396, 402-3, 485, 680
Sino-centric cartography, 2
sins, 85, 87, 223, 433, 515, 646
Siraf, 293
sisters, 74, 578, 598, 642, 662
skills, 136-8, 140, 189, 191, 193, 224, 316, 323, 329, 538-9
skins, 73, 236, 245, 263 slave-eunuch generals, 164 slave-markets, 163 slave-raiding, 29, 170 slave-soldiers, 164, 171
slave trade, 170, 258, 283, 303, 552 slavery, 21, 107, 283, 329 domestic, 28, 80, 83 and gender, 80-4
slaves, 81-3, 109-10, 174, 237, 243, 245, 303-4, 393, 594
domestic, 81-2, 84, 443 female, 81-3, 304-5, 602 freed, 304, 597
Indian, 82, 303
male, 81
manumission, 81, 83, 304
Slavs, 12, 82, 243, 273, 347, 513, 564, 570 small polities, 101, 625-6, 634, 669, 682 smallpox, 66 soap, 273, 283
social hierarchies, 28, 75, 98, 103, 109, 420, 531,
553
social interactions, 94, 217
social life, 488, 499, 530, 667, 678
social mobility, 101, 107, 118
social norms, 103, 545, 677, 683
social order, 88, 217, 223-4, 381, 406, 642-3
social power, 151, 314, 328, 496, 500
social reforms, 109, 531
social science, 210, 217, 228
social status, 116, 118, 120, 138, 326, 330, 604
social stratification, 15, 361, 404, 489 sociology, 210, 340, 668
sodomy, 86
Sogdians, 242, 366, 452, 520
Sogolon Conde, 598, 600
soil erosion, 45, 50, 58, 60, 614 soils, 45, 47-8, 53-4, 260, 336, 376, 622 barren, 54 heavy, 53, 55, 336 salinization, 48
soldiers, 149-50, 152-3, 157-8, 163-5, 167, 538,
547, 570-1
professional, 153, 569 slave-soldiers, 164, 171
solidarity, 28, 88, 568, 669 and hierarchies, 94-113 within polities in Eurasia, 101-3
Somnath, 288-9, 294, 297-8
Song, 118, 166-7, 213-14, 235-6, 312-14, 324-6, 354, 470-2, 499-500, 524-6, 530-1 court, 471, 528-9 new policies of Wang Anshi, 527-8 Northern, 65 prosperity and crisis under, 524-6 Southern, see Southern Song. Yingzao fashi, 324-6
Songdetsen
Tri, 466-7
Songhay, 34, 348, 487, 586, 592, 594, 600, 603-4, 606-7
Soninke, 586, 590, 592-7, 599
ancestors, 590, 593
sons, 90, 138, 189-90, 299-300, 304, 538, 576, 580-1, 599, 662
Sonyi, see Sii.
