Index

Please note that page numbers for figures, tables, maps, and illustrations are in bold typeface.

9/11 terrorist attacks, 487, 608

Abbott, Carl, 626

Abd al Qadir, Amir, 477

Abduh, Muhammad, 477

abolitionism

African, 560, 566

rise of, 20, 349

Russian, 19

United States, 587, 590, 596

abortion, 193, 224

advertising.

Cold War, 414-415, 434

disease control, 272

Africa

agriculture, 88,102, 562-564 colonialism, 337, 347-348, 561-572, 563, 567 decolonization, 572-578, 576 demography, 189, 204, 206, 232 genocide, 428-430

HIV and life expectancy, 207 housing in, 151 human origins in, 556-557 industrialization, 375-376 land, 375

nationalism in, 327-328

nation states in, 578-580

slave trade, 25, 557-559

war casualties, 24

African National Congress (ANC), 577-578 Afrikaners (South Africa), 568-569

Age of Empires (video game), 338

agrarian polities

marginalizing nomadic peoples, 5

at war with nomadic peoples, 7-8

agricultural inputs, growth in, 85, 85-89,

87, 89

agriculture

African, 88, 102, 375, 562-564 chemicals, 91

collectivization, 98-99, 459

East Asia, 623 economics, 13-14, 83-103 and environmental destruction, 28 fixed-rent contracts, 98 innovation in, 90-92 intercontinental trade, 16-17 land input, 86-87, 87

Middle East, 481 and Pacific Rim, 619 and policy, 100-103 and production, 83-89, 84, 85, 87, 89 and slavery, 560 technology, 158-160, 160

United States, 372-373, 588, 590 al-Afghani, Jamal al-Din, 477 Alawi dynasty, 474 al-Azhar (university), 477 alcoholism, 67 Algeria

French conquest of, 313

Islamic movements, 487 ulama, 484

wars, 475

Algerian War, 404-406

Ali, Muhammad, 471-472, 475

Al-i Ahmad, Jalal, 417

All-African People's Congress (1958), 577 Allende, Salvador, 550

Alliance for Progress, 549

Alma-Ata Declaration (1978), 277, 279

Al-Manar, 477 al-Qaeda, 487

American Popular Revolutionary Alliance,

543

American Public Health Association, 268 American Revolution, 21, 339

Anarchical Society, The, 303

Anatolia, 426-427

Anderson, Benedict, 31, 321

Anglo-Boer War, 569.

and disease transmission, 245, 248-250, 375 extinctions, 75

hybridization of, 90-91, 159-160, 160 quarantine of, 248-249 work, 12-13

Antelope, The (1825 Supreme Court decision),

289 anthracite coal, 168-169 Anthropocene age. See also environment beginnings of, 51-53 climate change in, 71-72 energy shifts in, 53-63 politics in, 69-71 population growth in, 63, 63-67, 64, 65, 66 urbanization in, 67-68

antibiotics, 253 anti-colonialism. See decolonization Aponte, Carlos, 543

Apple Corporation, 513, 515 Aquinas, Thomas, 287, 291 Arab League, 488-489

Arab Petroleum Conference, 488 Arab Spring, 153, 468, 487, 490 Arab-Israeli conflict, 483, 487-488 Arabian American Oil Company (Aramco), 482, 488

Arbenz, Jacobo, 548 Arendt, Hannah, 428 Arevalo, JuanJose, 548 Argentina, 250, 551

Armas, Carlos Castillo, 548 Armenian genocide, 426-427 Asante (African kingdom), 560 ASEAN, 518

Asia. See East Asia; South Asia; Southeast Asia, and individual countries

Asian Development Bank, 518 assembly line manufacturing, 137-138, 139 assimilation, 487

Association of Algerian Ulama, 484

Aswan Dam, 145

“Atlantic creole.” See creoles

Atlantic Ocean

colonialism, 332, 334

and disease transmission, 239-240 migration, 592-594 revolutions, 3 slavery, 557-559 atomic bomb, 154, 156-157 energy of, 180, 181 Augustine, Saint, 287, 291 Australia

genocide, 430

gold, 616-617

irrigation engineering, 146

shipment of convicts to, 6

Austrian Empire, 333, 368, 454

Austro-Hungarian Empire, 368, 369 authoritarianism. See also totalitarianism

China, 523

and genocide, 439

Middle East, 480, 486, 491

automobile

assembly line manufacturing, 137-138, 139 and pollution, 59

South Korean, 627

as symbol of industrialization, 149

Axis Rule in Occupied Europe, 421

Aziz, Abd al-, 478

Baekeland, Leo Hendrik, 143

Baghdadi, Khalid al-, 472

Bakelite (plastic), 143

Ballantyne, Tony, 338, 341, 362

Bandung Conference, 415, 416, 485, 577

Bangladesh, 151, 241, 439

Barraclough, Geoffrey, 478

Barrios, Justo Rufino, 538

BASF (dye company), 141

Bashford, Alison, 8, 9, 38

Bashir, Omar al-, 437

Batista, Fulgencio, 548

Battle of Ayacucho (Peru), 529

Bauman, Zygmunt, 423

Bay of Pigs, 549

Bayly, C.

Beals, Carleton, 543

Belgium, 564

Bell, Alexander Graham, 153

Bell, David A., 312

Bell Laboratories of Bell Telephone, 142

Berlin Wall, 42

Bessemer, Henry, 143

biomass (human), 66

biopolitics, 212

“bio-power,” 357-358

bird flu, 256

birth control. See fertility control

birth rates

Anthropocene age, 66

in cities, 13

developing countries, 204

Global North, 198-201 modern world, 8-9, 189-192, 191 in totalitarian states, 456

United States, 593

“birth strikes,” 220-222

bison, 595

Bisphenol (BPA), 143

Blanco, Antonio Guzman, 539

Blusse, Leonard, 497

Bodies in Contact, 338

Bolivar, Simon, 3, 531

Bolivia, 530

Bolshevik Revolution (1917), 317

Bolsheviks

and feminism, 457

in Russia, 450-451, 459

Bonaparte, Joseph, 490

Bonaparte, Napoleon, 23, 323, 471,

529, 588, 618

Bouazizi, Mohamed, 490 bovine pleuropneumonia, 248

Boxer Rebellion, 348, 620

Boylston, Zabdiel, 260

Brazil

banking sector, 374

as colony, 332, 339-340 decolonization, 532

gold and diamond discovery sparking migration, 5

housing in, 151

hydroelectricity, 146 intendancy system, 527

Brest-Litovsk, Treaty of, 326

Breton, Andre, 544

Bretton Woods Agreement, 606

British imperialism

in Africa, 312-313, 347-348, 560, 564, 573-576

agricultural regulation, 101

Australia, 6

coal usage in, 54-55

Cold War, 485

cotton textile manufacturing, 11-12 deportation of Catholics, 431-432 energy consumption, 178 as example for others to follow, 366 extent of, 334, 335-336

fall of, 402

fertility control, 198, 199

hub-and-spoke model of, 342-344

as imperial web, 339-340, 360-361 investment in Latin America, 540 leader in world economy before World

War I, 618

and Middle East, 478

nuclear weapons, 157

railways, 147-148

in Southeast Asia, 3, 6

United States affected by, 585, 587-588,

590

brothels, 456

Buck, Pearl, 411

Buddhism

revivals, 43

Siamese, 377

as a world religion, 31-32

Buganda (African kingdom), 560

Bull, Hedley, 303-304

Burbank, Jane, 341, 360

Burton, Antoinette, 338, 341, 362

Cabrera, Manuel Estrada, 538

Cain, Peter, 339

Cambodia, 434-435, 442

campesinos, 537, 538, 542-543, 544

Cananea Consolidated Copper Company, 542 cancer (disease), 255

Candau, Marcolino, 275-276

candle power, 174, 175

Canning, George, 540

capital stock (agricultural), 87-88

capitalism

after Cold War, 418

and communism, 444, 464

East Asia, 44

South Africa, 568-569, 573

United States, 604

Capitalism and Slavery, 343

Cardenas, Lazaro, 547, 552

Caribbean

African slaves in, 558, 591

US control, 602

Carnegie Foundation, 227

Carranza, Venustiano, 542-543

Carrera, Rafael, 534

Carter, Jimmy, 488

Castro, Fidel, 548

Catholic.

for fertility and mortality, 224-225

for political arithmetic, 213-214

Centers for Disease Control (CDC), 271 Central America

United States informal empire in, 602

US paternalistic attitude towards, 410, 434 Central Intelligence Agency (US), 548, 550 Central Treaty Organization (CENTO), 485, 604

