Index
Abd al-Malik (caliph) 433-4
Abraham (Ibrahim) 458
Abu-Lughod, Janet 229
Abu Salabikh (Mesopotamia) 117, 257, 268
Acamapichtli (first ruler of Tenochtitlan)
496, 504
Acolhua 494
Adams, William (Kentucky) 450
Adams, Robert McCormick 12,14-15, 258-61,
271
Evolution of Urban Society (1966) 15 Heartland of Cities (1981) 15
Aegean 346, 349, 355-8, 360-1, 383
Aegina, food imports 352
Africa 3, 364-6, 382
Akumbu urban cluster (Mema) 374 alternative distributions of power 366-8, 382
clustered cities 368-75 interregional trade 376-9
Iron Age mounds 374-5
Late Stone Age settlements 372-5
Mema region 374-5
Middle Niger region (pre-urban landscape) 371-5
agriculture 303-4
and book-keeping (Shang China) 146-8 Cuicuilco 282
Cuzco 304
Greece 346-7
Mesopotamia 129, 272-4, 313-14
Tenochtitlan 553
Tiwanaku 304
Aguateca (Guatemala) 99-100, 223
Ahuitzotl (ruler Tenochtitlan 1486-1502) 492,
497, 508
Akhenaten (Amenhotep IV) 41-3, 462
Akkad 255, 505
Aksum 367, 376-8
al-'Ali, S.
409Albuquerque, Admiral Alfonso de 74 Alexander the Great 27, 99, 356-7, 393, 520 Alexandria 27, 344, 357, 529, 535
Museum 358
population 359
Algaze, Guillermo 123
Amarna (Egypt) 41-3, 462
Amarna Letters 422
Amenemhat I (1st king of the 12th dynasty)
36
Amenhotep II (7th king of the 18th dynasty)
39- 40
Amenhotep III (9th king of 18th dynasty)
40- 1
Amenhotep IV (Akhenaten) 41-3, 462 American School of Classical Studies 344 al-Amin (Abbasid Caliph) 411-12
Anatolia 129
Andes (South-Central), proto-urbanism
236
Angel (Ohio River) 450
Angkor 75, 89-91, 99, 556
Angkor Borei 77, 79-81, 88
Angkor Thom 90
Angkor Wat 98
Angkorian (Khmer) Empire 87-92
Antioch 357
Anuradhapura (Sri Lanka) 99
Anyang 16, 108, 131-3, 216-19 archaeological research 13-16, 257-61, 385 Archaeological Survey of India 319, 329, 336 Archaeology of City-States: Cross-Cultural
Approaches (Nichols and Charlton, 1997) 16
Argos
Archaic period 348
Early Iron Age 347
Aristotle 5, 347, 383
Arslantepe (Mesopotamia) 262
Aryans 551
ASsur 469-70, 472-5, 535 multi-ethnic society 475, 489 official buildings 473-4 Old Palace 474, 542 population 472 residential quarters 474-5 temple of 472-3 urban administration 475 urban growth 538
Assssur (Assyrian god) 472-3
AsSurbanipal, king of Assyria 470
AsSurnasirpal II, king of Assyria 307, 473-4, 476-9
AsSur-uballit II (king of Assyria) 471
Assyria 20, 257, 360, 469-89, 551 administration 488-9 demise 470-1 dimensions and grandeur of cities 488 expansion 469-70 immigrants/deportees 471-2, 489, 552 kings' building programs 487-8
Old Assyrian period (c.
2000-1700 bce) 469population growth 471-2
see also Assur; Dur-Sarru-ken; Kalhu;
Kar-Tukulti-Ninurta; Nineveh
Aten (Re-Aten, Egyptian god) 41
Athens 344
Acropolis 355
agora 344, 361
anti-Persian Delian League 355 Early Iron Age 347 food imports 352
Hellenistic period 358
Olympic opening pageant (2004) 549-50
Persian wars 355
Piraeus 351 population 351-2 sacking of (83 bce) 358 war with Sparta 355
Avaris 37, 41-3
Axayacatl (ruler, Tenochtitlan, 1468-81)
497
Ayala, Guaman Poma de 185 Azcapotzalco 495-6
Aztec 302, 491-2
huey tlatoani 541
tributary system 497-500, 553
Triple Alliance 496, 510
see also Mexica-Tenocha; Tenochtitlan
Aztlan 494
Babylon 257, 269, 357, 551
Babylonians 470, 489
Bagan/Pagan (Myanmar) 91
Baghdad 20, 397-414. 455, 557
Abbasid Caliphate 397-414
Abbasid Revolution 399
city plans 401-3 comparative analysis of 460-3 construction materials 461-3 Dar al-Rum (Christian Quarter) 411 eastern side 410-13 foundation of 403-5, 457-60 gates 406-7, 409-10, 459 Great Mosque 406-7 Harbiyya Quarter 409 Hashimiyya Palace 399 al-Karkh Quarter 409-10, 414 Mukharrim district 411 Palace of al-Khuld 410-11 Palace of Qasr Firdaws 413 Palace of Qasr Ja'fari 413 Palace of Qasr al-Taj 413 Palace of the Golden Gate/Green Dome
407, 411
population 409
residential area (western side) 408-10
Round City (palatial city) 405-8, 412,
459
Rusafa Quarter 411
Seljuq period 414 al-Shammasiyya district 411
Umayyad Caliphate 397-9, 459 written records 401-3
Baines, John 216
Bali 74, 87
Banerji, R. D. 319
Barthes, Roland 408
Basra 408
Beijing 535
Belize 53
Benjamin, Walter 12
Bennett monolith (Tiwanaku) 248
Bhandarkar, D. R. 319
Bible 420, 426
al-Bιrunι 405
Bisht, R. S. 329
Bonampak (Mexico) 59, 63, 98, 107, 177
Bordeaux Pilgrim 431
Boudet, Jean-Patrice 405
Bourdieu, Pierre 160, 162
Brahmanism/Brahmins 86, 88, 95, 103
Brezine, CarrieJ.