Sopara, 288, 294
Sorbonne, 129
Soso, 598-9, 606
soul, 85, 200, 353, 549
South Asia, 80, 122-3, 215, 447-8, 451, 454, 458, 460-5, 468
Buddhism and educational institutions,
122-3
South China, 217, 220, 246-7, 393, 514, 522-3, 539, 551
South China Sea, 241, 251, 474 southeastern Europe, 387, 392, 484 Southeast Asia, 125-6, 239-40, 250-1, 454-8,
462, 474-6, 501-3, 674, 677-8
Buddhism and educational institutions, 125-6
maritime, 454-5, 457-8, 474, 476 state formation and empire building, 501-4
Southern Han, 524
southern India, 108, 169-70, 240, 250, 305, 429, 451, 474, 548, 675
Southern Song, 119, 220, 235, 528, 530 localist turn, 528-30
Souyri, Pierre Franςois, 211
sovereigns, 200, 262, 502, 519, 560-1, 567, 572, 577-9, 584
universal, 250-1, 570 western, 568, 572, 578
sovereignty, 426, 495, 499, 683 imperial, 33, 508, 530
Spain, 77, 154, 157-8, 192, 283, 347, 396, 402-3, 406
Muslim, 26, 263, 346, 394, 396, 403, 676 southern, 590, 606
Spaniards, 347, 623, 639, 643 Spanish conquerors, 16, 487, 612 Spanish conquest, 613-14, 618, 620, 622, 625-6, 632-3
Spanish invaders, 111, 638, 649, 662
Spanish silk, 263
spears, 146, 156, 158, 162, 319 specialists, 132, 426, 545, 656, 673 religious, 124, 646
specialization, regional, 236, 523 spice routes, 274, 277, 279 spices, 239-41, 258, 262-4, 273, 281-4, 312, 378 spiritual leaders, 546
Sri Lanka, 5, 125, 239, 251, 450, 452, 464-5, 474-6, 672
Srivijaya, 240-1, 306, 463, 503 stability, 239, 525, 532, 561-2, 626 physical, 29, 201 political, 332, 670, 673 stagnation, 34, 68, 233, 610 Stamford, 272
standing armies, 83, 514, 520, 523, 526, 531 stars, 21, 353, 356, 645, 649
state formation, 33, 471, 486, 488-90, 493-5, 497-8, 501, 503-4
in China
Sui through Song, 513-32 and empire building, 483-510 Mesoamerica in Postclassic Period, 610-35 processes, 483, 494
state power, 122, 247, 332, 509, 522, 546, 588, 630
state religions, 141, 416, 631, 682 statecraft, 317, 477, 516-18, 531, 553
Confucian, 516, 530
Mongol, 553
Persian, 505, 507
statehood, 33, 369-70, 497, 502, 506, 509 nomadic, 364, 366
statist reformers, 499
status, 28, 30, 72, 74, 98-100, 117, 185-6, 670 high, 99, 101, 130, 545, 669, 677
social, 116, 118, 120, 138, 326, 330, 604 steppe-based states, 523-4, 526, 532 steppe nomads, 146, 161, 437, 516-17, 530 Steppe Road, 247-8, 250, 674, 676 steppes, 51-2, 145, 147, 364-5, 369, 371, 437, 537-8, 550-1, 553-5
eastern, 159, 513, 516
Eurasian, 31, 145, 360, 362-3, 365-7, 371-4, 380, 389
western, 390, 493, 537
Steps to an Ecology of the Mind, 47 stereotypes, 96, 112 stirrups, 159, 161, 514
stone, 16-17, 174, 194, 297, 320, 642, 645, 648-9 black, 289, 468
stone-throwing engines, 150 storehouses, 10, 656, 658 strategoi, 566-7, 569 strategy, 29, 145, 154, 162, 172, 191, 441, 488, 491, 493
stratification, social, 15, 361, 404, 489 stringed instruments, 193, 602 students, 118-19, 121-3, 127-9, 132-6, 138, 141, 353-4
styles
architectural, 601, 620, 642
art, 34, 416, 458, 619, 623-4, 633 Su Song, 324, 333 sub-Saharan Africa, 5, 25, 70-1, 109, 117, 142, 174, 267, 387
submission, 156, 159, 169, 361, 429, 516, 653 subordination of women, 71, 80, 676-7 subsidies, 361, 366, 370, 404
successions, 34, 189-90, 417, 498, 504, 562, 566, 602, 604-5
successor states, 365, 486, 490, 492, 541 successors, 133, 166, 180, 213, 218, 371-2, 379, 514, 516, 662
designated, 190, 662 Sudan, 378, 597
northern, 394
western, see western Sudan.