Cesaire, A., 343

Chadwick, Edwin, 243

Chambers of Commerce (China), 383 Chang, Iris, 624

Charles II, King of Spain, 527

Charles III, King of Spain, 527

Charles IV, King of Spain, 529

Charlip, Julie A., 44

Chavez, Hugo, 553

Chernobyl (nuclear reactor), 156

Chile

decolonization, 529 revolutionary movement, 549-550

China

19th-century, 622 agriculture, 88, 101 and Cold War, 416-417 creation of modern borders, 5 demography, 67, 192-193, 204, 212-213, 611 diseases, 243-244, 263-264 energy consumption, 54, 178 energy transition in, 165 family planning, 9, 229

GDP (GDP adjusted), 511

genocide, 433

Industrial Revolution, 61 migration, 15 nuclear weapons, 157 property ownership in, 95 rise of modern, 369, 493, 494, 608 self-strengthening, 620 state expansion, 6-7, 493, 501-502 tributary-trade system, 497-503, 514, 516

and Vietnam and Korean Wars, 412-413 world religions in, 32 in WTO, 513

Chinese Exclusion Act (US), 593 Chittagong Hill Tracts (CHT), 439 cholera (disease), 240-243 Christianity

and law of nature, 287

revivals, 43

as a world religion, 31-32 Chulalongkorn, King of Siam, 378 Cicero, 291 cities. See also urbanization

African, 571-572

and building materials, 149-151

and disease transmission, 68, 238-239, 253 industrialization in, 12-13, 58-63 Middle East, 481

citizenship

in Africa, 569-570, 573, 579

and colonialism, 400 racist barriers to, 410

Civil War (US), 23, 593, 596-597 Clayton-Bulwer Treaty, 541 Clermont (steamboat), 152 climate change. See also global warming

Anthropocene age, 71-72 and automobiles, 149 and genocide, 440 and human impacts, 28 and population politics, 232-233

Clinton, Bill, 608 clove production, 560 Club of Rome, 230 coal age (Anthropocene epoch), 52-53, 54-55,

57, 168-169 Cold War

and communism, 442

and decolonization, 41, 407-415 demographic divisions, 225 and East Asia, 508-509 fertility control, 226 genocide, 434 human rights law, 302 and Japan, 627-628 in Korea, 403

Latin America, 547-551, 552 and Middle East, 485-486 nuclear technology in, 155-158 and smallpox, 265-267, 278-279 and UN Security Council, 299 US economy, 606, 607

“Cold War Orientalism,” 410-411 collectivization

of agriculture, 98-99, 456, 459 in fascism, 447, 456

Colonial Development and Welfare Act (1940), 571

colonialism

African, 561-572, 563, 567 demography, 216-218

colonialism (cont.)

funding agricultural R&D, 88, 94

and genocide, 428-432

ignoring property rights, 96

Japanese, 504-506

Latin America, 526-529

models of, 341-347

racism in, 28

Southeast Asia, 376

warfare associated with, 23-24, 529

Western European states committed to, 310-312

Columbia, 530

Comite Neo-Malthusiano del Rio de la

Plata, 220

Committee of Union and Progress (CUP), 426-427

communism

and capitalism, 464

and family planning, 227

as ideology, 443-447

and nationalism, 316-319

political identity in, 33

and population politics, 215-216

as regime, 454-456, 457-458, 460,

463-464

as social movement, 450-452

and Soviet self-determination, 409 comparative advantage development strategy (Latin America), 536

computer technology, 154

Comte, Auguste, 535-536

Concentrated Animal Feed Operations (CAFOs), 159-160, 160

concrete technology, 149-150 Confucianism, 43

Congo

Cold War, 413

resources in, 438

Conklin, Alice, 351

conservation laws (US), 598 Constitutional Revolution (Iran),

484

consumer revolution, 34 convention.

Cook, James, 614

Cooke, Nola, 501

“coolies,” 241-242

Cooper, Frederick, 15, 18, 19, 341, 360 co-operatives. See collectivization Correa, Rafael, 553

Cortes, Hernan, 308

Costa Rica, 531

cotton famine, 19

cotton textile manufacturing,

British colonialism, 343

China, 384

India, 360

in Industrial Revolution, 11-12, 137

as part of plantation complex, 57

United States, 372, 590, 596, 598 credit. See also loans

farming, 98-99

United States, 600-601 creoles, 6, 7, 557

Cronin, Bruce, 303

Crosby, Alfred, 429

Crutzen, Paul, 51

Crystal Palace, 143

Cuba

Bay of Pigs, 549

communism in, 319, 451

foreign trade, 545

free trade in Seven Years' War, 527 independence movement, 541

US control, 337, 602

cultivation. See agriculture

Cultural Revolution (China), 445, 460, 629 culture

and colonialism, 356

and international law, 290-292

and nationalism, 307

and slavery, 351-352

and technologies of rule, 351-352

Cumings, Bruce, 496

currency

devaluation of British, 401

and discovery of gold, 618

and East Asia, 514-515, 517

United States currency of world finance, 606

customs. See culture

Czechoslovakia, 414

da Gama, Vasco, 611

da Silva, Luis Lula Inacio (Lula), 553

Dahomey (West Africa), 560 dams, 145-146

Darwin, John, 338, 361

DDT (pesticide), 91

de Gouge, Olympe, 40

De Indis, 287

de Vries, Jan, 502

Debayle, Anastasio Somoza, 550 debt

European, 600-601

Latin America, 374, 550

peonage, 537

Declaration of Independence (US), 587

Declaration of the Rights of Man, 3

Declaration of the Rights of Woman, 40 Decline and Fall of the Roman Empire, The, 336 decolonization

20th-century, 396-418

African, 572-578

ambiguity in describing, 41

Anthropocene age, 69

and disease control, 278

Latin America, 373-374, 529-535, 530

United Nations forum for, 327

United States, 3, 586-588

deforestation. See also wood

Anthropocene age, 286

United States, 589

democracy

19th-century, 69

and communications technology, 152

and fascism, 447

Islamist, 487

Latin America, 547

post-World War II Japan, 626-627

and totalitarianism, 454

demography

18th-century, 189, 192-196

18th-century New World, 194-195

19th-century, 189

20th-century, 189

21st-century, 189

African slave trade, 559

Anthropocene age, 63, 63-67, 64, 65, 66

China, 623

and colonialism, 216-218

demographic transition, 189-205, 191, 199, 212-216, 225

and energy use, 55

Global North, 198-201

Global South, 201-205, 202, 204 population density, 64

United States, 592-594, 599, 603

world forecast, 103, 205-209

world population growth, 75-76,187-188,

189

world slave, 591

Denmark, 99 deportation (indigenous people), 216-218 Deutsch, Karl, 496 developing countries

demography, 197, 201-205, 202, 204 more diseases in, 250-255, 254 diabetes (disease), 254 diamond mining, 568 diasporas (trade), 564 Diaz, Porfirio, 538, 542-543 dichlorodiphenyltrichloroethane.

and 18th-century depopulation, 216 Africa, 375, 579

and animals, 245, 248-250 Anthropocene age, 67 eradication, 267-279 and global division, 250-255 and global warming, 71-72 globalization, 255-257 in modern world, 237-257 mortality decline, 197 technology, 150

Dodge, Joseph, 626-627 Dominican Republic, 531 drinking water and death rates, 67 and disease transmission, 243

Duane, Anna Mae, 243

Duara, Prasenjit, 41, 506 Dubois, W. E. B., 556 Dutch Golden Age, 54

East African slave trade, 559

East Asia

18th-century, 497-503 19th-century, 380-392 21st-century, 509-522 capitalism in, 44 demography, 204 geopolitics, 493-496 Great Divergence, 503-509 silver importance, 616 state expansion, 388-390 superiority in coastal water navigation, 613 as world region, 496-497, 498

East India Company, 356-357, 360, 379, 613 “Eastern Question,” 471-472

Economic Commission on Latin America

(UN), 547 economic development 18th-century, 214-215 British Empire, 343-344 East Asia, 314, 516-517 following Europe's lead, 164, 372

economic development (cont.)

