Contents

List of tables, figures, and maps page xii

List of contributors xvii

Preface xxi

Acknowledgments xxiii

Introduction 1

H. Medicine and Disease: An Overview

1.1.

Hippocrates to Germ Theory 11

Guenter B. Risse

1.2. History of Chinese Medicine 20

Paul U. Unschuld

1.3. Islamic and Indian Medicine 27

Nancy E. Gallagher

1.4. Disease, Human Migration, and

History 35

David E. Stannard

II. Changing Concepts of Health

and Disease

II. 1. ConceptsofDiseaseintheWest 45

Robert P. Hudson

11.2. Concepts of Disease in East Asia 52

Shigehisa Kuriyama

11.3. Concepts of Mental Illness in the

West 59

Jack D. Pressman

11.4. Sexual Deviance as a Disease 85

Vern L. Bullough

11.5. Concepts of Heart-Related

Diseases 91

Joel D. Howell

∏.6. Concepts of Cancer 102

Thomas G. Benedek and

Kenneth F. Kiple

III. Medical Specialties and Disease Prevention

ΠI.1. Genetic Disease 113

Eric J. Deuor

111.2. Immunology 126

Pauline M. H. Mazumdar

111.3. Nutritional Chemistry 140

Kenneth J. Carpenter

111.4. Diseases of Infancy and Early

Childhood 147

Elizabeth Lomax

111.5. Famine and Disease 157

Robert Dirks

111.6. A History of Chiropractic 164

Steven C. Martin

111.7. Concepts of Addiction: The U.S.

Experience ' 170

David F. Musto

111.8. Tobaccosis 176

R. T. Ravenholt

111.9. Occupational Diseases 187

Gerald Markowitz and

David Rosner

III. 10. History of Public Health and Sanitation in the West before 1700 192

Ann G. Carmichael

III. 11. History of Public Health and

Sanitation in the West since 1700 200

John Duffy

IV. Measuring Health

ΓV.1. Early Mortality Data: Sources and Difficulties of Interpretation 209

F. Landis MacKellar

ΓV.2. Maternal Mortality: Definition and Secular Trends in England and Wales, 1850-1970 214

Irvine Loudon

ΓV.3.

Edward G. Stockwell

ΓV.4. Measuring Morbidity and

Mortality 230

James C. Riley

ΓV.5. Stature and Health

John Komlos

V. The History of Human Disease in the World Outside Asia

V.l. Diseases in the Pre-Roman World Donald J. Ortner and

Gretchen Theobald

V.2. Diseases of Western Antiquity Jerry Stannard

V.3. Diseases of the Middle Ages Ynez Viole O’Neill

NA. Diseases of the Renaissance and Early Modern Europe Ann G. Carmichael

V.5. Diseases and the European Mortality Decline, 1700—1900 Stephen J. Kunitz

V.6. Diseases of Sub-Saharan Africa to 1860

Kenneth F. Kiple

N.I. Diseases of Sub-Saharan Africa since 1860

Maryinez Lyons

N.8. Diseases of the Pre-Columbian

Americas

Jane E. Buikstra

N.9. Diseases of the Americas,

1492-1700

Ann Ramenofsky

V.10. Diseases and Mortality in the Americas since 1700 Stephen J. Kunitz

V. ll. Diseases of the Islamic World

Michael W. Dols

VI. The History of Human Disease in Asia

VI. 1. Diseases of Antiquity in China Lu Gwei-Djen and Joseph Needham

VI.2. Diseases of the Premodern Period in China

Angela Ki Che Leung

VI.3. Diseases of the Modern Period in China

Thomas L. Hall and

Victor W. Sidel

VI.4. Diseases of Antiquity in Japan Shdji Tatsukawa

VI.5. Diseases of the Premodem Period in Japan

W. Wayne Farris

VI.6. Diseases of the Early Modem Period in Japan

Ann Bowman Jannetta

NLI. Diseases of Antiquity in Korea Lois N. Magner

238 VI.8. Diseases of the Premodem Period

in Korea 392

Lois N. Magner

VL9. Diseases of the Modem Period in

247 Korea 400

Lois N. Magner

VLlO. Diseases of Antiquity in South

262 ^{Asia 408}

Ranes C. Chakravorty

₉₇∩ VLll. Diseases of the Premodern Period

in South Asia 413

Mohammed Said

_97q VI. 12. Diseases of the Modem Period in

'^y SouthAsia 418

David Arnold

2gγ VI. 13. Diseases of Antiquity and the Premodem Period in Southeast

Asia 425

2θg Scott Bamber

VI.