Sufism, 72, 132-3, 409, 432, 547 sugar, 238, 522, 597
Sui, 24, 33, 152, 208, 366, 513-14, 516, 518, 523 court, 461, 516, 518
Sui-Tang, 513-14, 516, 519, 530-1 reunification, 514-16
Sumatra, 32, 240-1, 251, 305, 448, 458, 467-8, 548
Sumerians, 48
Sun, 80, 140, 355, 638, 651, 655, 660
and Inca, 645-50, 660, 682
Sunjata, 586, 588, 598-600
Sunni Islam, 133, 374, 405 supplies, 81, 150, 157, 159, 233, 254, 274-5, 300, 594
food, 54, 162, 281, 614
suq, 272
surpluses, 258, 271, 298, 570-1, 611, 641 Susruta, 86, 346
sustainability, 28, 59, 62-4, 588 long-term, 589, 607
sustainable agricultural economy, 48-9 sustainable forestry, 62-3 sutras, 122, 124, 453
Jesus, 438
suyos, 638, 643-4, 648 suzerainty, 169, 506, 517 Sweden, 273, 282
Switzerland, 424, 497 swords, 86, 154, 156, 434, 594 symbiosis, 63-4, 489 symbols, 10, 45, 239, 339, 432, 460, 679 common, 34, 633
syntheses, 45, 52, 119, 129, 223, 492, 510 Syri, 258
Syria, 154, 156-7, 165, 248, 253, 267, 269, 415-16, 562-3
armies, 162, 564 northern, 248, 377, 436, 567, 575
Syria-Palestine, 274, 281
Syriac, 346, 417-18, 424, 427, 429, 432, 435, 438, 571
Syriac Orthodox Church, 427, 560
Syrians, 262, 343, 347, 436
system of empire, 665-7
Tabriz, 14, 348, 352, 552, 554
tactics, 29, 145, 156, 160-1, 165, 172, 319 Taghbac, 514-15
tagmata, 164, 569
Tahuantinsuyu, 639, 643, 650, 654-5, 657-9, 661-3
Tai, 125, 503
Taizong, 516, 520
Takrur, 586, 605
Talas River, 153, 371
Tale of Genji, 75, 193
Talmud, 130
tambos, 644, 658
Tamerlane, see Timur.
Tamil, inscriptions, 73, 305
Tana, 281, 302, 552
Tang, 119-20, 152-3, 157-8, 462-4, 499, 516, 518, 520-3, 677
Tang, (cont.)
court, 438, 462, 467, 520-1
decline, 519-21
early, 152, 521
late, 312, 523, 525 rulers, 118, 153, 465, 516, 518
Tangier, 543, 599
Tanguts, 371, 471, 554
Tantric Buddhism, 438, 464-5, 468-9
Tantric practices, 86, 464
Taoism, 339, 438
tapestries, 545, 679
Taqui Onqoy, 663
Tarascan Empire, 34, 628
Tarsus, 564, 571
Tashkent, 153, 242
tastes, 31, 192, 197, 312, 333, 444, 545, 549
Tatar dress, 545, 679
Tatars, 391, 544, 554
tax revenues, 47, 122, 157, 167, 570
taxes, 98,100, 275, 290, 296, 540, 550-2, 563-4, 568-9
administration, 561, 570, 575, 577 commercial, 522, 525, 540 direct, 522, 531
indirect, 522, 524-5, 531
poll, 429, 432
Taxila, 451-2
tea, 522, 524-5, 597
teachers, 122, 127, 130-2, 134-6, 141, 408, 419, 462, 650
technical expertise, 318, 323, 329, 333 technical instruction, 320, 322, 326 technical knowledge, 31, 317, 320, 337 technological change, 312, 328, 332, 335-6 technological developments, 311-13, 318, 320, 337, 592
technological exchange, 328-9 technological innovations, and ruling powers, 330-4
technological knowledge, 312, 315, 337, 672, 680
technologies, 30-2, 35, 171, 174, 671, 673, 680,
682
