Aftermath
By the end of the seventeenth century the Dutch had succeeded in dominating the Asian spice trade, not only nutmeg and mace but Indian pepper, ginger and turmeric and cinnamon from Ceylon.
Their monopoly lasted until the late eighteenth century; nutmeg, cloves and other spices were smuggled out of the Spice Islands by the French and planted in some of their colonies, and, in 1780, British ships blockaded the Dutch East Indies ports. In the late eighteenth century, the VOC suffered badly because of mismanagement, worsening trade conditions and the Dutch defeat in the Fourth Anglo-Dutch War of 1780–84. It lasted until 1796, when it was nationalised, and then was finally dissolved on the very last day of 1799. The EIC survived a little longer, but after the Indian Rebellion of 1857, the writing was on the wall. In the following year, the Government of India Act was put into effect, and all EIC interests in India were passed to the Crown. The Dutch and English split much of East Asia between them in 1824, and the Dutch stayed in Indonesia until the Second World War. Final EIC dissolution arrived in 1874.More on the topic Aftermath:
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