Tables, Figures, and Maps

Tables

11.6.1. Ten most common invasive neo­plasms, and estimated new cases as percentage of all new cases in

the United States, 1990 page 104

11.6.2. Deaths due to cancer as percentage of all deaths according to sex and age group,

United States, 1986 104

11.6.3.

1986 104

∏.6.4. Five-year survival rates by race in two time periods from principal malignant neoplasms in the United States 105

IIL8.1. U.S. tobacco production and consumption, 1900-88 180

111.8.2. Per capita adult consumption of

cigarettes, by country, 1985 181

111.8.3. Percentage of U.S. adults who

smoked regularly, 1945-85 182

111.8.4. Deaths and mortality rates among

smoking U.S. veterans, 1980 183

ΠI.8.5. Estimated number of deaths caused by cigarette smoking in the United States, 1980 184

ΓV.2.1. Birthrates and maternal deaths ∣

in England and Wales, 1851­1980 214

ΓV.3.1. Infant mortality rates for income areas in metropolitan Ohio, 1979-81 227

ΓV.3.2. Infant mortality rates by broad cause-of-death group for income areas in metropolitan Ohio, 1979-81 228

IV. 4.1. Abridged life table for Sweden,

1751-90 232

V. 8.1. Healed fracture frequencies for

North American prehistoric remains 308

V. 9.1. Diseases suggested to have been introduced to the Americas 322

V. 9.2. Viral, bacterial, and protozoal

agents introduced to the Americas 324

VI. 3.1. Leading causes of death, selected

cities and counties of Shanghai, 1957 and 1984 363

VI. 3.2. Leading provincial causes of death in China, 1985 364

VI. 3.3. Communicable diseases in China,

1985 365

VII. 8.1. Incidents of serious contamination

in U.S. work sites and residential areas 531

VIII. 10.1. 512 recognized arboviruses listed

by family and subcategories, with totals 588

VIII.

VIIL 10.3. Twenty-nine selected arbo­viruses important in causing human and/or animal diseases, with data on vectors, hosts, and geographic distributions 591

VIIL 11.1. History and natural occurrence of arenaviruses 596

VIII.19.1. Types of Clostridium botulinum, susceptible species, and sites of outbreaks 623

VΠI.19.2. Reportsofbotulismfrom

various countries in recent

years 624

VΠI.28.1. Etiology and incidence of

cirrhosis 650

VΠI.30.1. Classification of crouplike

illnesses 654

VΠI.34.1. Causes and suspected causes

of, and risk factors for,

diabetes 668

VΠI.34.2. Prevalence of diagnosed diabetes

in representative populations,

1960-85 671

VΠI.34.3. Diabetes mortality trends by

country and geographic area,

1970-2 and 1976-83 (rates per

100,000 population) 672

VIII.35.1. Commonly identified etiologic

agents in diarrheal disease 678

VΠI.35.2. Etiologic agents of diarrhea,

characteristically identified in

special settings 678

VIII.36.1. Diphtheria mortality rate per

100,000 population 683

VΠI.42.1. Ebola serosurveys 700

VIII.46.1. Time interval from encephalitis

to parkinsonism to death in six

patients 711

VΠI.58.1. Causes of gangrene 742

VIII.63.1. Occurrence of nephrolithiasis

with gout 765

VIII.63.2. Prevalence of hyperuricemia 768

VIII.63.3. Prevalence of gout in relation

to serum uric acid content in

men 769

VIII.63.4. Serum uric acid in two

American Indian tribes 769

VIII.63.5. Serum uric acid in South

African black and white

populations 771

VΠI.69.1. Prevalenceofhypertensionin

20- to 59-year-olds, by region, in

ascending order by prevalence:

52 populations, INTERSALT

Study, 1988 790

VΠI.69.2. Relationship between blood

pressure and mortality:

Northwestern Mutual Life

Insurance Company, 1907—14 793

VΠI.69.3.

systolic blood pressures by

age: Northwestern Mutual

Life Insurance Company,

1914 793

VΠI.75.1. Lactose absorption and

malabsorption correlated with

degree of Indian blood

Xlll

(children ≥ 4 years, and adults) 815

VΠI.75.2. Distribution of the adult lactase phenotypes in human populations 815

VΠI.76.1. Lassa fever outbreaks: West

Africa, 1969-88 818

VIIL81.1 Serologic classification of

Ieptospires 841

VIII.81.2. Symptoms occurring in

leptospiroses 842

VΠI.85.1. Malaria in 1984 857

VIII.86.1. Serologic studies OfMarburg

virus in humans and other primates 863

VIIL 110.1. Comparison of paralysis of

lower limbs in temperate and developing countries 946

VIII.117.1. Age distribution of admissions for acute rheumatic fever 972

VIII. 117.2. Cases of rheumatic fever per

1, 000 admissions, various hospitals 973

VIII.117.3. Signs of acute rheumatic fever worldwide 975

VIIL 134.1. Etiology, epidemiology, and clinical manifestations of the human treponematoses 1026