building, 313, 328 discourses of technology, 318-20 and environmental factors, 334-6 and innovation, 309-37 maritime, 250, 675
new, 112, 253, 680, 683
scholarship on, 310-13
telpochcaUi, 138
temple-pyramids, 620, 631, 682
temples, 97, 99, 103-4, 123, 138, 140, 288-90, 294-5, 651, 654
Buddhist, 121, 124, 181, 306, 455, 460 temporality, 206, 209 temptations, 79, 113, 185 Tenayuca, 621, 628 Tendai school, 473 Tengri, 537, 546-7 tenno, 518-19
Tenochtitlan, 138, 613, 621-2, 630-2 Teotenango, 618
Teotihuacan, 610, 615-19, 626-8, 630-1, 633, 682
terrace farming, 47, 49-50 terracing, 110-11, 621 Texcoco, 622 textiles, 75, 78, 241, 245, 259, 282, 301, 311, 524, 597
Thailand, 452, 457, 474-5
Gulf of, 251 thematic armies, 571-2 Theodore I Lascaris, 579 Theodore II Lascaris, 579 theology, 104, 128-9, 132, 194, 345, 428, 543 Theophanes the Confessor, 11 Theophilus of Edessa, 432 Theotokos, 416, 418, 428, 444 Theravada Buddhism, 125, 475, 486, 504, 672 Thessalonica, 273, 574, 581-3 Thirsk, Joan, 53 Thomas the Apostle, St., 418 Thourout, 272 Thrace, 281, 421, 565 three-field system, 45, 52 three-realms model, 46 Tiahuanaco, 487, 640-1, 645, 649, 654, 663 Tibet, 5, 13, 100, 122, 348, 355, 465-9, 531, 534, 540
Tibetan Buddhism, 469, 473, 546, 549-50 Tibetan Empire, 98, 467, 488, 499 Tigris, 346, 403, 428
Tikal, 60 timber, 55, 63, 524 Timbuktu, 136-7, 348, 596, 598, 600-4, 607 chronicles, 603-4
‘ulama, 137
Timur, 24, 52, 247, 372, 493, 535, 582 tin, 275, 277, 282, 302
Titicaca, Lake, 638, 640, 645, 653, 657-8, 660 titles, 184-6, 405, 408, 562, 567, 570, 577, 579, 645
Toghrul, 374 Tokharistan, 345
Tokugawa regime, 222, 485
Toledo, 12, 343, 347, 352, 418 toleration, 225, 430, 440 tolls, 98, 100, 669
Toltecs, 619-20 Tomebamba, 651 tones, 193, 432, 604 tools, 31, 302, 311, 321, 336, 543, 626
iron, 34, 595
Torah, 130-1, 346
Totman, Conrad, 63
Tours, 158, 282, 368, 418
Toynbee, Arnold, 60 trace Italienne fortresses, 174 trade, see commerce.
trade mediation, 361 trade networks, 24-5, 283, 288, 290, 294,
451-2, 671, 675-6
European and Mediterranean,
257-84
expansion, 35, 671 regional, 24
trans-regional, 207, 676 traders, see merchants. trading centers, 34, 258, 299, 590, 603
on Red Sea, 299-305 trading communities, 287, 451
local, 287, 290-9, 451 trading partners, 273
across Indian Ocean, 287-306 traditions, 117, 189-92, 214, 333-4, 355, 399,
408, 469
Byzantine, 195, 271
court, 35, 179-80
Hindu, 215, 680
literary, 32, 199, 411, 519 local, 410, 430, 444, 671, 678-9
oral, 34, 137, 587, 592, 598-9, 603 religious, 399, 407, 409, 547
Roman, 34, 180, 195, 562 training, 122, 126, 130-1, 137, 140-1, 217, 224, 362-3
military, 138, 149, 362 trans-regional reorientations, 206-29
age of, 225-9
Axial legacies, 207-8 conditions and causes, 216-18 and contexts of change, 213-16 and cultural crystallizations, 208-12 diverging patterns and pathways of transformation, 218-25 trans-Saharan trade, 34, 245, 250, 586, 589-90,