Pacific Rim, 505, 621-623

United States, 588-590

economic globalization

growth of, 75-76, 629

origins of, 18, 75-76

and politics, 212-216 economics

agricultural, 13-14, 83-103

China post-World War II, 628-629

and disease, 250-255, 254

East Asia, 493-496, 511-513

and energy sources, 164-165

Japan 19th-century, 504

Latin America, 373-374, 544-547

Middle East, 472

nation state, 313

neo-colonialism, 540-541 neo-Malthusianism, 218-222 and slavery, 596-597

United States, 367, 375, 599-601

Ecuador, 530

education

colonial African, 565

and gender, 40

efficiency

agricultural, 83, 88-89, 89

energy conversions, 174-177, 175, 176 human energy use, 10

Egypt

Arab Spring, 491

as British protectorate, 475 democracy, 487

Islamic movements, 487

monarchy overthrown in, 486

Napoleonic Wars, 471 self-determination, 483

Ehrlich, Paul, 230

Einstein, Albert, 156

Eisenhower, Dwight, 155, 548

El Salvador, 531

electricity

hydro, 144-147, 146

illumination, 175

nuclear reactors, 155-156

and nuclear weapons, 70

and trade expansion, 17

electronics industry

East Asia, 513

Japan, 627

elites

competitive pressure for colonialism, 41-42 and fascism, 461

and genocide, 433-434, 438

Latin America, 534, 542, 544, 545 participation in Chinese rule, 383-384 Ellul, Jacques, 140

Elman, Benjamin, 382

Elvin, Mark, 502

empires. See also imperialism

of bases, 602-603

definition of, 332-341, 333, 334, 337

models of, 341-347

Empress of China (ship), 616

energy

consumption, 10, 53-63, 164-165, 177-179, 178, 604-606

conversions, 174-177, 175, 176 density, 167-169

and mass consumerism, 604-606 measurement, 165-167 in weapons, 179-180, 181 in world history, 181-182

Engels, Friedrich, 140, 141, 215-216,

218

engine power

gas turbine, 175-177

internal combustion, 176 engine technology, 137-138, 139 England. See Great Britain Enlightenment Age, 357-359 environment. See also Anthropocene age

and agricultural technology, 103

in Anthropocene age, 71-72

and genocide, 439-440

Green Revolution, 91, 93, 228, 230 human impact on, 28, 80 and imperialism, 69-70 and politics, 230-233 river engineering, 144-145 and suburbanization, 151

United States, 597-598 environmental movement, 77-79 equestrian states, 5, 8

Erbakan, Necmettin, 486, 487

Essay on the Principle of Population,

214-215, 218

Ethiopia

Cold War, 414, 434

not colonized, 562

ethnic cleansing. See genocide ethnicity

and genocide, 420-422, 433-434, 436-437, 459

and Japanese warfare, 506-508 and nationalism, 307-308, 319-324 eugenics, 223-224, 229

Eurocentrism

in 19th century, 366-380, 378

in demography, 225

and East Asia, 496-497, 500, 613-614

in imperialist scholarship, 358-359

Europa Universalis (video game), 338

Europe

agricultural regulation, 101-102 demography, 189,195-196, 204 farming co-operatives, 99 fertility control, 199-201 life expectancy, 198-199

Peace of Westphalia, 288-290

plague eradication, 238

railways, 148

ultra-nationalist movements in, 424-425

European colonialism. See also empires; imperialism

Africa, 561-562, 563

first retreat of, 3

shift from Western to Eastern hemisphere, 3 warfare associated with, 23-24

European Union (EU), 300-301, 463 explosives (energy of), 180

export economy

China, 622

Japan, 622, 624

Latin America, 535-539, 544

United States, 599-601

Exxon Valdez disaster, 42

factories. See industrialization

Facundo, or Civilization and Barbarism, 537

Fairbank, John, 496

Falkland Islands, 540, 551, 618

family

farms, 97-98

global trends in, 39-40

planning, 227

technology use, 39

famine, 425-426

Fanon, Frantz, 343, 405

farms

co-operatives, 98-99

factory, 256-257

income, 100-103

sharecropping, 98

total share of land, 97-98

fascism. See also Nazis

as ideology, 446-450, 449

as regime, 454-463

as social movement, 452-454, 453

Fasi, Allal al-, 483 federalism (Latin America), 533 feminism

19th-century, 218-222

20th-century, 228

Middle East, 481 political lobbying, 231 and totalitarianism, 456-458

Ferdinand, Franz, 476

Ferdinand VI, King of Spain, 527

Ferdinand VII, King of Spain, 529 Ferguson, Niall, 338, 361 fertility control

19th-century views on, 218-221

as anti-communist measure, 228 and Cold War, 226 in Global North, 199-200

in modern world, 197-198, 199 pill, 228

population policy, 227-229 projected demography, 207-208 research, 227

voluntary, 197 fertility decline, 221-222 fertilizer innovation, 91 Fink, Carole, 41 Finnane, Antonia, 12

First World War. See World War I

“five civilized tribes,” 590 Florentine Codex, 352 Flowers in the Mirror, 40 flu. See influenza (disease) Fodio, Usman dan, 561

food

and earth biosphere, 72-74, 74 energy density of, 167 irradiated, 155

and population growth limits, 212-213

and steamships, 147

and urbanism, 68

Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO),

84-86, 227, 300 foot-and-mouth disease, 248-250 forced labor. See also slavery continuance of, 18-19 and property rights, 95

Ford, Henry, 605

Ford Foundation, 93, 227

Ford Motor Company, 490, 605 foreign investment (Latin America), 374, 538,

544

fossil fuels

compared to nuclear, 155-156

fossil fuels (cont.) consumption, 177-178, 178 and environmental destruction, 28 and industrialization, 598 leap in energy use, 53-63, 59 prime movers and, 175-177, 176 and trade expansion, 17 transition to from plants, 10 and urbanism, 67-68

Foucault, Michel, 357 Fouquet, Roger, 175, 178 Foxconn, 513

France

colonialism, 312-314, 351, 564, 566-567, 567,

573-576, 587-588, 614, 620 empires, 334, 335-336 energy consumption, 178 fertility control, 197-198, 199 foreign labor, 490 and Middle East, 478 nuclear reactors, 155 nuclear weapons, 157 railways, 148 revolution in, 21, 343, 527 soldiers in, 25

Franco, Francisco, 544 Frank, Andre Gunder, 497 Franklin, Benjamin, 152, 311 Frei, Eduardo, 549

French Revolution, 21, 343, 527

Frost, Lionel, 43-44 fuel energy density of, 168-169 fossil, 28, 53-63, 59, 67-68, 155-156, 176, 177-178, 178, 598 nuclear, 155-156

Fukushima Daiichi (nuclear reactor), 156 Fukuyama, Francis, 608

Fulton, Robert, 152

Gallagher, John, 348, 500

Gandhi, Mohandas K. (Mahatma), 350, 406,

406

garbage (in Pacific Ocean), 76-77 gas chambers, 424 Gasprinski, Ismail, 477

GDP. See gross domestic product (GDP) gender

and colonialism, 353, 355, 565

and infanticide, 192-193 Middle East, 481 gender equality

global trends in, 40

Middle East, 467

politics, 218-222

and totalitarianism, 456-458

voting rights, 626

General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade (UN), 547, 604

General Assembly (UN), 297-298

General Motors Company, 605 genetically modified organisms (GMOs), 159-160

Geneva conventions, 292-293 genocide

after Holocaust, 432-435

Cold War, 434-440

Holocaust era, 423-428

modern world, 27-28

and pre-Holocaust colonialism, 428-432

problem of, 420-423

Genocide Convention, 428 geology, 52 geopolitics

demography, 222-224, 227

East Asia, 493-497

and nationalism, 312-316

germ theory (of disease), 263

Germany

19th-century industrialization, 369

colonialism in Africa, 368, 562

farming co-operatives, 99

fascism in, 452-454

foreign labor, 490

industry technology, 141

neo-Malthusianism, 219

railways, 148

reunification of, 510

state expansion, 222-223

Gibbon, Edward, 336

Glass, Philip, 146

global convergence limits, 38-44

Global South hemisphere

demography, 201-205, 202,

204

disease control, 264, 272-275 global warming, 71-72. See also climate change

globalization

19th-century, 367

and disease control, 255-257

of health, 263-265

Middle East, 484-491

music and sports, 36-37

new, 586, 604-606

of technology, 161

and the third industrial revolution, 607-608

United States, 604-606

GNP. See gross national product (GNP) gold

Africa, 569

Australia, 616-617

United States, 616-617

Gold Coast, 576

Goldman, Emma, 220

Gomez, Juan Vincente, 543

Gorbachev, Mikhail, 463

Gorgas, William, 263 gout (disease), 238 government regulation

agricultural, 101-103 communications, 154 and disease control, 244 fertility control, 205 transportation technology, 148