184, 196Bubastis 38
Buddhism 103-4, 333, 461
Mahayana 95
Burgess, Ernest 12
Byzantium 529
Caesar 524
Cahill, Jane M. 422-4
Cahokia 20, 437-55, 551, 554
abandonment of 448-51 comparative analysis of 460-3 construction materials 451, 453-4 cosmology 447-8, 452
East St. Louis precinct 439-40, 442, 449-50, 459-60 forgetting of 451-2 foundation 442-5, 457-60 Grossmann site 446 grid plan 440-2 hinterland 445-8 legacy 453-4 population 440, 445, 448 precincts 459-60 public buildings 442 pyramids/mounds 439-42, 447, 450-1 Monks Mound 27-8 Mound 51 444 Mound 72 447
Mound C (Shiloh) 451 religious rituals 447, 452-3 residential neighborhoods 441 ritual architecture 446-9 St. Louis precinct 439-40, 459-60 Terminal Late Woodland period 442 Cairo 414
Calnek, Edward 504
Cambodia 83, 87 see also lower Mekong
Basin
canals 311-12, 543
Baghdad 400, 402, 409
Chan Chan 311-12
Dholavira 329
Kar-Tukulti-Ninurta 476 lower Mekong 88, 90
Mesopotamia 253, 255, 269, 272-3, 313-14 Nineveh 486, 538
Rome 536, 538
Tenochtitlan 505, 538, 553
Tiwanaku 234, 238, 244, 251, 313
Uruk 129
Caracol (Belize) 53, 99
Carthage 356, 518, 521, 535
Cascajal text 170 causeways 50-3, 62-3, 69, 506-8, 538, 543, 553 ceramics
Maya 166, 173-4, 177
production (Teotihuacan) 290-1
Uruk 119, 124-7
Chachapoyas 199
Chaco Canyon (New Mexico) 452
Chaco phenomenon 554
Champa (Vietnam) 75, 83
Chan Chan (Andes) 308-9
expansion 310
hydrological regime 311-12
Chanhu Daro (Indus) 330
Chapultepec aqueduct 543
Charlton, Thomas 16, 292
Chase, Arlen and Diane 54
Chiapas (Mexico) 54
Chicago (University of) 14-15
Modeling Ancient Settlement Systems (MASS) project 276
school of urban sociology 12-13, 52, 229 Chichen Itza 52, 223
Childe, V. Gordon 13-14, 113, 254, 300, 303, 310, 385
Chimalpopoca (ruler Tenochtitlan) 496, 504 China 3, 16, 74
construction materials 462-3
Huanbei period 131-6 influence on Southeast Asian cities 76 invention of paper 211 second millennium bce 552-3 training of scribes 219-24
and urbanism 131
writers 5
writing 19
agriculture and book-keeping 146-8 city industries and book-keeping 148-50 colonial enterprise and 150-4 record-keeping and accountability 215-16
record-keeping of ritual activity 216-17,
219
Yinxu period 136-42
Chiripa (South-Central Andes) 236
Christaller, Walter, “central place theory” ιι, 15
Christianity 10, 416, 461
cities
built environment 306-9
comparative research 16-18 construction materials 457, 461-3 definitions 1-2, 254-5, 367
economy 300, 303-4 evolution of 3-4, 550-1
foundational theories 455
initial settlement location 301-2 instability/fragility of 552-7 polity (and siting of cities) 302-3 social formation 300
society 304-6 city plans
Baghdad 401-3
Cahokia 440-2
Jerusalem 420, 430-3
Nippur 260
Uruk 253-4 city-states 3, 16-17, 94-5, 100
Africa 378
Canaanite 422
Greek 348-9
Postclassical Mexico 493
Southeast Asian 77-81
see also Assyria; Indus civilization city walls 309
Baghdad 401, 406-7
Jenne-jeno 369, 387
Jerusalem 421-2, 425, 431
Kalhu 476
Kar-Tukulti-Ninurta 476
Nineveh 481, 485-7
rituals for 107
Rome 524
Uruk 115, 122
Cival (Guatemala) 167
Cleopatra VII 359
Co Loa (northern Vietnam) 77 Common Field (Missouri) 450 communicative technologies see information technologies
Comparative Study of Six City-State Cultures, A (Hansen, 2002) 17
Comparative Study of Thirty City-State Cultures, A: An Investigation Conducted by the Copenhagen Polis Center (Hansen, 2000) 17
Conrad, Geoffrey 310 Constantine, Emperor 431 Constantinople 397, 461, 535 Copan (Honduras) 58, 99, 171-2, 223 Corinth
Archaic period 348
food imports 352
Roman destruction of 358
Cortes, Hernan 505-8 cosmology 2, 19, 95-7, 406, 457, 556
Buddhist 103-4
Cahokia 447-8, 452
Egypt 41
Maya 51, 62, 95, 100, 103, 166-7, i74, 177, 217-19, 224-5
and performance 60-3, 102-4 Southeast Asia 84, 88, 90 Tenochtitlan and Tlatelolco 502 Tiwanaku 233, 241, 248, 251
Cowgill, George L.