595, 598, 600, 602, 607
Transcaucasia, 243, 371, 374 transit trade, 236, 239, 244, 390 translations, 26-7, 96, 343, 345, 347, 349-51, 356, 453, 680 translators, 21, 356, 472 transmission
of knowledge, 26, 28, 117, 134, 329, 354
of learning, 116, 135, 141-2, 678 oral, 31, 306
processes, 310, 328-30, 681 of science and philosophy, 339-56 Transoxania, 157, 164, 247, 389, 396, 401, 403, 440
transport, 242, 244-5, 268, 270, 291, 293, 313, 318, 324
trans-shipment, 240, 279 travelers, 8, 14, 84, 137, 440, 680, 683 travelogues, 442-3
treasure, 155, 160, 277, 595, 653 treasure fleets, 169, 250 treasure ships, 174, 251 treasuries, 152, 184, 188, 354, 561 treaties, 274-5, 303, 429, 525, 574 treatises, 99, 104, 106, 321, 409, 569 Trebizond, 74, 273, 276-7, 565, 580, 583 trees, 22, 44, 50, 60, 444, 593 Tri Songdetsen, 466-7 tribal cavalry, 153 tribal groupings, 489-90, 507 tribes, 110, 145, 332, 366, 402, 404, 406, 489-90, 538
Arab, 394, 400, 402, 405
nomadic, 366, 437, 471, 476 tributary states, 162, 596 tribute, 101, 110-11, 166, 169, 236, 365-6, 368, 370, 656 tribute trade, 235, 250 Tripoli, 2, 271, 274, 301, 597 Troyes, 260, 272 Tuareg, 136, 602
Tula, 616, 619-20, 623, 628, 631
Tunis, 271, 421, 599 Tunisia, 263, 301, 396, 401
west of, 402-3
Tupa Yupanqui, 646-7, 650, 653, 657, 659-62 Turco-Mongols, 375, 469
Turkestan, 3, 539-40, 542
eastern, 367, 371
western, 489
Turkic Empire, 486, 490
Turkic khaqanates, 365-6 Turkic languages, 31, 368, 377-8, 673 Turkic nomads, 367-9, 371, 373-4, 377
Turkic origins, 366, 499, 507
Turks, 242, 365, 367, 375, 391, 400, 537, 559, 576
Islamic civilization, 391-3
Tuscany, 266, 347
tutors, 128, 346
Tyre, 84, 130
Tzetzes, 574
Uighurs, 13, 242, 367, 489, 491, 537, 542, 550-1,
554
ulama, 132, 141, 380
Timbuktu, 137
Umayyads, 100, 157-8, 162, 166, 200, 402, 411, 430, 565
Unani medicine, 355, 680
unbelievers, 156, 406, 507
unity, 101, 168, 237, 354, 385, 406, 594, 678 political, 101, 237, 442, 669 religious, 560
universal religions, 79, 501, 670
universities, 79, 116, 126-9, 142, 223,
350
Buddhist, 122
and Christianity, 126-9
European, 117, 126-9, 135, 141, 223, 350 unwritten customary law, 104, 669 upper Cuzco, 642, 647
Upper Niger, 586, 597-8, 607
urban centers, 451-2, 468, 587-8, 606, 618-19,
623, 625 see also cities
urban civilizations, 361, 611
urban elites, 133, 160, 222, 226, 604
urban growth, 281, 450, 499, 522
urban life, 216, 377, 450
urban markets, 271-2
urban planning, 318, 631, 649
urban population, 259, 361, 614, 631
urban societies, 103, 361, 489, 616, 622 urbanization, 253, 316, 334-5, 452, 592, 616,
624, 630, 666
usurpation, 190, 515, 520, 651 usurpers, 500, 578, 600 Uyghurs, see Uighurs.