Gramsci, Antonio, 350

Great Britain. See British imperialism

Great Depression

and Africa, 568

and agricultural regulation, 101-102

and decolonization, 401-402

and GDP, ιι

Latin America, 545-546

and the Nazi movement, 453

and the United States, 603-604

Great Divergence, 494

Great Leap Forward, 442, 445, 628

Great Pacific Ocean Garbage Patch, 143 “Great Terror,” 426, 442, 459

Great War. See World War I

Greater East Asia Co-Prosperity

Sphere, 516

Greece, 485

Green Revolution, 91, 93, 228, 230

Greene, William, 542

Greenhalgh, Susan, 229

Grenada, 239

gross domestic product (GDP)

and agricultural trade liberalization, 102-103

China, 509, 629

increase since 1750, 243

Japan, 629

United States, 511, 603, 607, 608 gross national product (GNP)

during Cold War, 411-412

United States, 599

“Grotian notion of the ocean,” 291

Grotius, Hugo, 287

Groves, Leslie, 156

Guaira Falls, 146

Guam, 602 guano

Peruvian export, 539, 618

United States, 598

Guatamala

Cold War, 548

decolonization, 530

Mayan genocide, 434

Guerrilla Warfare, 549

Guevara, Ernesto (Che), 548, 549 gulag (labor camps), 459, 461 guns

energy of, 180, 181

machine, 562

preventing genocide, 430

technology, 613

Gurr, Ted, 432

gyre

Anthropocene age, 76-77

plastic garbage in Pacific, 143

Habsburg Empire, 322, 324, 369, 478, 527

hacienda. See plantations

Hague Conference System, 293

Haiti

decolonization, 531

US control, 602

Haitian Revolution, 343, 348, 527, 587

Hamashita, Takeshi, 497

Hamid II, Abd al- (Ottoman sultan),

473

Hamilton, Alexander, 372-373

Hardt, Michael, 361

Harff, Barbara, 432

Harrison, Mark, 9

Haussmann, Georges, 243

Hawai'i

Kingdom of, 336

trade epicenter, 614

US control, 504, 602

Hawaii, 411

Haya de la Torre, Victor Raul, 543

Hayami, Akira, 502

Headrick, Daniel, 16 health. See also disease

organizations, 227, 231, 251, 256-257, 258,

264, 265-267, 271, 275-278, 300

health (cont.)

public agencies, 67, 246, 252, 255-256, 263, 268, 271, 272-275

Henderson, Donald A., 270-271

Herero wars, 24, 428

Hernandez Martinez, Maximiliano, 546 Heywood, Linda, 557

Hind Swaraj movement, 348

Hinduism, 31, 43

Hitler, Adolf, 325, 343, 446-450, 453, 456, 461 HIV-AIDS (disease), 255, 579

Ho Chi Minh, 407, 572

Hobsbawm, Eric, 11

Hobson, J. A., 342

Hoerder, Dirk, 15

Hokkaido, 504

Holocaust, 421, 423-425, 442

Honduras, 531

Hong Kong

British colony, 619 demography, 628 as leading economy, 512 reunification of, 510

Hong Liangji, 212-214

Hoover Dam, 150

Hopkins, Anthony, 339 housing

lighting energy, 174-175 and mortality decline, 197 public, 151

Huerta, Victoriano, 542-543 human origins, 556-557 human rights law, 301-303

Hungary

Cold War, 414

fascism in, 454

Hurwitz, Jacobo, 543

Hussein, Saddam, 435 hybridization in imperialism, 347 of plants and animals, 90-91,159-160, 160,

589 hydroelectricity, 144-147, 146, 589 hydrogen bomb. See atomic bomb

I. E. DuPont de Nemours Company, 142 ibn Abd al-Wahhab, Muhammad, 473 ibn Abdullah, Sultan Muhammad, 469 ideology

communist, 443-447 fascist, 446-450, 449

I. G. Farben (German chemical company), 142 illumination

cost of, 174-177

imagined communities, 30-38 immigration. See migration Immigration Act of 1924 (US), 603 imperial web model, 338-340, 344-347 imperialism. See also individual empires

Anthropocene age, 69

and decolonization, 396-400 definition of, 332-341

and environmental impacts, 69-70

and families, 39

Japanese, 504-505

models of, 341-347, 358-362 protectorates in Middle East, 474-475 resistance movements, 27, 347-358 and self-determination, 327

Suez crisis marks end of, 483

import substitution industrialization (ISI), 546-547

India

19th-century industrialization, 379

Cold War, 414

colonialism, 336 decolonization, 402, 572 demography, 204

and disease control, 272-274

GDP (GDP adjusted), 511

housing in, 151

irrigation engineering, 147 neo-Malthusianism, 219 nuclear weapons, 157 population policy, 227-229 resistance in, 356-357

textiles, 360

Indian Citizenship Act (1924), 596

Indian Rebellion (1857-1858), 355 Indians (US), 588, 590, 594-596 indigenous peoples

and 18th-century colonialism, 216-218, 352 in Africa during colonialism, 570-571 depopulation of, 216-218

East Asia, 620

and genocide, 423, 429-430

Latin America, 526-529

and property rights, 96-97

United States, 588, 590, 594-596 Indonesia

Cold War, 413, 434

communism in, 451

Industrial Revolution

German, 369

public and private sector activity in, 621 river engineering in, 144 and technology, 11-12,136-138, 138,139, 589 third, 607-608

industrialization. See also manufacturing 19th-century, 201, 367-372 agricultural, 158-160, 160, 589

British, 590

Chinese, 381-382, 382, 384, 589, 628

and communism, 445

East Asia, 623

and fossil fuels, 54-63, 59

ISI, 546-547

Japan, 621-622

Latin America, 538 leading to imports, 14

Middle East, 490 shipbuilding, 618, 626 and tuberculosis, 251-253

United States, 598-599, 607

infanticide

in China, 229

and demographic transition, 192-193 inflation

Germany, 453

Japan, 627

Latin America, 532, 545

United States, 606

influenza (disease), 246-248, 247, 255-256, 589 innovation. See also technology

adoption rate of, 92-93 agricultural, 90-92 cotton gin, 590 cotton textile, 11-12 and modern media, 174 steamship design, 618 US world leaders, 373

intellectualism

18th-century, 357-359

Latin America, 527

intendancy system (Latin America), 527 “internal colonialism,” 340-341

International Atomic Energy Agency (IAEA), 300

International Civil Aviation Organization (ICAO), 300

International Court of Justice (UN), 297 International Criminal Court (ICC), 302, 437 International Exhibition (1862), 142

International Federation of Eugenic

Organizations (IFEO), 223 international law

definition, 286

and genocide, 437, 438

and global institutions, 293-301

and human rights, 301-303

and multilateral conventions, 292-293

and nationalism, 324-328

neomedieval system, 303-305

and Peace of Westphalia, 286-290

treaties and customs in, 290-292 International Law Commission (ILC), 297-298

International Maritime Organization (IMO), 300 International Monetary Fund (IMF), 300, 486,

511, 547, 551, 553

International Peace Conference, 292

International Planned Parenthood

Federation, 227

International Union for the Protection of New Varieties of Plant (UPOV), 94

International Whaling Commission, 76 Internet, 42, 607, 608

Iran

18th-century, 469

19th-century, 474

20th-century, 480

21st-century, 490

Cold War, 485

Constitutional Revolution, 483-484

oil production, 482, 488, 606

social reform, 486

Iraq

Cold War, 485

genocide in, 435

monarchy overthrow, 486

religion in, 480

Ireland, 592

iron

European 19th-century industrialization,

370

and fossil fuel use, 54

power density of, 171

US industrialization, 373

Iroquois Confederacy, 335, 587 irrigation

hydrological engineering, 145, 146

and salinization, 103

ISI. See import substitution industrialization (ISI)

Islam

18th-century, 472-473

19th-century, 473-478

20th-century, 480-481, 483-484

in Africa, 561

export of, 43

organizations, 486

pilgrimages and disease, 242

Islam (cont.)

role in ending Cold War, 417-418

as a world religion, 31-32

Islamic Republic of Iran, 487

Islamic Salvation Front, 487

Ismail, Tareq, 467

isolationism (US), 603-604

Israel

establishment of, 480

nuclear weapons, 157

Itaipu (music), 146

Itaipu Hydroelectric Power Station, 146

Italy

colonialism in Africa, 368

fascism in, 222, 452-454, 453, 455, 461, 589 Iturbide, Agustin de, 532-533

Ivory Coast, 402

J. Walter Thompson (company), 605 James, C. L. R., 343

Japan

18th-century, 193-194, 499, 612

abortion in, 224

agriculture, 99,101-102

Cold War, 408

colonialism, 506-508, 623

demography, 226-227, 611

East Asian regional dynamics, 508-509, 621-622

economics, 509, 512, 518-519

energy consumption, 164, 178,179

GDP (PPP adjusted), 511

government promotion of industry, 384-385

imperialism, 41-42, 313-315, 337 independence from Western powers, 369 self-strengthening policy, 380-392 state expansion, 222, 624-625