285, 308 Coyalxauhqui (Aztec goddess) 503-4 Crosno (Mississippi) 450Ctesiphon 404
Cuauhtemoc (ruler, Tenochtitlan 1520-5)
497
Cuicuilco 282-3, 301
Cuitlahuac (ruler, Tenochtitlan 1520) 497 Culhua (confederation) 494-6
Cuzco 535
agriculture 304 education and training 221-3 expansion 310-11 fall of 553-4
state/imperial organization in 184-93, 213-14
urban control of the hinterlands 315-16 Cyrus the Great of Persia 426
Dai Viet (Vietnam) 83
Damascus 399
Danube 524
Darius I, King of Persia 355
David, King 416, 424, 458
Dead Sea Scrolls 420
Den (Egyptian mid-ιst dynasty king) 30 Descola, Philippe 406
Dhar Tichitt (Mauritania) 371-4 Dholavira (Indus) 320, 324-5,
329-30
Dionysius I 356
Djehutihotep (12th dynasty nomarch of Hermopolis) 36-7
Djoser (1st king of the 3rd Egyptian dynasty) 30
Dos Pilas (Guatemala) 54-5
Doyle, M. 534
Dumezil, Georges 9
Durkheim, Emile 6, 8-9, 11-12
Dur-Sarru-ken 472, 479-81 urban growth 538 ziggurrat 488
Eanna settlement (Mesopotamia) 262 Eannatum (ruler of Lagash) 273 Ebla 264, 275
Egypt 3, 27-43, 94
hieroglyphs 123
Mesopotamian influence on 123-4 monumental sites
Abu Rawash 30
Abusir 35
Abydos 28, 30, 34
Beit Khallaf 34
Buto 30
Giza 30, 39
Great Sphinx 39
Helwan 30
Hierakonpolis 28
Itjtawy (royal residence) 36
Karnak 37-9
Maidum 30
Mendes 30
Nag' el-Deir 34
Naqada 28
North Saqqara 30
Reqaqna 34
Sais 30
South Saqqara 30, 35
Step Pyramid 30
Tell el-Farkha 30
Valley of the Kings 38 monumentalism
Early Dynastic period (1st to 3rd dynasties) 30-5
Middle Kingdom (ιιth-13th dynasties) 36-8
New Kingdom (18th -20th dynasties) 38-43
Old Kingdom (4th -8th dynasties) 35-6
Nile Delta 27-30
Nile Valley 27-30 performances 95
city and countryside 105 involving consumption and destruction 98-9
Memphite region 32-5 ruler's display ιoι scale 106
violence/human sacrifice 107
Roman conquest 524
El Mirador (Guatemala) 48, 51, 174
El Zotz (Guatemala) 54, 66-7, ιoo-ι empires 532-4 see also individual names of empires
Engels, Friedrich ιι
England
loss of primacy 544-5
Roman invasion 525
Epic of Gilgamesh 118, 120, 253, 304
Epirus, Roman attack on 358
Eretria
Archaic period 348 conflict with Persians 355
Erlitou 552
Esarhaddon 470, 473
Eshnunna 257
Estrada-Belli, Francisco 167, 174
Euphrates 399-400
Execration Texts 421
Finley, Moses I.
ι, 8, 16Forest, Jean-Daniel 261, 266
Fort Sargon 479
Foucault, Michel 161
Frazer, James George, Golden Bough, The 7 Fustat (Egypt) 408
Fustel de Coulanges, Numa Denis, La cite antique (1864) 6-10, 17
Gabii (Latin state) 517
Gadd, C. J. 319
Ganges-Yamuna Basin
Altranjikhera 336
earthen ramparts 336-7
Early Historic period 332-9
Hatinapura 336
hierarchy of places and people 333-4 Kausambi 336
Magadha 337-8
Mathura 336
“Northern Black Polished Ware”
(NBPW) period 333, 335-7
“Painted Grey Ware” (PGW) period (1100-700 bce) 332-3
Patilaputra (Patna) 337
Rajgir 336 religion 333, 335
Taxila 335
Ujjain 336
Ganweriwala Thar (Indus) 320, 323-5, 330
Garcia Chavez et al., Raial 293 gardening, urban 54, 303-4 Geertz, Clifford 75, 87, 108
Gela 355-6
Gelon 355
Geographical Information System (GIS) 65
Germany, Roman expansion 525
Gibson, McGuire 276
Glotz, Georges 8
Godin Tepe (Iran) 129
Grabar, Oleg 433
Great Zimbabwe 367, 378-9
Greece 343-63, 382-3, 557
agriculture 346-7 archaeological excavations 344 Archaic period (c.750-480 bce) 348-51 Classical period (480-323 bce) 351-6 climate 345-6, 359-60
coinage 349
culture 359-60, 362 distributed power 382-3, 386
Early Iron Age cities (c. 1050-750 bce) 347 food imports 352 geography 345-6, 359-60
Hellenistic period (323-30 bce) 356-9 literary records 344 polis 348-9, 353-4 political integration 355-6 population growth 351-2, 359-60 public monuments 361
Roman wars 358-9
slavery 353
social organization 353-4
standard of living 352-3
temples 351
urban planning 349-51
Gutierrez, Gerardo 553
Habuba Kabira 117, 129, 257
Hadrian, Emperor 430, 458
Haicheng, Wang 553
Hanks, William 160-1
Hansen, Richard 166
Harappa (Indus) 319-20, 323-5, 328-9, 551, 556
Archaeological Research Project (1986-2001) 328
Harun al-Rashιd 411
Hashim (grandfather of Muhammad) 399 Hastorf, Christine A.