Vadrapalli, 295
Vajrabodhi, 462, 464-6
Valabhi, 288, 294-5
Valarapattanam, 302
Valencia, 81, 260, 269, 276, 281, 283
Vandals, 153, 427
vaniggrama, 295
vassalage, 95, 369
ceremony, 198
vassals, 95, 146, 186, 191, 198, 365, 367, 371
Veckinchusen brothers, 261
Vedas, 122
Venetians, 258, 274, 282, 443, 578, 583
Venice, 268-9, 271, 273-4, 276, 279-83, 347, 574, 578
vernaculars, 22, 196, 215, 224, 378, 400, 422,
519
Vienna, 171, 261
Vietnam, 3, 117-18, 167, 251, 470, 476, 501, 503, 517, 531
Confucianism and educational
institutions, 121
viharas, 350
Vijayabahu I, 474
Vijayangaran empire, 169
Vikramasila Monastery, 467-9 village communities, 531, 587, 654 villages, 95, 100, 105-6, 424, 431, 434, 587, 590, 641, 647
Vinaque, 640
violence, 190, 200, 224, 431, 493, 520, 539, 581
Viracocha, 644, 647, 650
virginity, 85-7
virgins, 87, 140, 356, 438, 594
Visby, 261, 274
Visnusena, charter of, 295-6 visual representations, 319-20, 549
Vitale, St., 418
Vivas de Provenςals, 260
viziers, 12-13, 133, 187, 348
Volga, 277, 385, 389-91, 548
Volga, Middle, 243, 368, 377, 673
Volga Bulgaria, 365, 371 voyages of discovery, 313, 317, 341
Wagadu/Ghana, 34, 586, 590-7, 600, 605-7 Walata, 136, 596, 600-2
wall painting, 196, 444 walled cities, 162, 166, 623
Wang Anshi, 527-9, 531
Wang Dayuan, 15, 680 waqf, 133, 137, 298 warhorses, 245, 524 warehouses, 262, 300 warfare, 80-1, 138, 145-74, 269-70, 315, 651-2
Africa
Atlantic and slave trade, 170-1
Arab explosion, 155-8
China, 152-3
Europe's military revolutions, 171-4 Franks, 158-62
horsemen, footmen, and empires, 149-71
Mamluks and Mongols, 162-6
Persia and Byzantium, 153-5 steppes and agro urban empires,
145-9
Wari see Huari (Wari) warriors, 52, 120, 137, 140, 158-9, 163-4, 167, 303, 362
mounted, 65, 363 nomadic, 363, 564
women, 89
water, 44, 48, 61, 66, 311, 316, 333, 335, 593-4 management, 47, 318 mills, 67, 315 shortages, 335-6
water-lifting devices, 314, 321
waterways, 271, 303, 331
navigable, 245, 522
Watson, Andrew M., 48
wax, 243, 277
way stations, 35, 644, 658
wealth, 77, 83, 89-91, 97, 151, 164-5, 174, 295,
531
weapons, 34, 149, 167, 170, 172, 174, 243, 259, 270, 282; see also individual weapon types
weavers, 275, 296, 305, 656
weaving, 140, 314-15, 317, 321, 650
Weber, Max, 44, 53, 100, 210
Weberian bureaucracy, 111
Wei, Northern, see Northern Wei.
West Africa, 135-6, 244-5, 394-5, 487, 587-8, 590-2, 597-8
West Asia, 11, 166, 424, 435, 443, 492, 670
West Bengal, 458
Western astronomy, 349, 355
Western Christendom, 26, 214-15, 219, 223-4, 494-8, 501-2, 507, 510 state formation and empire building, 494-8
Western courts, 188, 190, 195, 200 western Europe, 26, 160-1, 179-80, 182, 214-15, 220, 222, 226
Western Sudan, 34, 586, 589, 595, 599, 601, 603, 606-7
cities and trade as a basis of state power, 588-90
early polities, 586-607
Gao, 34, 136, 348, 586, 596, 600, 602-5, 607 importance of oral tradition for West African history, 587-8
Mali Empire, 34, 586, 590, 597-602, 604, 606-7