the Modem Period in Southeast 9qr ^{Asia 440}

^yo Keith W. Taylor

3θ5 VII. The Geography of Human Disease

VIL1. Disease Ecologies of Sub-Saharan

Africa 447

₇ K. David Patterson

VII. 2. Disease Ecologies of the Middle

East and North Africa 453

„_9R LaVerne Kuhnke

VII.3. Disease Ecologies of South Asia 463

. Surinder M. Bhardwaj

VII.4. Disease Ecologies of East Asia 476

Ann Bowman Jannetta

VII.5. Disease Ecologies of Australia and

Oceania 482

345 Leslie B. Marshall

VII.6. Disease Ecologies of the Caribbean 497

Kenneth K. Kiple

VII.7. Disease Ecologies of Europe 504

354 Stephen R. Ell

VII.8. Disease Ecologies of North

America 519

362 Frank C. Innes

VII. 9. Disease Ecologies of South

America 535

373 Mary C. Karasch

VIII. Major Human Diseases Past

376 and Present

VHLl. Acquired Immune Deficiency

Syndrome (AIDS) 547

385 Allan M. Brandt

VΠI.2. African Trypanosomiasis

389 (Sleeping Sickness) 552

Maryinez Lyons

VIΠ.3. Ainhum 561

Donald B. Cooper

VIII.4. Alzheimer’s Disease 561

Joseph A. Kwentus

VIII.5. Amebic Dysentery 568

K. David Patterson

VIIL6. Anemia 571

Alfred Jay Bollet and Audrey K. Brown

VIII.7. Anorexia Nervosa 577

Heather Munro Prescott

VIII.8 Anthrax 582

Lise Wilkinson

VHI.9. Apoplexy and Stroke 584

Jacques Poirier and Christian Derouesne

VIILlO. Arboviruses 587

Wilbur G. Downs

VIILll. Arena viruses 595

Wilbur G. Downs

VIIL12. Arthritis (Rheumatoid) 599

Howard Duncan and James C. C. Leisen

VIIL13. Ascariasis 603

K. David Patterson

VIIL14. Bacillary Dysentery 604

K. David Patterson

VIIL15. Beriberi 606

Melinda S. Meade

VΠI.16. Black Death 612

Katharine Park

VIIL17. Black and Brown Lung

Disease 616

Daniel M. Fox

VIIL18. Bleeding Disorders 618

Oscar D. Ratnoff

VIII.19. Botulism 623

William H.

VIII.20. Brucellosis 625

Lise Wilkinson

VΠI.21. Bubonic Plague 628

Ann G. Carmichael

VIIL22. Carrion’s Disease 631

Oscar Urteaga-Ballbn

VΠI.23. Catarrh 635

Roger K. French

VIII.24. Cestode Infections 636

K. David Patterson

VΠI.25. Chagas’ Disease 636

Marvin J. Allison

VΠI.26. Chlorosis 638

Robert P. Hudson

VΠI.27. Cholera 642

Reinhard S. Speck

VΠI.28. Cirrhosis 649

Thomas S. N. Chen and

Peter S. Y. Chen

ix

VIIL29. Clonorchiasis 654

K. David Patterson

VΠI.30. Croup 654

James D. Cherry

VΠI.31. Cystic Fibrosis 657

Thomas G. Benedek

VHI.32. Cytomegalovirus Infection 659

R. H. Kampmeier

VΠI.33. Dengue 660

James McSherry

VΠI.34. Diabetes 665

Leslie Sue Lieberman

VIIL35. Diarrheal Diseases

(Acute) 676

Herbert L. DuPont

VΠI.36. Diphtheria 680

Ann G. Carmichael

VIIL37. Down Syndrome 683

Christine E. Cronk

VIIL38. Dracunculiasis 687

Donald R. Hopkins

VΠI.39. Dropsy 689

I. Worth Estes

VIIL40. Dysentery 696

J. David Patterson

VIIL41. Dyspepsia 696

James Whorton

VIIL42. Ebola Virus Disease 699

Wilbur G. Downs

VIIL43. Echinococcosis (Hydatidosis) 703

K. David Patterson

VIIL44. Eclampsia 704

Sally McMillen

VIIL45. Emphysema 706

Ronald J. Knudson

VIIL46. Encephalitis Lethargica 708

R. T. Ravenholt

VIIL47. Enterobiasis 712

K. David Patterson

VΠI.48. Epilepsy 713

Jerrold E. Levy

VIII.49 Ergotism 718

John S. Haller, Jr.