236Hegel, Georg W. F. 383
Helena, Empress 416, 431-3
Helena, Queen 427
Heliopolis 27, 35
Hermopolis 36, 40
Herod, King (37 BCE-4 ce) 427
Herodotus 38, 268, 383
Herzfeld, Ernst 412
Hinduism 75-6, 98, 333, 461
hinterlands 311-13
Cahokia 445-8
Cuzco 315-16
imperial cities 542-4
limits of political control 316
Mesopotamia 313-14
Southeast Asia 77
Teotihuacan 291-4, 314-15
urban control of 313-16
Hippodamus of Miletus 351
Hittite Empire 360
Holmul (Guatemala) 166
Hopewell 445
Houston, Stephen 223
Hciyiik, Hassek 129
Huitzilihuitl (ruler 1391 ce, Tenochtitlan) 496, 504
Huitzilopochtli (Aztec god) 302, 494, 496, 503-4, 509
Huizinga, Johan 550 human sacrifice 107-8, 142-4, 156, 447-8
Hussein, Saddam 551
Ibn Jubayr 414
Ibn Sarabiyun 402
Illiad, The 38
imperial cities 535-9
art and architecture 536-7
construction programs 536-9 hinterlands 542-4 inhabitants 539-42 palaces 542
ruling/political hierarchy 541-2
urban planning 537-9
Inanna (Mesopotamian goddess) 266, 268 India (modern) 551
Indus civilization
cities 320-2, 382
Cholistan region 323
comparison with Mesopotamian cities 331-2
disintegration of 332 distance from other cities/states 322 distributed power 382, 387-8
Early Harappan period (c. 3500-2600 bce) 322-4
Mature Indus period (Urban Harappan, 2600-1900 bce) 324-30
Pre-Harappan sites 323-4 information technologies 19, 121-2, 126-8, 208-12
and accountability 214-16
beveled-rim bowls 126, 129 counters (tokens) 127, 211-12 for economic administration 212-14 functions of 212-19
oracle bone inscriptions 131-3, 142-6, 209, 211, 215-17, 221, 553 information technologies (cont.) and ritual activity 216-19 seals 121-2, 125-6, 129, 209-12, 323 tablets 127, 213, 258-61 training of scribes 219-24 see also khipus (knotted-cords); writing Inka 19
administrative accounting 181-205 corvee laborers 194
curacas 197-8 education and training 221-3 fragility of 553-4 huacas 186-7
local accounting (khipu sample from Atarco, Nazca) 197-205
provincial accounting (Puruchuco accounting hierarchy) 193-7 state accounting (ceque system) 184-93, 315-16
Inomata, Takeshi 223
irrigation
Baghdad 400
Chan Chan 311-12 Cuzco 315
Greece 346 lower Mekong 88 Mesopotamia 255, 273 Tenochtitlan 538, 543 Tiwanaku 312-13
Isaac 458
Isendahl, Christian 54
Isin 257
Islam 461
Istanbul 535
Itzcoatl (4th ruler of Tenochtitlan 1426-40) 496-7, 504, 506
Jacobs, Jane 5, 20
Jainism 333
Jakata (Buddhist tale) 98, 104
Jamdat Nasr 264 agriculture 273 herds 274
Java 74
Borobudur monument 103-4
Majapahit kingdom 83-4
Jayavarman VII (Khmer ruler) 90
Jebel Aruda 129
Jenne-Jeno 20, 365-6, 368-71, 375, 382, 557 distributed power 386-7
Jerusalem 20
Aelia Capitolina (Late Roman period) 430, 458
al-Aqsa Mosque 433
archaeological excavations 421-2, 424-30
Bayt al-Maqdis/al-Quds (Early Islamic Period) 433-5
Bronze Age 417-19, 421-2
Byzantine period 431-3, 458
Canaanite 421-2
Christianity 431-3, 458
City of David 20, 420-7
Early Second Temple (Persian and Early Hellenistic) Period 426-7
expulsion of Jews 458
Giv'ati Parking Lot excavations 425, 427 al-Haram al-Sharif (the Noble Sanctuary)
433
Iron Age 417-19, 422-6
Jebusite and Davidic 422-4
Jewish Quarter 424-5, 427
Judaic 424-6
Late Hellenistic-Early Roman period 427-30
monuments/monumental buildings 421-2, 427-31
Ophel 425
residential quarters 424-7
Roman city plan 430
SecondJewish Revolt (135 ce) 416
Second Temple (renovation) 427
Stepped Stone Structure 423-4 textual accounts of 420, 422, 426, 431-3 Umayyad rule 416
water system 422
Jesus 416
Johnson, Gregory 15, 385
Josephus 420, 427-30
Kaaba (Mecca) 461
Kala Uyuni (Taraco Peninsula, Andes) 237
Kalhu (Calah) 307, 472, 474, 476-9 arsenal (Fort Salmaneser) 478-9
Governor's Palace 477
North-West Palace 478
official buildings 477-9
ziggurrat 488
Kalibangan (Indus) 330
Kallamarka (Tiwanaku Valley, Andes) 237
Kano (Hausa) 378
Kar-Tukulti-Ninurta 472-3, 476
royal palace (The House of the Universe) 476
urban growth 538
Keightley David 154
Kemp, Barry 218
Kenoyer, Jonathan M. 321
Kenyon, Kathleen 421, 423-4
Kerma 376
Khafajah (Temple Oval at) 267
Khaldun, Ibn 5
al-Khatib al-Baghdadi 404 khipu (quipu/knotted-cord) 19,181-205,209-11
and accountability 214-15
analog for a cord account in Cuzco 187-93, 213-14
Atarco (Nazca) sample UR28 199-205
Puruchuco accounting hierarchy 196-7 Khipukamayuqs (knot-makers/organizers) 184, 193-4, 198-9
training of scribes 219-24
Khmer (Angkor) Empire 75, 87-92
Khonkho Wankane 229-30, 237-41
abandonment of 249-50
monumental construction 245 occupation of 248 as paired center with Tiwanaku 240-1, 250-1
Wankane and Putuni platforms (mounds)
237-9
Khurasan 399
Kilwa 378
Kimsachata mountain range 240-1, 246 Kincaid (Ohio River) 450
K'inich Yax K'uk' Mo' (Copan dynasty founder) 171-2