treaty ports, 620

World War II, 156-157, 403, 624-625, 626 Java War, 23-24

Jefferson, Thomas, 258, 262, 265, 279, 372-373, 540, 595

Jenner, Edward, 197, 251, 258, 261-262,

265

Jews

and fascism, 448, 458-459

and Zionism, 480

jihad, 487, 561

Johnson, Lyndon, 268-270, 275

Jordan, 486

Josephson, Paul, 11, 26

Julius Caesar, 23

Kahlo, Frida, 544

Kaiser, Henry, 626

Kamehameha I, King of Hawai'i, 336

Kashani, Abu al-Qasim, 484

Kato, Shidzue, 228

Kaufman, Viola, 219

Kemal, Mustafa (Ataturk), 480

Kenya, 404

Kenyatta, Jomo, 575

Khalidiyyah movement, 472

Khamenei, Ali (Supreme Leader of Iran), 485

Khan, Agha Muhammad, 469

Khan, Reza, 480

Khan, Sayyed Ahmad, 477

Khmer Rouge, 434-435

Khomeini, Ali (Supreme Leader of Iran), 487

Khrushchev, Nikita, 151, 265

Kim Il Sung, 141

King, Russell, 98

Kinsey, Danielle, 28, 32

Kirchner, Nestor, 553

Klein, Christina, 410-411

Koch, Robert, 249, 263

Korea

Chinese and Japanese competition for,

389-390

Chinese control, 510-511

Cold War, 403, 413

exports to Japan, 506

independence from Western powers, 369

Japanese control, 314, 337, 504 tributary-trade system, 499

Korean War, 515-516, 604, 627

Kuςuk Kainarji, Treaty of, 471

kulaks, 425, 459

Kuomintang (KMT), 628

Kurchatov, Igor, 157

Kuwait, 490

labor

African slave, 558, 590-591 agricultural, 13-14, 85, 85-86, 589 animal, 12-13

child, 137

communist redemption through, 459-460,

461

East Asia, 384-385 gradations of, 18-19

Latin American industrial, 541

Middle East, 490

migration, 241-242

United States, 372, 592-594, 601-602

land

collectivization, 96, 456 communist reform, 459-460 empires, 333

Latin America, 537

as a limit to population growth, 214 rights, 95-97

Landes, David, 500 Lane, Franklin, 410 languages

and assimilation, 506, 507 in colonial African, 565 and modern nationalism, 315 Latin America

18th-century, 526-529

19th-century, 528, 529-535 19th-century economy, 373-374 20th-century, 541-544 agricultural regulation, 102 and Cold War, 547-551, 552 colonialism, 352 demography, 204 disease control, 263-264 export economies, 535-539, 544-547 genocide, 430 neo-colonialism, 539-541 neo-Malthusianism, 220 populism, 551-553 regionality in, 44

Lausanne, Treaty of, 427

law

international, 294-297 of nature, 286-288,

League of Nations, 294-297, 324-325, 326, 327, 420, 603

League of Nations Health Organization (LNHO), 264, 294-297

Lebensraum, 222-223

Lee, James, 229 Lees, Lynn Hollen, 11 legal positivism, 288-290, 535-536 Leguia, Augusto, 546

Lemkin, Raphael, 420-422, 438 Lenin, Vladimir, 141, 220, 318, 342, 444-445 Lepgold, Joseph, 303

Levene, Mark, 26-28, 33 Levy, Jack, 22 Li Ruzhen, 40

Liberia, 562

Libya, 481, 486 life expectancy

19th and 20th centuries, 8-9

Anthropocene age, 67

developing countries, 202, 202-205, 589

Europe, 199-200

modern world, 189-192, 191, 589

lighting, incandescent, 174-175, 175, 589

Limits to Growth, The, 230

Lin Zexu, 616

Lincoln, Abraham, 540

List, Friedrich, 373 literacy. See education Little Ice Age, 8, 71

Livi-Bacci, Massimo, 8

“living space” argument, 222-223 loans. See also credit

for industrialization, 374

Latin America, 532-533, 545

Locke, John, 527

Lotus, The, 289

Louis XVI, King of France, 587

Louisiana Purchase, 594, 614

L'Ouverture, Toussaint, 3

Luddism, 140 lumber. See wood

Lumumba, Patrice, 413 lung sickness (animal disease), 248

Ma Mingxin, 472

Ma Yinchu, 229

MacArthur, Douglas, 625, 626

Machado, Eduardo, 543

Machado, Gerardo, 546

Machado, Gustavo, 543

Madero, Francisco, 542-543

Mahmud II (Ottoman sultan), 473 malaria (disease), 238, 253, 254, 263, 267 Malaria Eradication Program (MEP), 266-267, 268, 275

Malaya, 402

Malthus, Thomas, 139, 212-216

Malvinas Islands. See Falkland Islands

Mandela, Nelson, 578

Manela, Erez, 9, 21, 326

Manhattan Project, 156, 161

Mani, Lata, 357

Manifest Destiny, 594 manufacturing. See also industrialization assembly line, 137-138, 139 and imagined communities, 34,

35-36

ISI, 547

and migration patterns, 593

textile, 11-12, 137, 360, 372, 384, 386, 590, 596, 598, 608

United States, 596

Mao Zedong, 141, 229, 407, 445, 459-460, 460, 461, 589, 628

Marathas, 8

Marcos, Ferdinand, 413

Marcus Aurelius, 174

Mariategui, Jose Carlos, 543 marketing (mass), 34-35,102,154, 228, 491, 564 marriage, 195-196,199

Marriage Law (1950), 457

Marshall Plan, 627

Marti, Jose, 536

Marx, Karl, 140, 141, 215, 444

Marxism

and China, 380, 497

and nationalism, 317

and technology, 140-141

mass consumerism, 605

mass marketing, 102, 154, 228, 491, 564

mass murder. See genocide

Mather, Cotton, 260

Mau Mau rebellion, 404, 574, 575

maximum power (prime movers), 172-173,173

McMahon Line, 415

McNeill, John, 8, 10, 28

Mearsheimer, John, 523

Meiji Restoration, 380-392, 621, 622

Mein Kampf, 448, 453

Mella, Julio Antonio, 543

Meng, Yue, 382 mercantilism, 527, 588 merchant marine (US), 600 metropole. See colonialism Mexican Revolution, 538, 541-544, Mexico

warfare in, 534, 540-541

decolonization, 532-533

Michener, James, 411

Microsoft, 513

Middle East

18th-century, 469-473, 470, 589

19th-century, 473-478, 479

20th-century, 478-489, 489, 589 21st-century, 489-491 in modern era, 467-469 regionality in, 42-43 migration

19th-century European, 201

African, 564

and cheap energy, 58

and disease transmission, 241-242

East Asia, 503-504, 505

global predictions, 208-209 intercontinental, 75-76

Japanese control, 505 labor in Middle East, 490 Pacific Rim, 616-617

United States, 592-594

Mill, John Stuart, 218-221

mining

Africa, 568-569

for cheap energy, 58

coal, 168-169

and colonialism, 356

East Asia, 623

Ministry of International Trade and Industry (Japan), 627

minorities. See ethnicity; indigenous peoples Mississippi River (US), 144-145, 215 Mistral, Gabriela, 543

mobile phone technology, 153

Modotti, Tina, 543

Mongkut, King of Siam, 377

Mongols, 5

Monroe Doctrine, 326, 539, 588

Montagu, Mary Wortley, 260-261 Montesquieu, 35, 527

Moore, Hugh, 227

Morales, Evo, 553

Morocco, 469, 474-475, 483, 486, 487

Morse code, 152

mortality

Anthropocene age, 66

developing countries, 202, 202-205, 589 from disease, 254

Global North hemisphere, 198-201 modern world, 8-9, 26-28, 189-192, 191,

196-197, 589

Mosaddegh, Mohammad, 482, 548

Mothers of the Plaza de Mayo, 551 Mount Toba, 80

Mughal Empire, 333

mujahidin (Muslim guerrilla warriors), 417, 487 multilateral treaties

international law, 292-293

United States, 604

Munster, Treaty of, 292 music globalization, 37

Muslim Brotherhood, 483, 487

Mussolini, Benito, 222, 446, 452-453, 453, 456, 461, 589

Mysore Kingdom, 336

Nadir Shah, 8

Nanking, Treaty of, 619

Nanni, Giordano, 349

Naoroji, Dadabhai, 342

Napoleonic Wars, 21, 323, 471, 529, 588, 618

Naqshbandiyyah Tariqah, 472, 477

Nasir, Jamal Abd al-. See Nasser, Gamal Abdel Nasser, Gamal Abdel, 402, 416, 483, 485 National Salvation Party, 487

National System of Political Economy, The, 373 nationalism

19th-century Middle East, 476-478 20th-century, 319-324 characteristics of, 308-312

and communism, 316-319 cosmopolitan trans-, 463 definition, 306-308 and fascism, 447 global convergence and diffusion, 312-316 and international law, 324-328