VIII.154.1. Major features differentiating bladder and renal stone disease 1089

VIIL 154.2. Paleopathological specimens of renal and bladder stones 1091

Figures

11.5.1. Rate of coronary heart disease per 100,000 people in the

United States 96

11.5.2. Annual change in mortality

from ischemic cardiac disease, 1968-77 96

III. 1.1. Mixed model Ofliability for

complex human disease 114

ΠI.1.2. A representation of metabolic

pathways involving the amino acid tyrosine 119

ΠI.1.3. The original two-dimensional chromatographic spreads of normal and sickle-cell hemoglobins 121

III. 1.4. G-banded chromosome spread of a man with Down syndrome and ideogram of human chromosome 21 123

III.5.1. Relation of social cooperation to ecological stress in a social action system 159

ΠI.8.1. Annual consumption of cigarettes by U.S. adults, 1900-88 179

ΠI.8.2.

III. 8.3. The price of pleasure: deaths

from addictive substances and AIDS in the United States, 1980s 185

ΓV.2.1. Birthrates and maternal mortality rates for England and

Wales, 1851-1980 215

ΓV.2.2. Maternal mortality rates for England and Wales, 1851-1980 215

ΓV.2.3. Maternal mortality rates in different countries, 1880-1950 216

IV. 2.4. Maternal mortality rates in

Scotland, England, Wales, and

Sweden, 1870-1950 217

IV. 2.5. Maternal mortality rates in England, Wales, and the United

States, 1910—50 219

IV. 4.1. Survival curves 231

IV. 4.2. Mortality risk for medieval

Hungary, England (1871-80), and the United States (1979-81) 234

ΓV.4.3. Morbidity rates for nineteenth­century Britain 235

ΓV.4.4. Mortality schedules for Sweden, 1816-40 and 1979-83 236

V. 1.1. Probable unhealed ax wound in

an adult male skull, 1100-655 B.C. 249

V. 1.2. Partial antemortem destruction of the fourth lumbar vertebral body from the skeleton of a young adult, 3100 B.C. 251

V. 1.3. Chronic inflammation of the left tibia and fibula in an adult woman, Early Bronze Age 252

V. 1.4. Dental caries in an adult male, Early Bronze Age 255

V.1.5. Benign tumor in the area of fusion between the pubic and iliac bones of an adult woman, c. 1990 B.C. 257

V. 1.6. Malignant tumor of the proximal left humerus of a Celtic warrior, 800-600 B.C. 257

V.8.1. Model time line for prehistoric

eastern North America 306

V.8.2. Model time line for prehistoric

Peru and Chile 307

V. 8.3. Different methods of trepanation 307

VI. 1.1. Oracle-bone and bronze terms

specifying disease entities 346

VI. 3.1. Mortality rates for the urban

population of Shanghai, 1949­83 363

VIIL2.1. Glossina palpalis 552

VIII.2.2. Glossina morsitans 552

VΠI.20.1. Graphs illustrating the dramatic

reduction in the incidence of brucellosis in the British garrison in Malta from 1905 to 1907, following the ban on the use of goat’s milk 627

VIII.22.1.

VIII.22.2. Verrucose eruptions: miliary form, diffuse and generalized; nodular form, two intradermic nodules; and mular form 633

VIII.22.3. Intracellular reproduction cycle of the Bartonella bacilliformis in the cytoplasm of a histiocytic bone marrow cell and the endothelial cells of a lymph node 633

VIII.22.4. Erythrophagocytosis of parasitized erythrocytes in peripheral blood and spleen 634

VIII.25.1. Megaesophagus from a case of possible Chagas’ disease from the Tarapaca Valley in northern Chile (c. third century A.D.) 638

VIII.46.1. Encephalitis lethargica, influenza-pneumonia, other pneumonia/bronchitis deaths in Seattle-King County,