VΠI.50. Erysipelas 720

Ann G. Carmichael

VIIL51. Fascioliasis 721

K. David Patterson

VΠI.52. Fasciolopsiasis 722

K. David Patterson

VΠI.53. Favism 722

Peter J. Brown

VΠI.54. Filariasis 724

Todd L. Savitt

VIII. 55. Fungus Infections (Mycoses) 730

Geoffrey C. Ainsworth

VIIL56. Fungus Poisoning 736

Geoffrey C. Ainsworth

VΠI.57. Gallstones (Cholelithiasis) 738

R.

VΠI.58. Gangrene 741

Diane Quintal and

Robert Jackson

VΠI.59. Giardiasis 745

K. David Patterson

VIIL60. Glomerulonephritis (Bright’s

Disease) 746

Donald M. Larson

VΠI.61. Goiter 750

Clark T. Sawin

VIII.62. Gonorrhea 756

Richard B. Rothenberg

VIII.63. Gout 763

Thomas G. Benedek

VIII.64. Herpes Simplex 773

R. H. Kampmeier

VIII.65. Herpesviruses 779

R. H. Kampmeier

VIII.66. Histoplasmosis 779

Scott F. Davies

VIII.67. Hookworm Disease 784

John Ettling

VIII.68. Huntington’s Disease

(Chorea) 788

Eric J. Devor

VIII.69. Hypertension 789

Thomas W. Wilson and

Clarence E. Grim

VΠI.70. Infectious Hepatitis 794

Francis L. Black

VIII.71. Infectious Mononucleosis 799

R. H. Kampmeier

VIII.72. Inflammatory Bowel Disease 800

Joseph B. Kirsner

VΠI.73. Influenza 807

Alfred W. Crosby

VIII.74. Japanese B Encephalitis 811

Edward H. Kass

VIIL75. Lactose Intolerance and

Malabsorption 813

Norman Kretchmer

V∏I.76. Lassa Fever 817

Wilbur G. Downs

VΠI.77. Lead Poisoning 820

Arthur C. Aufderheide

VIII.78. Legionnaires’ Disease 827

David W. Fraser

VΠI.79. Leishmaniasis 832

Marvin J. Allison

VIII. 80. Leprosy 834

Ann G. Carmichael

VΠI.81. Leptospirosis 840

Otto R. Gsell

VΠI.82. Leukemia 843

Gordon J. Piller

VΠI.83. Lupus Erythematosus 848

Thomas G. Benedek

VΠI.84. Lyme Borreliosis (Lyme Disease) 852 Robert D. Leff

VΠI.85. Malaria 855

Frederick L. Dunn

VΠI.86. Marburg Virus Disease 862

Wilbur G. Downs

VIII.87. Mastoiditis 865

John L. Kemink, John K. Niparko, and Steven A. Telian

VIII.88. Measles 871

Robert J. Kim-Farley

VIII.89. Meningitis 875

K. David Patterson

VIII.90. Milk Sickness (Tremetol

Poisoning) 880

Thomas E. Cone, Jr.

VIIL91. Multiple Sclerosis 883

W. I. McDonald

VIII.92. Mumps 887

Robert J.

VIII.93. Muscular Dystrophy 890

Thomas G. Benedek

VIII.94. Myasthenia Gravis 891

Bernard M. Patten

VIIL95. Nematode Infections 895

K. David Patterson

VIII.96. Onchocerciasis 895

K. David Patterson

VIIL97. Ophthalmia (Conjunctivitis and Trachoma) 897

Mary C. Karasch

VIIL98. Osteoarthritis 906

Charles W. Denko

VIII.99. Osteoporosis 909

R. Ted Steinbock

VIII.100. Paget’s Disease of Bone 911

Roy D. Altman

VIII. 101. Paragonimiasis 914

K. David Patterson

VIII. 102. Parkinson’s Disease 914

Bernard M. Patten

VIII. 103. Pellagra 918

Elizabeth W. Etheridge

VIII. 104. Periodontal Disease (Pyorrhea) 924

Jeffrey Levin

VIII. 105. Pica 927

Brian T. Higgins

VIIL106. Pinta 932

Don R. Brothwell

VIIL107. Plague of Athens 934

Ann G. Carmichael

VIIL108. Pneumocystis Pneumonia (Interstitial Plasma Cell Pneumonia, Pneumocystosis) 937 K. David Patterson