Nationalist Socialist. See Nazis

nation state

Africa, 578-580

and the Cold War, 411-412

and imperialism, 313-316

and international law, 324-328

in Latin America, 532-533

and mass killings, 27-28, 432-435

Middle East, 480-481

and nationalism, 306-307

and new globalization, 607-608 political identity in, 33

and totalitarianism, 454-464

United States, 603

Western Europe, 310-312

Nazis. See also fascism

and Holocaust, 142, 421, 423-425 nuclear technology in, 156,161

Negri, Antonio, 361

Nehru, Jawaharlal, 227, 416, 485

Nemesis (steamboat), 616 neo-Malthusianism, 218-222, 225

Nervi, Pier Luigi, 150

Netherlands

empire, 332, 334, 337 neo-Malthusianism, 219

peat used for energy, 504-505

Southeast Asia, 612, 620

Neutrality Acts of 1935-1937 (US), 604

New Deal (US), 602, 606

“new imperial history,” 338-339

New Population Theory, 229

New South (US), 597

New Zealand, 430

Newcomen, Thomas, 175

Nicaragua

canal, 541

decolonization, 531

revolutionary movement, 550

Nicholas II, Russian Tsar, 292

Nigeria, 402, 560, 561, 576

Nkrumah, Kwame, 404, 485, 574

Nokia Corporation, 513 nomadic peoples

marginalization of, 5

war success, 7-8

non-aligned movement (NAM), 485-486 non-governmental organizations (NGOs), 607 Nordhaus, William, 175

North America

demography, 204

genocide, 430

North American Free Trade Agreement (NAFTA), 551, 608

North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO),

604

North Korea

communication technology to control citizens, 152

communism in, 319

GDP, 511

nuclear weapons, 157

Notestein, Frank, 225-227

nuclear technology, 155-158

Nursi, Bediuzzaman Said, 484 nutrition

and decline in mortality, 9

Obama, Barack, 520

Obregon, Alvaro, 543

oil age (Anthropocene epoch), 52-53, 56, 57 oil industry

Latin America, 482, 552

Middle East, 43, 488-489, 605-606

Soviet Union, 481

Okinawa, 388, 504

Olmstead, Alan, 92-93

One-Child Policy, 229

Operation Barbarossa, 424

opium

Bengali, 616

British, 619

China, 383

Opium Wars, 23, 25, 503, 613, 619 Oppenheimer, J. R., 156

Oregon Treaty, 614

Organization of Arab Petroleum Exporting

Countries (OAPEC), 488

Organization of the Petroleum Exporting

Countries (OPEC), 488

Orientalism, 358

Origin of the Family, Private Property and the State, 218

Orozco, Jose Clemente, 543

Ortega, Daniel, 553

Orwell, George, 354

Osnabrnck, Treaty of, 292

O'Sullivan, John L., 540

Ottoman Empire

18th-century, 469-473, 470, 589

19th-century, 473-478, 479

19th-century industrialization,

370-371

challenge by nomadic people, 8 competition with neighbors, 368 controlling seaways, 335 end of, 478

slavery in, 351-352

territory of, 333

tribal breakout against, 7-8

outputs (agricultural), 99-100 Overmyer-Velazquez, R., 353 overseas empires (18th-century), 332,

334

Overy, Richard, 26

Pacific Rim

colonialism, 332, 334, 504-505

demography, 189, 204

economic development, 621-623 economic history of, 611-614, 615 global processes in, 43-44 migration, 592-594

postwar economy, 627-630 treaty ports, 619-621 UN military bases in, 521 and United States, 614-619 World War II, 624-626

Paine, Thomas, 527

Pakistan

Cold War, 414, 485

disease control, 266

ethnic genocide in, 433

nuclear weapons, 157

palm oil, 560

Panama Canal Zone, 263, 541, 602, 625

Paris Peace Conference, 421

Park Chung-hee, 413

Parkesine (polymer), 142

Pasteur, Louis, 197, 263

Paxton, Nancy, 355

Peace of Westphalia, 287, 289

Peakman, Julie, 38

peasantry

as communist revolutionary class, 445, 462

in Great Leap Forward, 459-460, 460 peat energy, 504-505

Peattie, Mark, 623

Pedro, King of Brazil, 532

peer groups, 35-36

People's Republic of China. See China Perkin, William Henry, 141

Permanent Court of International Justice, 289

Peron, Evita, 546

Peron, Juan, 546

Perry, Matthew, 613, 616, 619, 621

Peru

communism in, 451 decolonization, 530 export boom, 539

Peruvian Socialist Party, 543

Peter the Great (Russia), 371

Petersen, Roger, 324

Petroleos Mexicanos (PEMEX), 547 petroleum. See oil industry

Philip of Anjou, King of Spain, 527 Philippines decolonization, 403, 413 Spanish control, 332 US control, 314, 337, 504, 602 pill. See fertility control Pink Tide, 553

Pinochet, Augusto, 550

“Pivot to Asia,” 520

plague (disease), 237-239, 243-246

Plan of Ayala, 542 plantations during industrialization, 57 Latin America, 537 and Pacific depopulation, 217 settlers, 432 and slave labor, 360-361, 560 plastics, 142-143, 143, 589 plate glass, 143-144 Plato, 291

Platt, D. C. M., 500

Platt Amendment (US), 541

Plaza, Salvador de la, 543

Pol Pot regime, 434-435

Poland

Cold War, 414 and genocide, 458 nationalism, 306 self-determination, 326

policy

Chinese One-Child, 229

Russian ethnicity, 322

politicide. See genocide

politics

and birth rates, 12-13

and decolonization in Africa, 573-576, 576,

589

demographic transition, 224-230 environment, 230-233 and geography, 222-224 and pressure to Westernize other countries, 367-368

reproductive, 218-222

and technology, 139-141

world economic, 212-216

Polk, James, 540 pollution

automobile, 149

and environmental movement, 78-79

and industrialization, 60, 61-63, 62, 589 water, 76-77

polymers. See plastics

polyvinyl chloride (PVC), 142

Pomeranz, Kenneth, 494, 497, 502 popular sovereignty, 308-312, 315 population. See fertility control

Population Bomb (pamphlet), 227, 230 populism (Latin America), 546, 551-553 Portuguese colonies, 332,334,335,368,526-529, 564, 612

positivism, 288-290, 535-536 postal systems, 152 power density, 170-172

PPP. See Purchasing Power Parity (PPP)

Prebisch, Raul, 547

Prince, Mary, 349, 350

property rights. See land

protectorates

Afghanistan,

Caribbean, 602

Korea, 336

Middle East, 474-475

Protestant. See Christianity proto-globalization, 19-20 public health agencies and death rates, 67 disease eradication, 268, 271 Panama Canal Zone, 263 in poor and rich countries, 252 surveillance by, 255-256 and war casualties, 246

Puerto Rico, 337, 602

Purchasing Power Parity (PPP), 511

Qadiriyyah, 477, 561 Qajar dynasty, 469, 474

Qatar, 490

Qing dynasty (China)

18th-century, 612

19th-century self-strengthening, 381-392 collapse of, 503, 623

defeat of Mongols, 5

flood control, 623

genocide, 430

port restrictions to trade, 613 state expansion, 22 tributary-trade system, 499-500 war casualties, 23

quarantine

animals, 248-249

disease control, 238, 239-240, 263

and trade, 242 quinine, 253 Quwatli, Shukri al-, 483

race relations

Africa, 403-404, 569-570

and colonialism, 355-356

East Asia, 620-621

and fertility decline, 221-222

Latin America, 531-532

United States, 410-411

racism

and genocide, 428-430

Latin America, 537

Nazi, 448-450, 458-459

Radio Corporation of America (RCA), 142 Raffles, Stamford, 262, 618 railways

African, 564

Chinese, 517

and disease transmission, 244

East Asia, 623

energy use, 58, 173

German, 369

in Holocaust, 424

and imperialism, 315

Latin America, 536

mail delivery, 152

and shipping costs, 17

and technology, 141, 147-148

United States, 597, 616

and warfare efficiency, 23 Raleigh, Walter, 79 Rani of Sirmur, 353

Rape of Nanking, 625

Rau, Dhanvanthi Rama, 228

Reagan, Ronald, 607

Rebec, Nicole, 42

Red Guards, 460, 462

Reed, Walter, 263

refrigeration technology, 147

Regeneracion, 542

regionalization

East Asia, 496-522, 498

historic connections in, 42-44

Latin America, 44, 531

Middle East, 42-43

United States, 44

Reid, Anthony, 497

religion

central to many regions, 43

Middle East, 468, 472-473, 480-481, 483-484 and totalitarianism, 455, 462

world, 31-33

reproduction

and families, 39

politics, 218-222, 231

sexuality decoupled from, 38

research and development (R&D) birth control, 227 cost of agricultural, 93 technology, 141-144, 143, 589 resistance. See revolutions revolutions