Kish (Mesopotamia) 124, 268, 555
elite burials 268
Kluckholm, Clyde 8
Knodell, Alex R. 382-3, 391
Knossos
Archaic period 348
Early Iron Age 347 knotted-cords see khipu Kolata, Alan 234, 250, 313 Kiufa 399, 408 Kulke, Hermann 79 Kullab settlement (Mesopotamia) 262 Kusg 376
Kut al-Amara 405
La Venta (Olmec site) 170-1
Lagash (Mesopotamia) 124, 261-2
agriculture 273
textiles 274
Lake Titicaca 230, 245-6
Lamu 378
Laos 87
Larsa 257
Lassner, Jacob 407
Law, Danny 210
Le Strange, Guy 402-3
Lefkandi, Early Iron Age 347
Leon, Cieza de 181-3, 205
Lilbourn (Missouri) 450
Los Angeles school of urban sociology 229
Losch, August Ii
Lothal (Indus) 330
lower Mekong Basin (Southeast Asia) 76
500 bce-8oo ce 87-9
Chenla 89
Funan polity 88
Kampong Thom province 89
power, place, and ritual 87-9
Sambor Prei Kuk site 89
Stung Treng province 89
Lupaqa I99
Luttwak, E. 533
Luxor 38-9
Lydia 360
MacDonald, Kevin C. 372
MacDonald, William 62
Macedon 356-8, 36I
Madaba Map 420, 43I-3
Mahabharata (Hindu tale) I03
al-Mahd^ (Abbasid Caliph) 411
Maine, HenryJames Summer, Ancient Law 6-7
Makassar 85
Malindi 378
al-Ma'mιan (Abbasid Caliph) 397, 411-12
Manda 378
al-Mansur (Abbasid Caliph) 397, 399-414, 459
Manzanilla, Linda 288
Margomenou, Despina 549
Mari 257, 264, 267, 272
Marius 524
Mark Antony 359
Marshall, Sir John 3I9
Martinez, Rodriguez 170
Marx, Karl II
Masha allah (Jewish scientist) 405
Mashkan-shapir (Mesopotamia) 269, 305-6
Massignon, Louis 402
Mauny, Raymond 365-6, 369
Mauritania 37I-4
Mauryan Empire (Ganges-Yamuna) 336-9
Ashoka (king, 268-232 bce) 337-8
Bhita 338-9
Indor Khera 338
Patilaputra 338
Mauryan Empire (Ganges-Yamuna) (cont.) Taxila 338-9
Maxtlatl (ruler of Coyoacan) 496
Maya 48-70, 94, 158-78 Archaic period 163-4 architectural masks 172-4 artifacts 217-18
earflare (Kendal, Belize) 175-6 greenstone axe head (Kendal, Belize) 175-6
Grolier Figurine 175
Olmecjade pectoral 175-6 see also ceramics buildings 48-51
commissioning of 51-2, 64-9
E-Group 48-50, 166-8
“triadic” 50 causeways 50-3, 62-3, 69 ceramics
Chicanel 166-8
Classic period polychrome ceramics (K5453, K2924, K5453) 177
Mamom 166
Pre-Mamom 173-4 Cholula, great pyramid 57 Classic period (250-900 ce) 51-69, 159, 163-78, 214, 217-18, 223 concepts and words for “city” 54-60, 62 cosmology 51, 62, 100, 217-19 demographic composition 58-9 “Emblem glyph” 54 fragility of cities 555-6 hieroglyphic writing 51, 158-9, 164-5, 209 and city government 177-8 depiction of ritual activity 216-19 development of 168-74 early texts 174-6 and iconography 171-4 kingship theme 167-9, 171, 176, 217 lack of administrative themes in 176-7 locational terms 56 media see architectural masks; artifacts; ceramics; monuments; murals
and urbanization 163-4 horticulture 51 Maya Reducio 161 monuments 217-18
Copan shrine 171-2
El Porton Monument ι (Highland Guatemala) 170-1
Monte Alban Stelae 12 and 13 (Oaxaca) 170-1
Stela 2 (El Mirador) 174
Stela 31 (Tikal) 171 movement/connective facilities in 60-3, 69
murals 217-18
Bonampak 59, 98, 107, 177
San Bartolo (Las Pinturas pyramid ) 51, 169, 171, 174-6
Naj Tunich caves 60 neighborhoods 305 patio groups 59-60 performance 60-3, 95-6
city and countryside 104
dance 63
involving consumption and destruction of artifacts 98-9 material culture 100
movement 102-3
scale and actors 106 sensory nature of 97-8 spaces ιoo-ι storage of artifacts 99 violence 107-8
Postclassic period (900-1500 ce) 163-5 Preclassic period (400 bce-ioo ce) 48-51, 56, 64, 158-9, 217-18, 161
pyramids and altars 58 royal courts 48 social organization 53 Tzeldal language 56 Tzotzil language 56 urbanization 165-8 viewsheds 64-9 Yukatek language 161
Mazar, Eilat 424-7
McAnany, Patricia 555
McIntosh, RoderickJ. 382, 386
Mecca 410, 461
Medes 470, 489
Medina 410
Megara Hyblaea 348
Megasthenes (Seleucid ambassador) 338 Mehmed, Sultan 461
Melaka (Malacca) 74, 85 Memphis 27-35, 38-43
ceremonial and ritual performance
32-5
tombs and monuments 30-5 Merenre (3rd king of 6th dynasty) 35 Meroe 367, 376
Mesopotamia 3, 253-76, 546-7 agriculture 272-4
Akkadian Empire (2350-2200 bce) 257, 272 citizenship 306
communication technologies 14, 121-2, 125-6, 129, 211-12
cylinder seals 14, 121-2, 125-6, 129, 212 comparison with Indus cities 331-2 data sources 257-61
Early Dynastic period (2900-2350 bce) 257-61, 264, 266, 268, 307
economy 275, 303
evolution of cities 550
food production 303
fragility of cities 554-5
geography 255-6
growth timescale 310
herds and textiles 274-5
Isin-Larsa period (2000-1800 bce) 257, 269
Jamdat Nasr period (3100-2900 bce) 257,
274
languages/dialects 257 literature/historians 5 neighborhood shrines 267-8 neighborhoods and communities 269-70 Old Babylonian period (1800-1600 bce) 257, 268-9, 272, 304.