VIII. 109. Pneumonia 938

Jacalyn Duffin

VIIL110. Poliomyelitis 942

H. V. Wyatt

VIII.111. Protein-Energy Malnutrition 950

James L. Newman

VIII. 112. Protozoan Infections 955

K. David Patterson

VIII. 113. Puerperal Fever 955

K. Codell Carter

VIII. 114. Q Fever 957

S. R. Palmer

VIII. 115. Rabies 962

K. David Patterson

VIIL116. Relapsing Fever 967

Anne Hardy

VIIL117. Rheumatic Fever and

Rheumatic Heart Disease 970

Thomas G. Benedek

VIIL118. Rickets and Osteomalacia 978

R. Ted Steinbock

VIIL119. Rickettsial Diseases 981

Victoria A. Harden

VIIL120. Rocky Mountain Spotted Fever

and the Spotted Fever Group

Diseases 982

Victoria A. Harden

VIIL121. Rubella 986

Robert J. Kim-Farley

VΠI.122. St. Anthony’s Fire 989

Ann G. Carmichael

VIIL123. Scarlet Fever 990

Anne Hardy

VIIL124. Schistosomiasis 992

John Farley

VIIL125. Scrofula (Scrophula) 998

Roger K. French

VIIL126. Scurvy 1000

Roger K. French

VIIL127. Sickle-Cell Anemia 1006

Georges C. Benjamin

VIIL128. Smallpox 1008

Alfred W. Crosby

VIIL129. Streptococcal Diseases 1014

Peter C. English

VIIL130. Strongyloidiasis 1016

K. David Patterson

VIIL131. Sudden Infant Death Syndrome 1017

Todd L. Savitt

VIIL132. Sudden Unexplained Death

Syndrome (Asian) 1020

Neal R. Holtan

VIIL133. Sweating Sickness 1023

Ann G. Carmichael

VΠI.134. Syphilis 1025

Jon Arrizabalaga

VIII. 135. Syphilis, Nonvenereal 1033

Kenneth F. Kiple

VIli. 136. Tapeworm 1035

K. David Patterson

VIII. 137. Tay-Sachs Disease 1036

Bradford Towne

VIII. 138. Tetanus 1043

Robert J. T. Joy

VIII. 139. Tetanus, Neonatal 1046

Sally McMillen

VIII. 140. Tetany 1049

Kenneth F. Kiple

VIII. 141. Toxoplasmosis 1051

K, David Patterson

VIIL142. Trematode Infections 1052

K. David Patterson

VIII. 143. Trench Fever 1052

Victoria A. Harden

VIII. 144. The Treponematoses 1053

Kenneth F. Kiple

VIIL145. Trichinosis 1055

Donald E. Gilbertson

VIIL146. Trichuriasis 1058

K. David Patterson

VIIL147. Tuberculosis 1059

William D. Johnston

VIIL148. Tularemia 1068

Patrick D. Horne

VIIL149. Typhoid Fever 1071

Charles W. LeBaron and

David N. Taylor

VΠI.150. Typhomalarial Fever 1077

Dale Smith

VIIL151. Typhus, Epidemic 1080

Victoria A. Harden

VIIL152. Typhus, Murine 1085

Victoria A. Harden

VIIL153. Typhus, Scrub (Tsutsugamushi) 1086

Victoria A. Harden

VIIL154. Urolithiasis (Renal and Urinary Bladder Stone Disease) 1088

R. Ted Steinbock

VIIL155. Varicella Zoster 1092

R. H. Kampmeier

VIIL156. Whooping Cough 1094

Anne Hardy

VIIL157. Yaws 1096

Don R. Brothwell

VIIL158. Yellow Fever 1100

Donald B. Cooper and Kenneth F. Kiple

Indexes 1109

Name Index Illl

Subject Index 1138