Atlantic, 3, 20-21

Caribbean, 571

communist, 443-446

Middle East, 483-484

Russian, 442, 450, 474

in totalitarianism, 458-461

US, 527, 587

Reza Shah, 480, 484

Rhode, Paul, 92

Ricardo, David, 535, 536

Rieger, Bernhard, 34

rinderpest (disease), 249, 278

river engineering technology, 144-147, 146, 589

Rivera, Diego, 543, 544

Robin, Paul, 220

Robinson, Ronald, 348, 500

Rockefeller Foundation, 93, 227, 231, 246, 263-264

Rodriguez, Jaime, 20

Roma (gypsies), 425, 458

Roman Catholics

and abortion, 224 expulsion of Jesuits from Latin America, 527 and family planning, 227 and fascism, 455

as imperial web, 339

in Latin America, 534

Romania, 414, 454

Roosevelt, Franklin, 156

Roosevelt, Theodore, 598

Rosas, Juan Manuel de, 534 Roshwald, Aviel, 27, 33

Rousseau, Jean-Jacques, 527

Roy, Rammohan, 20

Royal Agricultural Society of England, 93

Russia. See also Soviet Union

life expectancy in, 67, 207

Russian Empire. See also Soviet Union 19th-century industrialization, 371 abolition in, 19

advance of sedentary over nomadic peoples, 5

end of, 478

ethnicity and policy, 322

following Western energy uses, 164 genocide, 430-431

Islam, 477

lumber trade, 335

property ownership in, 96

railways, 148

territory of, 333

violence in, 459

Russo-Japanese War, 415

Russo-Turkish War, 471

Rwanda genocide, 436-437, 438 Rytikyij kingdom, 388, 499

Sadat, Anwar, 487

Saenz Pena, Roque, 544

Sahagun, Bernardino de, 353

Said, Edward, 358

Said, Khaled, 491

Saint-Domingue. See Haiti

Samsung Group, 513, 515

San Francisco Peace Treaty system (SFPT), 519-520, 522

Sandinista National Liberation Front, 550 Sanger, Margaret, 220, 228 sanitation

and death rate, 9, 67 disease control, 240, 245

Santa Anna, Antonio Lopez de, 533

Sargent, Daniel, 41

Sarmiento, Domingo Faustino, 537 sati (Indian funeral tradition), 356-357

Satia, Priya, 507

Saudi Arabia

foreign labor, 490

oil production, 482 origins of, 478 religion in, 480 social reform, 486

Saul, S. B., 500

Sauvy, Alfred, 226

science

and disease control, 245-246 globalization of, 20-21

Scott, James C., 348, 507

Seccion neo-Malthusiana de Cuba, 220

Second World War. See World War II Security Council (UN)

China inclusion, 510, 517

and genocide, 437

human rights tribunals, 302-303 power of, 298-299

Selden, Mark, 43-44

self-determination

Middle East, 480-481, 483

and nationalism, 326-328

United States and Soviet Union having, 408-411

self-strengthening (East Asian), 380-392

Selim III (Sultan of Ottoman Empire), 469, 473

Senghor, Leopold, 574

Serbian Uprisings, 476

Seven Years' War, 3, 5, 21, 237, 323, 527

Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome (SARS), 256

sexual diversity, 38

Shaka (Zulu king), 560-561

Shambaugh, David, 521 sharecropping, 98

Sharpe, Jenny, 355

Shi'ites, 484

Shining Path (Peruvian Maoist movement), 451

shipbuilding industry, 618, 625

shipping

Chinese tributary trade, 501 costs falling, 17 and fossil fuel use, 58

United States, 589

“shock cities,” 58-61, 60, 589

“Shooting an elephant” (essay), 354

Siam

19th-century, 337

colonialism of, 314

independence from colonialization, 369, 376-379, 378, 589, 620

Siemens Corporation, 142 Sieyes, Abbe, 311 silver

and China, 500, 503

East Asia need for, 616

Habsburg Empire squandering of, 527 Singapore, 512, 618

Sinha, Mrinalini, 344 Sino-French War, 25

Sino-Japanese War, 382, 623 Siquieros, David Alfaro, 543 slavery. See also abolitionism; forced labor;

indigenous peoples

Africa, 557-559

Brazilian, 339-340

British colonialism, 343, 360-361

coolies, 241-242

cultural differences causing, 351-352

Haitian Revolution, 587

Latin America, 532

and migration, 75-76

and plantation complex, 18-19, 58

and property rights, 95

United States, 373, 590-591, 596-597

world demography, 194-195 sleeping sickness (disease), 375 smallpox (disease), 21, 216, 250-251, 258-279 Smallpox Eradication Program (SEP), 270-272, 278-279

Smil, Vaclav, 10 Smith, Adam, 629

Smuts, Jan, 569 Social Darwinism, 537 social reform

communism as, 450-452

fascism as, 452-454, 453, 589

Middle East, 486

United States, 601 socialism

and eugenics, 223-224

and fascism, 447

Middle East, 486

and nationalism, 317-318

political identity in, 33, 215

United States, 601

Socialist Party of America, 601 solar energy regime, 53 soldiers. See warfare

Somoza Debayle, Luis, 549

Somoza Garcia, Anastasio,

546, 550

Sony Corporation, 513, 515

South Africa

capitalism in, 568-569, 573

irrigation engineering, 146 political reform in, 577-578 race relations, 403-404

South Asia

19th-century industrialization, 379

British imperialism, 313

British withdrawal from, 403

genocide in, 439

population control, 223

war casualties, 22

South Korea

car industry, 627

GDP (PPP adjusted), 511

as leading economy, 512

Southeast Asia

19th-century agricultural export, 376-379

British colonialism, 3, 6 territorial consolidation, 6 Southeast Asia Treaty Organization

(SEATO), 604

Southern hemisphere demography, 201-205, 202, 204, 589

sovereignty, 288-290, 303-305, 308-312, 315 Soviet Union. See also Russia

and abortion, 224

collapse of, 436, 485, 495 disease in, 270-272 genocide, 425-426, 432 nuclear technology in, 155, 157, 158 oil production, 481 public housing in, 151 self-determination, 408-409 technology to control citizens, 152,161 Spanish-American War, 541 Spencer, Herbert, 535, 537 Spivak, Gayatri, 353

Stalin, Joseph, 141, 157, 318, 425-426, 445, 457, 461

Stanziani, Alessandro, 18, 20 state expansion

Chinese, 6-7, 493, 501-502

East Asian, 388-390

Japanese, 624-625

United States, 540-541, 588, 594-596 steam power

and disease transmission, 239-240

mail delivery, 152

performance, 148, 175-176

rise of, 137, 138

shipping, 147, 613, 618

Steamboat Act (1838), 148

Stearns, Peter, 39

steel (US), 608

Stoler, Ann L., 341

Strayer, Robert, 27, 33

Suarez, Francisco, 287 submarines (nuclear), 158 Suez Canal, 242, 475, 618

Suez crisis, 41, 402, 483

Sufi brotherhoods, 43, 472, 484

Sugihara, Kaoru, 11, 497, 502, 516

Suharto regime, 434

Sukarno, 413, 485, 572

Suleiman (Ottoman sultan), 474 superpowers. See Cold War Supreme Court (US), 289 swaraj (Indian self-rule), 406

Sweden, 219

swine flu, 256

Syria, 471-472, 483

Szilard, Leo, 156

Taiping Rebellion, 623

Taiwan

China leading trade partner, 513 exports to Japan, 506

GDP (PPP adjusted), 511

Japanese control, 314, 337, 504, 623

as leading economy, 512

in WTO, 513

Tana Li, 501

Taylor, Timothy, 37

Taylor, Zachary, 540

“technologies of rule,” 349-352 technology. See also innovation

agricultural, 90-95,103, 158-160, 160, 589 building materials, 149-151

communication, 33, 151-154, 562, 600, 618 computer, 154

concern about, 139-141

East Asia importing Western, 381-392 and energy usage, 54-55, 56, 58 engine power, 137-138, 139 and families, 39 and government, 161 and human energy usage, 10-12 nuclear, 155-158 preventing genocide, 430 and R&D, 141-144, 143, 589

river engineering, 144-147, 146, 589 and trade expansion, 16-17 transportation, 147-149

warfare, 26

telegraph, 152, 536, 562, 600, 618

telephone, 153-154

Tennessee Valley Authority (TVA), 146 Teskilati Mahsusa, 427

Texas

annexation to US, 540

decolonization, 530

Texas fever (disease), 249-250

textile industry

China, 384

India, 360

and Industrial Revolution, 11-12,137

Japanese, 386

US, 372, 590, 596, 598, 608

TFP. See total factor productivity (TFP) Thailand. See Siam

Thatcher, Margaret, 551 thermodynamic laws, 165,182 “third world,” concept of, 226, 268