Wagadu/Ghana, 34, 586, 590-7, 600, 605-7 wet-rice agriculture, 49-50, 518, 525 wheat, 46, 48, 66, 253, 262, 272-4 wheel-turning king, 530, 532 White, Lynn, Jr., 54, 56-7 White Horse Monastery, 453 widows, 75, 77-8, 656, 677 Wilhelmy, Herbert, 60
William of Rubruck, 21, 73, 424, 441, 444 William of Tyre, 12
William I of Sicily, 349 Winchester, 78, 272
wine, 242-3, 260, 268, 273-4, 277, 281, 296, 436 Bordeaux, 281
maize, 647
Wink, Andre, 288 wisdom, 339, 343-4, 354, 356 Wittfogel, Karl August, 47 wives, 71-2, 74, 84, 87, 192, 676 women, 70-80, 83-6, 88-9, 131, 134, 183-4, 188-9, 676-7
Central and East Asia, 73-6
Europe, 76-9
Islamic world and South Asia, 71-3 Jewish, 78, 89, 131
Kashmir, 73 mystics, 79 and religion, 79-80 sequestration, 71, 79, 89 single, 73, 77 subordination, 71, 80, 676-7 women warriors, 89 wood, 17, 60, 65, 162, 174, 237, 262, 275, 277, 282
woodblock printing, 14, 26, 124, 314 wool, 260, 262, 266, 268, 272, 275, 277, 282 Wool Staple of Calais, 262, 275, 277 woolen cloth, 259, 262, 266, 272-3, 282-3 world domination, 494, 510 world maps, 1-2, 5-10, 14, 680 world religions, 32, 117, 140, 142, 207, 209-10, 386, 390-1, 546-7
worship, 132, 419, 432, 440, 442, 546, 643 Christian, 428, 432
collective, 32, 424 public, 131, 133
writing, 111, 132, 136-7, 320-1, 326, 349, 519, 538-9, 612, 633-4 written histories, 10-15, 613
Wu, Emperor, 153, 455, 460 Wu Zetian, Empress, 153, 520
Wu Zhao, 519
Wutai, Mount, 465-7 Wuzong, Emperor, 470
Xenophon, 59
Xia, 524-6 Xiaowen, 514-15 xingsheng, see mobile secretariats. Xixia, 471, 523
Xochicalco, 618-19, 633 Xuanzang, 14, 462, 468 Xuanzong, 520-1
Yamato, 517-18 yanacona, 654 Yang Jian, 513-16
Yangdi, Emperor, 516, 518 Yangzi, 514, 522
Delta, 516, 522, 528, 530 Yanshu, 11 al-Ya‘qubi, 595 Yaqut, 596 yasa, 408, 492, 538 Yehlu Ch'uts'ai, 379 Yellow River, 65
Yemen, 135, 264, 300-2, 304, 404,
427, 543 yeshivas, 130-1, 141 Yi Xing, 352-3
Yijing, 462-4
Yingzao fashi, 324-6
Ypres, 262, 272
Yuan, 74-5, 119, 213-14, 249-50, 534-5, 539-40, 542-5, 551-4
rulers, 75, 119
Yucatan, 60, 615, 620, 622-3, 627
Yunnan, 241, 312, 468, 548
Zaccaria, Benedetto, 259
Zanj, 12, 108, 303
Zhang Zhongyan, 324
Zhao Kuangyin, 524-5
Zheng He, 4, 169-70, 250, 475
Zhong Gongfu, 49
Zhou, 319, 520
Zhou, Northern, 524
Zhou Daguan, 16
Zhu Xi, 119, 529
Zhu Yuanzhang, 168, 323
Zimbabwe, 60, 110, 548
Great, 60, 109
Zoroastrianism, 208, 219, 225, 293, 345, 401, 416, 546, 665
Zuwa, 604-5
11 * 3 See Smith and von Glahn, Song-Yuan-Ming Transition, and also Paul Jakov Smith,
‘Eurasian Transformations of the Tenth to Thirteenth Centuries: The View from Song China, 960-1279', in Arnason and Wittrock, Eurasian Transformations, 279-308.
1 4 Peter K. Bol, ‘Examinations and Orthodoxies: 1070 and 1313 Compared', in Theodore Huters, R. Bin Wong and Pauline Yu (eds.), Culture and State in Chinese History: Conventions, Accommodations, and Critiques (Stanford, CA: Stanford University Press, 1987): 29-57; Peter K. Bol, Neo-Confucianism in History (Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Asia Center and Harvard University Press, 2008).