origins of cities in 261-3
palatial structures 264-6
political leaders 262-3
public ritual and ceremonies 268-9, 307 residential organization 305-6 Roman expansion 525
rulers 253, 263-6
settlement of cities 271-2
societal organization 304
Sumerian King List 253, 268
temples 266-8, 307
trading 275
training of scribes 219-24
Ubaid period 261
Ur III period (3rd dynasty of Ur, 2100-2000 bce) 257, 268, 271 urban control of hinterlands 313-14 “Uruk Expansion” 123
Zagros Mountains 257, 316
ziggurat 268, 472, 488
see also Assyria; Ur; Uruk
Mexica 302, 493-6
Mexica-Tenochca 492-7
place-making ritual 502 Mexica-Tlatelolca 495-6 Mexico
altepetl political system 492-3, 496
Postclassic central 492-3
ruling confederations 446-7
Middle America 3
Middleton, Guy 556
Miksic, John 91
Miletus 351
Archaic period 348
Mill, James 383
Millon, Rene 285-7
Mirador Basin (Guatemala) 166
Mississippi River 439
Mississippian towns 450-1
Missouri River 439
Mitanni (Mesopotamia) 257
Mithridates 358
Moctezuma Ihuicamina (ruler, Tenochtitlan 1440-68) 497, 508
Moctezuma Xocoyotzin (ruler, Tenochtitlan 1502-20). 497, 508, 542
Mohenjo Daro (Indus) 319-20, 324-8,
387, 551
Momigliano, Arnaldo 8
Mommsen, Theodor 8 monoliths
Khonkho Wankane 240, 245
Tiwanaku 233-4, 240, 246-8
Maya Stelae 170, 174 monumentality 94, 536-9
Africa 367, 386-7
art and architecture 536-7
Egypt 27-43
Jerusalem 421-2, 427-31
and planning 537-9
and public space (Greece) 361
Southeast Asia 84
Teotihuacan 279, 283-5, 307-8
Tiwanaku 231-4, 240-1, 250-1
Uruk 264, 266
monuments
Cahokia 452, 459-60 construction of 244-6, 310, 536 creation of and performance 32 and iconography 171-4, 246-8 Mohenjo Daro 325
Mosul 469 portals 233, 242-4, 248, 308
San Lorenzo 462
Tell Brak 265
Southeast Asia 75-6, 79-84, 90-1 see also monoliths; palaces; temples;
ziggurats
Morgan, Lewis H., 8
Ancient Society 7
Morris, Ian 382-3, 386, 391
Moscow 535
Mosul 469
Mount Ccapia 245-6
Mughal, M. Rafique 323 Muhammad, Prophet 416, 433, 461 Murua, Martin de 222 al-Mustazhir (Abbasid caliph) 401, 413 al-Mu'tasim (Abbasid caliph) 412 Myanmar 83
Nawbakht (Persian astrologer) 405
Nazca 199-205
Nebuchadnezzar, king of Babylon 416 Nehemiah 426-7
Neolithic era 127
New World 3
Nichols, Deborah 16
Nietzsche, F. W. 2
Nile Delta 27-30
Nile River 376
Nile Valley 27-30
Nineveh (Kuyunjik) 129, 472, 479,
481-7, 489
city walls and gates 485-7 destruction of 470
Kuyunjik mound 484 lower town 486-7
Nebi Yunus mound 482-4 palaces 485, 536 parks 486 population 482
Royal Road 485-6, 537
urban administration 486 waterways 486, 538
Ningirsu (Mesopotamian god) 273 Nippur (Mesopotamia) 100, 124, 260 Nissen (Mesopotamia) 554-5
Nissen, HansJ. 266, 554
Njimi (Kanem-Bornu) 378
Northedge, Alastair 412
Oc Eo 77
Octavian 358
Olmec civilization 165, 170-1, 175-6, 462
Ong, Walter 163
Onn, Alexander 425
Ossa, Alanna 303
Pachacuti (9th Sapa Inka) 315 palaces
Assur 474, 542
Baghdad 399, 407, 410-11, 413 imperial city 542
Kalhu 477
Kar-Tukulti-Ninurta 476
Nineveh 485, 536
Rome 542
Tenochtitlan 542
Palenque (Mexico) 56, 58, 64
Park, Robert 12
Parsons, Jeffrey 292 pastoralism 237, 274-5
Pausanias 5
Pepy I (2nd king of 6th Egyptian dynasty)
35
performance 94-109
city and countryside 104-5 creation of monuments and 32 material culture 99-100
movement within a cosmic and temporal space 60-3, 102-4
participants 105-6
and power 34, 75, 86-91, 108-9 practice 100
props 99
religious 447, 452-3
ruler's role in 32-3, ιoo-ι
scale 106
secular 98
sensory nature of 97-8
sites of 306-8
space 34, 99
storage of artifacts 99
types and characters 95-7 violence 107-8
Persian Empire 355-7, 361, 383, 393
Philip II, King of Macedon 356, 393 Phoenicians 360
Piedras Negras (Guatemala) 64, 67-9, 102
Pinson (Tennessee) Middle Woodland complex 445
Piramesse (Tell el-Dab'a-Qantir) 43 Pithekoussai 348
place-making 502
Plato 344
Pollock, Susan 269
Pompey 524
Ponce Sangines, Carlos 250
Popocatepetl (volcano) 283, 301
power
alternative distributions of (Africa) 366-8 centralized (Baghdad) 405-8 distribution of 20, 381-93
and performance,34, 75, 86-91, 108-9 Puebloans 452
Puruchuco 196-7
Puzrish-Dagan (Mesopotamia) 275
quipu see khipu
Qur'an 461
Rakhigarhi (Indus) 320, 324-5, 330 Ramayana (Hindu tale) 103
Ramesses II (Egyptian king) 43 record-keeping 207-25
and accountability 214-16
for economic administration 118-22, 126-56, 212-14
functions of 212-19
media used for 211-12
of ritual activity 216-17, 219 training of scribes 219-24 see also written records
Red Sea trade 376-7
Redfield, Robert 12
Reich, Ronny 421, 425
religion
Brahmanism/Brahmins 86, 88, 95, 103
Buddhism 95, 103-4, 333, 335, 461 Cahokia 447, 452-3
Christianity 431-3, 458
Hinduism 75-6, 98, 333, 461
Islam 461
Mesopotamia 266-8
role in organization of cities 17 study of 9-10 see also cosmology; ritual
Rhineland 524
Ricoeur, Paul 162
ritual