Washington, 1918-26 709

VIII.60.1. Urine-secreting structure

(nephron) 746

VIII.60.2. Normal glomerulus 746

VIII.60.3. Acute glomerulonephritis 747

VIII.62.1. Gonorrhea incidence in selected

countries, 1940-83 758

VIII.62.2. Gonorrhea rates in men and

women, aged 20-4, United States,

1956-85 759

VIII.62.3. Gonorrhea: age-specific rates for

men and women, United States,

1985 759

VΠI.62.4. Distribution of gonorrhea in

Denver, Colorado, 1974-6 761

VIII.62.5. Occurrence of gonorrhea in

Buffalo, New York, 1975-80;

distribution of core and adjacent

tracts 762

VIII.62.6. Penicillinase-producing Neisseria

gonorrhea (PPNG) as a

percentage of total gonorrhea, by

zip code analysis in Miami,

Florida, March 1985 to

February 1986 762

VIIL64.1. Percentage distribution of

antibodies to HSV-1, HSV-2, and intermediate form (types 1 and 2) in 239 patients of various age groups 774

VΠI.64.2. Number of consultations, all

five office visits, and first of five visits for genital herpes, United States, 1966-83 774

VΠL64.3. Schematic graph of the

clinical course of primary

genital herpes 776

VIII.77.1. World lead production during

past 5,500 years 822

VIII.79.1.

VIII.81.1. Leptospires on dark field 840

VIII.81.2. Phases and relevant

diagnostic procedures of leptospiroses 841

VIIL 100.1 Severe Paget’s disease of the

bone in a 66-year-old male 912

VIII.102.1. Scheme illustrating the

mechanism of MPTP toxicity at nigral dopamine neurons in primates 916

VIIL 110.1. Cases of paralytic

poliomyelitis in Malta, 1920­

64 943

VIII.110.2. Case-fatality rates for

poliomyelitis based on records from England and Wales, 1947-50 (average of male and female rates; 28 notified cases); Denmark, 1947-50 (28 paralytic cases); France, 1952 (average of male and female rates; 28 notified cases); Sweden 1935-44 (28 confirmed paralytic cases); Eskimos, Chesterfield Inlet (14 cases); Cutter vacinees (27 cases); West Virginia, (18 cases); Malta, 1942-3 (service cases, 20-30 years of age, number of cases not specified); Sweden, 1911-13 (5 cases) 944

VIII.110.3. Numbers Ofpublications

about polio by year, 1890 to

1986; the Current Bibliography of Poliomyelitis, Index Medicus, and the Bibliography of Infantile

Paralysis 947

VIII. 110.4. Age of onset of cases of

poliomyelitis in developing

countries, compared with Miami, Florida, United States, 1948-9 949

VΠI.122.1. Woodcut of St. Anthony by Johannes Wechtlin 990

VΠI.134.1. Two hypotheses as to the possible evolution of the organisms responsible for human treponematoses 1027

VIIL 134.2. Infectious diseases considered as a dynamic triangular interaction among host, parasite, and environment 1029

Maps

IV.2.1. Differences in maternal mortality rates in England and Wales, 1924-33 218

ΓV.2.2. Differences in maternal mortality rates in the United

States, 1938-40 219

VII. 3.1. General endemicity of cholera, malaria, and “kangri burn” cancer 466

VII. 3.2. Malaria: annual parasite index (API), per 1,000 population, for selected years 469

VII. 3.3. Leprosy: prevalence rate

percentage, 1974-5 471

VII. 3.4. General distribution of

filariasis and goiter 472

VII.8.1. Diffusion of smallpox among

native Americans, 1928 524

VII.8.2. Diffusion of smallpox among

native Americans, 1983 525

VII.8.3. Malarial disease deaths per

1,000 population, 1870 527

VII.8.4. “Consumption” deaths per

1,000 population, 1870 528

VII. 8.5. Leprosy area of New

Brunswick, predominantly in the nineteenth century 529

VIII. 2.1. Distribution of African

sleeping sickness Ipalpalis group) 553

VIIL2.2. Distribution of African sleeping sickness Ijnorsitans group) 553

VIII. 38.1. Areas in which dracunculiasis is reported or probably exists 687

VΠI.80.1. Estimated endemicity of leprosy in the world, 1983 835

Vm.120.1. Epidemiological map of Rocky Mountain spotted fever in Bitterroot Valley, Montana, 1902 983

VIII. 124.1. Distribution of Schistosoma

haematobium in Africa and the Middle East 993

VIIL 124.2. Distribution OiSchistosoma mansoni in Africa and the Middle East 993

VIII. 124.3. Distribution OiSchistosoma mansoni in the Western Hemisphere 994

VHL 124.4. Distribution of Schistosoma japonicum and Schistosoma mekongi 994

VIII.151.1. Outline map of the world (c ∙ World War II), showing the approximate geographic distribution of epidemic (exanthematic) louse-bome typhus, murine (endemic) flea-borne typhus, and Brill’s disease 1082

VHI.153.1. Known geographic distribution of mite (scrub) typhus in Asia, July 1948 1086