Thirty Years' War, 21, 288

Thornton, John, 557

Three Gorges Dam, 145-146, 146, 589

Three Mile Island (nuclear reactor), 156

“Three worlds, one planet” (article), 226 Tiananmen Square massacre, 42 Tibet, 433

Tijaniyya, 561

Tilly, Charles, 310

Tito, Josip Broz, 415, 485

tobacco, 588

Tokugawa shogunate (Japan), 193-194, 387,

621

Torroja, Eduardo, 150

total factor productivity (TFP), 88-89,

89,589

totalitarianism, 454-464 See also authoritarianism

Toure, Ahmed Sekou, 404

Toynbee, Arnold, 428

tractor technology, 159,172, 173

trade

19th-century, 367, 589

African slave, 557-559

agricultural commodity, 99-100 diasporas, 564

and disease transmission, 239-240, 244, 248-249

East Asian, 514, 516

intercontinental, 16-18, 19-20

Latin America, 546

Middle East, 469, 472, 475

state restrictions on, 102-103

tributary, 497-503

United States, 599-601, 604, 607

world, 611

Transactions (journal), 260 transportation

power density, 172, 173

technology, 147-149

treaties

and international law, 290

multilateral, 292-293

treaty ports, 619-621

“tribal breakout,” 7-8

tribunals (human rights), 302-303 tributary-trade system, 497-503

Trotsky, Leon, 544

Trujillo, Rafael, 546

tuberculosis (disease), 251-253

Tunisia, 475, 487, 490

Turkey

20th century, 480, 484

21st century, 490

Cold War, 485

democracy, 487

Islamic movements, 486

and nationalism, 321

Young Turks, 474

Tyler, John, 540

typhus (disease), 238

Tyrrell, Ian, 44

Ubico, Jorge, 546, 548

Ukraine, 67

ulama (religious scholars), 483-484

Umar, El Hajj, 561

unions (trade)

Japan, 627

United States, 601

United Arab Emirates, 490

United Fruit Company, 538, 548

United Kingdom. See British imperialism

United Nations

creation of Israel, 488

disease control, 269

Economic Commission for Latin America,

547

General Assembly, 297-298 and genocide, 422-423, 428

Human Development Index, 512

International Court of Justice (ICJ), 297 internationalization, 604 population division, 226

represents decolonization goals, 407

Security Council, 298-299

world population forecast, 103

United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization (UNESCO), 300 United States

census, 213-214 and China, 509, 517 Civil War, 23, 593, 596-597 colonialism, 312-314, 337 connections to global history, 585-586 decolonization, 586-588 demography, 189 disease control, 267-270 and East Asia, 521-522

economics, 367, 504-505, 588-590, 599-601, energy, 155, 178, 481, 604-606 environment, 597-598

foreign investments, 510, 514-515, 538 gold, 616-617

hegemony, 493, 608-609 and indigenous people, 216 industrialization, 372-373, 598-599 isolationism, 603-604 labor movement, 601-602 migration patterns, 592-594 military bases, 602-603 new globalization, 607-608 and Pacific Rim, 614-619 self-determination, 409-411 slavery, 590-591 state expansion, 540-541, 588, 594-596 trade deficit, 514

Universal Declaration of Human Rights, 297, 301

urbanization. See also cities

20th-century, 12 Anthropocene age, 67-68 and environmental destruction, 60, 61-63,

62, 597-598

and fertility control, 197 Middle East, 467, 481, 489-490 and nationalism, 322

Uruguay decolonization, 530 foreign trade, 545 neo-Malthusianism, 220

vaccinations

and cultural traditions, 272-275 disease control, 250-251, 259-263 manufacturing, 270-272 and mortality decline, 197

Vail, Alfred, 152

van der Veer, Peter, 31 Vargas, Getulio, 546 variolation. See vaccinations

Vasconcelos, Jose, 543

Velvet Revolution, 42

Vendee genocide, 432-433

Venediktov, Dmitry, 271

Venezuela

decolonization, 530

oil production, 482

Versailles, Treaty of, 294, 603 video games, 338

Vietnam

communism in, 319, 451

GDP (PPP adjusted), 511

irrigation engineering, 147

lack of public housing in, 151 reunification of, 510 tributary-trade system, 499-500

Vietnam War, 403, 404, 412, 434

Villa, Pancho, 542-543

Vindication of the Rights of Woman, 40 Vitoria, Francisco de, 287

Voll, John Obert, 42-43

Wafd (Egyptian nationalist party), 483 Wahhabi movement, 43, 473, 477-478 Walmart, 515

Wang Feng, 229

War of 1812, 588

War of the Reform, 535, 536

War of the Spanish Succession, 527

War on Terror, 487

warfare

Anthropocene age, 70-71

and beginning of modern history era, 3-8

casualties, 21-22

colonial, 504-505

computers in, 154

and disease transmission, 239

East Asia territorial, 519-521

European 18th-century, 502

global connections in, 21-29

guerrilla, 549

Japanese, 506-508

Latin America, 534-535

League of Nations, 296-297

in Middle East and Central Asia, 515-516 post-Cold War among decolonized states, 415-416

Qing dynasty, 502

weapons energy, 155-158, 179-180, 181 wars. See warfare

Warsaw Pact, 319

Washington, George, 3

Washington Consensus, 551

Wasserstrom, Jeffrey, 42

water

coastal navigation, 613 pollution, 62, 76-77

Waterhouse, Benjamin, 262

Watt, James, 137, 176, 267

weapons

energy, 179-180, 181

guns, 156-157 manufacturing, 25 nuclear, 156-157

“weapons of the weak,” 348-349

Webster, Robert, 256

West Africa

and disease transmission, 272-275 French colonialism in, 351 modern labor movements in, 404 slave trade, 557-559

West Indies, 571, 591, 596

Western Europe

18th-century East Asia comparable to, 497-499

death control in Anthropocene, 67 energy consumption, 179 energy use transitions, 164 property ownership in, 95

Westinghouse Electric, 142

Weston, Edward, 543

wetlands drainage, 73

whaling

and extinction, 75-76, 76 importance of oil, 589

“What is the Third Estate?” (pamphlet),

311

wheat

export of, 618

United States, 588

Wheeler, Charles, 501

White Lotus Rebellion, 22

Wiesner-Hanks, Merry, 11

wildlife. See animals

Wilhelm II, German emperor, 431 Williams, Eric, 343

Wilson, Woodrow, 324, 326

Winners, Langdon, 140

Witte, Sergei, 371

Wollstonecraft, Mary, 40

Wong, R. Bin, 32, 494, 497

wood. See also deforestation consumption, 177 energy density of, 168-169

power density of for urbanization, 170-172

and urbanization, 597 workforce. See labor World and Africa, The, 556 World Bank, 300, 339, 547 World Court, 294-295 World Health Assembly. See World Health Organization

World Health Organization (WHO), 227, 231, 251, 256-257, 258, 264, 265-267, 271, 275-278, 300

World Intellectual Property Organization (WIPO), 300

World Meteorological Organization (WMO), 300

World Organization for Animal Health,

257

World Trade Center (US), 487

World Trade Organization (WTO), 250, 257, 300, 513, 517

World War I

and Bolshevism, 451

and communism, 317-318

decolonization, 401

disease control, 264

German factories, 142

Latin America, 545

and nation state, 324

transportation, 148

US involvement, 603

World War II

decolonization, 402-407, 406, 589

demography, 63, 225

and fascism, 442, 463

and GDP, 11

and Japan, 392, 505

land reforms, 98

Latin America, 546-547

and Middle Eastern independence, 480

Pacific Rim, 624-626

transportation, 148, 149

United States, 602, 603-604 watershed of Asian geopolitics, 508

Western energy use in, 165 World Wide Web. See Internet

Wretched of the Earth, The, 343, 404 Wright, Frank Lloyd, 150

WTO. See World Trade Organization

yellow fever (disease), 238, 239-240, 263 Yemen, 486

Young Turks, 473, 476

Yrigoyen, Hipolito, 544

Yugoslavia, 451

zaibatsu (Japanese family conglomerates), 622

Zandivar, Oliva, 543

Zanzibar, 560

Zapata, Emiliano, 542-543

Zeiler, Thomas, 17

Zelaya, Jose Santos, 538

Zhdanov, Viktor, 265-266, 268 Zhenotdel, 457

Zionist movement, 480, 488

ZPG (political movement), 231 Zulu kingdom, 560-561 Zunghar Mongols, 5, 22 Zyklon B (gas),