Cahokia 447, 452-3 depiction/record-keeping of 216-19 Egypt 32-5
information technologies and 216-19
Mesopotamia 268-9, 307 place-making 502
Southeast Asia 75, 81-92
see also performance; Khonko Wankane; Tiwanaku
roads 62, 69, 538, 543
Assur 473
Baghdad 409-10, 414
Dur-Sarru-ken 481 el-Amarna 41-2 Indus 337
Inka 153
Jerusalem 430-1
Khmer 90
Nineveh 485-6, 537
Roman 521
see also causeways
Robertson, Ian G. 296
Roman Empire 359
colonies 519-20 continental expansion 522-6 effects of expansion 526-9 Greek invasion 358-9
Mediterranean expansion 516-21
Romania, Roman expansion 525
Rome 20, 461, 513-30, 535 aqueducts 538, 543 ethnic and cultural inclusiveness 530, 536 environmental setting 515-16 freed slaves 520
infrastructure 521, 523-4, 528 monumental construction 536 move from city to empire 514-21 palaces 542 political change 516, 523-4 population growth 518, 536, 552 processional routes 537 status of rulers 541 urban growth 538
ruralization 19
Rusafa 399
Ryden, Stig 235
al-Saffah (Abbasid Caliph) 399
Sahni, D. R. 319
Salazar, Cervantes de 504
Salmaneser III, King 478
Samarra 412-13
Samsi-Adad, King 472
San Bartolo (Guatemala) 51, 167-70
San Lorenzo, monuments 462
Sanders, William T. 282, 292, 314, 504
Santley, Robert 292
Sarat Canal (Baghdad) 404, 409-10
Sarru-ken (Sargon) II (Assyrian ruler,
721-705 bce) 301, 470, 479, 555
Sassanian dynasty (Persia) 404
Saturno, William 169
Sawad 413
Sayce, A. H. 319
Scheidel, Walter 353
Schmandt-Besserat, Denise 211
Scott, James 19, 160-2
Seleucia 357
Sempowski, Martha L. 296
Sennacherib, King 470, 479, 482-7
Septimius Severus 524
Shaikh Hassan (Syria) 129
Shiloh, Yigal 421, 423-4
Shinde, Vasant et al. 321
Shiva, Lord 461
Shukron, Eli 421, 425 Sicily 346, 349, 355-6, 361 Silk Road 414 Simmel, Georg 12 Singer, Milton 12
Sinopoli, Carla M. 382, 391 Smith, Adam T. 20, 457 Smith, Michael E. 305 Smith, Sydney 319
Smyrna, Archaic period 348
Sofala 378
Soja, Edward 5, 20
Solomon, King 416, 423-4, 458 Sombart, Werner 6
Sontag, Susan 550 South America 3 South Asia 3, 319-20 distributed power 382, 387-8 see also Ganges-Yamuna Basin; Indus civilization
Southeast Asia 74-92
data sources for research 76-7 hinterlands 77
hydraulic works and waterways 77, 90 literacy 76-7 performances 75-6, 95
city and countryside 104 movement 102-3 and power 75, 86-91 rulers' display ιoι scale 106 secular 98 polities 74, 86-91, 95 population 74 temples 75, 90 urban form
500 BCE-500 ce (Early Historic period) 77-9
800-1400 ce (Classical period) 81-4, 89-90
urban function
500 BCE-500 ce (Early Historic period) 79-8i
800-1400 ce (Classical period) 85-6, 90-1 urban origins
500 BCE-500 ce (Early Historic period) 77 800-1400 ce (Classical period) 83, 89 see also lower Mekong basin; Angkorian (Khmer) Empire
Sparta
conflict with Persians 355 Peloponnesian League 348-9
revolution in 358
wars with Athens 355 Srivijaya 79 Stark, Barbara L. 303 Steiner, Margaret L. 422-3 Steinkeller, Piotr 269-70 Stone Age, Africa 372-5 Stone, Elizabeth C. 269, 305-6 Stonehenge 94 Strabo 5 Stuart, David 56, 63, 172, 176 Sulawesi 83 Sumatra 83 Sumer 255, 271 Sun Portal (“Gate of the Sun,” Tiwanaku) 248, 308
Susa 257, 319 Syracuse 519, 521
conflict with other Greek states/political conflict 356
population 352
Roman influence 358
al-Tabari 404-5, 409 Tacuba 496, 509 Takrur 379-80 Talmud 420
Tamarindito (Guatemala) 60 Tawantinsuyu (Inka Empire) 184-6, 554 Tell Brak (upper Habur, Mesopotamia) 129, 262-3
growth timescale 310
monumental buildings 265 Tell el-Dab'a/Avaris (Nile Delta) 30, 37, 43 Tell Hamoukar 262
Tell i-Ghazir 129 Tell Taya 257 Tell Uqair 264 Temazcaltitlan 496 temples 307
Early Second Temple (Jerusalem) 426-7 Great Temple (Tenochtitlan) 502-4 Greece 351
Mesopotamia 266-9, 307
Second Temple (renovation), Jerusalem 427
Southeast Asia 75, 90 sunken (Tiwanaku) 231-2, 240, 242, 245 Temple of the god (Assur) 472-3 Temple of Nanna (Ur) 269 Temple of the Universe (Kar-Tukulti- Ninurta) 476
White Temple (Uruk) 268
Tenochtitlan 20, 302, 491-2, 535-6, 551 calpulli 504-5 causeways 506-8, 538, 543, 553 Coyolxauhqui stone (monolith) 503 destruction of 509, 545, 553 education 510 elite 510
ethnic and cultural inclusiveness 504-5,536
Great Temple 502-4 hydraulic projects 506-8, 553 ideological template 500 infrastructure 504-9 initial settlement of 496 irrigation 538, 543 palaces 542 population growth 504-5 rulers 502-4 sacred precinct 502-4 trade 505 urban growth 538
Teotihuacan 19, 53, 279-96, 547
Axotlan settlement 292-4
Basin of Mexico Settlement Survey 292,294
Cerro Gordo (mountain) 308 craft production 290-1 economic organization 290-1 evolution of 311, 551 governance 283-5 hinterlands 291-4, 314-15 Great Compound 291
La Ventilla neighborhood 305
Mapping Project (TMP) 285, 294 monuments 283-5, 307-8
Avenue of the Dead 283-4, 291, 295, 307
Ciudadela 284, 291, 308
Feathered Serpent Pyramid 284, 308 Pyramid of the Moon 283-4, 308 Pyramid of the Sun 284, 308
Oaxaca Enclave 288
Oztoyahualco compound 289 political collapse/decline of 295-6 population 295 pottery 289-91
rapid growth 281-3, 301-2 residential organization 285-90, 304-5 Tepinantitla complex 308
Tetitla compound 289
Tlajinga 33 compound 288-9, 296 Tepaneca 494
Texcoco 494, 496, 509
Texcoco, Lake 492, 506
Tezozomoc (Tepanec leader) 496 Thailand 83, 87
theater states 75
Thebes 27-8, 38-43, 100
Archaic period 348 festival of Opet 106 Karnak 37-9
Theophrastus 5, 345
Theron of Akragas 356
Thin Orange pottery (Teotihuacan) 290
Thunen, J. H. von 11-12
Thutmose IV (18th dynasty king) 39-40
Tiber 515
Tigris 399-400, 402, 406, 413
Tikal (Guatemala) 54-6, 59, 66, 171, 551
Tilly, Charles 349
Timbuktu 369, 374-5
Titus, Emperor 416
Tiwanaku 19, 229-51, 263, 462-3, 556 500-1000 ce 230-6 agriculture 304 citizenship 306
cosmology 233, 241, 248, 251 elite distinction 249 hydrological networks 234, 313 material transformation 244-6 moat 309
Mollo Kontu 234 monumental architecture 231-4, 308
Akapana complex 232-3, 242-4, 249, 308 Kalasasaya complex 230, 242, 248-9, 308 materials and construction 244-6, 310 monolithic iconography 246-8 monoliths 233-4, 240 portals 233, 242-4, 248, 308 Pumapunku complex 231-3, 242-4, 249, 308
Putuni complex 231-2, 249 sunken temples 231-2, 240, 242, 245 as paired center with Khonkho Wankane 240-1, 250-1
productive “rural” landscapes 234, 312-13 residential expansion 248-9 residential neighborhoods 234-5, 306 spatial transformations 242-4
Tizapan 496
Tizoc (ruler Tenochtitlan 1481-6) 497 Tlaloc (Mexica god) 503
Tlatelolco 500-2, 504-10
Tonle Sap Lake 87, 90
Tonnies, Ferdinand ιι
Towasaghy (Missouri) 450
Towulan (Java) 91
Trigger, Bruce 108
Troy 344
Tukulti-Nunurta I, King 473, 476, 541
Turk (Kentucky) 450 Tutankhamun ιoι
Uaxactun (Guatemala) 48
Umayyad Caliphate 397-9, 416, 433, 459 Umma (Mesopotamia) 271, 273
Ur (Mesopotamia) 124, 319, 382
herds and textiles 274-5
Old Babylonian period 257, 268-9
royal burials 268
Temple of Nanna 269
Ur III period (3rd dynasty of Ur, 2100-2000 bce) 257, 268, 271 urban planning 53-4, 90, 349-51, 456, 537-9, see also city plans
Urton, Gary 554
Uruk (Mesopotamia) 13-14, 19, 94, 113-30, 253, 304, 550, 555
c. 3300 bce (Level IVa) 115-24 accountability 214-15
Anu precinct (west-central area) 117 citizenship 306
community organization 269, 306
Eanna precinct (eastern area) 94, 113-20, 213, 555
Early Uruk period (early 4th millennium) 125, 128-9
economy 121-2, 128-9
ethnicity of the population 118
Late Uruk period 125-9
lexical lists 118-20, 128, 218
monumental complex 264, 266
origins 261
political leaders 262
pottery 119, 124-7
provisions 122-3, 129
record-keeping technologies and economic administration 118-22, 126-30, 212-13
settlement patterns 126-7, 271
social structure 118-20, 124
training of scribes 123, 219-24
Ubaid period 124-5, 128-9
“Uruk Expansion” 123
White Temple 268
writing, invention of 19,113-18,127-8, 257-61
Varanasi 461
Vats, M. S. 319
Vedas (sacred texts) 333
Veii 516-17
Venice 535, 543
Veracruz 303
Vespasian 524
Vietnam 74, 77, 83, 87
Vitruvius 5
Wadi El-Ahmar 374
Wakna (Guatemala) 50
Walid (Caliph) 433
Wari (Andes) 308
Wasit 405
Watchel, Nathan 183
water supply 304, 543
Chan Chan 311-12
Dolhvira 329
Jerusalem 422
Southeast Asia 77, 90
Tenochtitlan 506-8, 553
Tiwanaku 234, 313
see also canals
Weber, Alfred 11-12
Weber, Max 6, 9, 383
“The city” 13
Wirtschaft und Gesellschaft (1922) 9 Weksler-Bdolah, Shlomit 425 Wheatley, Paul 12, 17, 19, 261 Wilkinson, Tony 276
Wirth, Louis 12-13
Wittfogel, Karl A. 384, 543
Wright, Henry 12, 15, 17, 385
Wright, Rita P. 321, 329, 391 writing ι, 207-25 and culture 160-2 cuneiform (Uruk) 113-18, 123-4, 127-8, 209,
213-16, 257-61, 469 depiction of ritual activity 216-19 earliest appearance of 19, 113-18, 127-8 entextualiztion 160
Harappan 323 hieroglyphics
Egyptian 123
Maya 51, 56, 158-78
and meaning 161-3, 174
Olmec 170-1
South Asian texts 338
and the state 162-3
training of scribes 123, 219-24 written records ι, 208-12
for accounting and economic administration 118-22, 126-56, 214
Baghdad (Abbasid) 401-3
Greek 344
Jerusalem 420-2, 426, 431-3
Wu Ding (king, Shang dynasty) 136, 142
Xian 397
Xitle (volcano, southwestern Basin of
Mexico) 282-3, 301
Xochimilca 494
Xochimilcas 506
Xultun (Guatemala) 223
Yamkhad 257
Ya'qUbι, Kitab al-buldan (Book of Countries)
401-14
Yaxchilan (Mexico) 67-9
Yinxu (Da Yi Shang) 551, 553
abandonment 155 agriculture and book-keeping 146-8 city industries and book-keeping 148-50 colonial enterprise and writing 152-4 founding and peopling of 136-42 human sacrifices 142-4, 156 royal precinct and its divination texts 142-6
Yoffee, Norman 167, 236
Zandaraward (Mesopotamia) 405 Zanzibar 378
Zhengzhou 131-4, 552
Zhou Daguan 91 ziggurats 268, 472, 488
Zimansky, Paul 305-6