Contents

List of figures x

List of maps xiv

List of tables xv

List of contributors xvi

Preface xvii

i ∙ Introduction: the world from 1200 bce to 900 ce i

CRAIG BENJAMIN

PART i:

GLOBAL HISTORIES

2 ∙ Global economic history 29

SITTA von REDEN

3 ∙ The gendering of power in the family and the state 55

SCOTT WELLS AND PING YAO

4 ∙ Slavery 76

PETER hUNT

5 ∙ The Axial Age in world history 101

bjOrn Wittrock

6 ∙ Developments in science and technology c.

7 ∙ Discourses on gender and sexuality 154

SCOTT WELLS AND PING YAO

8 ∙ Art 179

ROBERT BAGLEY

9 ∙ Pastoral nomads 235

TIMOTHY MAY

PART 11:

TRANS-REGIONAL AND REGIONAL PERSPECTIVES

10 ∙ Western and Central Eurasia 271

TOURAJ DARYAEE

ii ∙ Regional study: Baktria - the crossroads of ancient Eurasia 300

JEffREY LERnER

12 ∙ The Mediterranean 325

CRAIG BEnJAMIn AnD MERRY E. WIESnER-HAnkS

13 ∙ Regional study: Athens in the fifth century bce 350

wILLIAM MORISOn

14 ∙ Late antiquity in Europe c. 300-900 ce 375

cHARLES f. pAzDERnIk

15 ∙ East Asia 407

cHARLES HOLcOMBE

16 ∙ Regional study: Confucianism and the state 435 xInzHOnG YAO

17 ∙ Regional study: exchanges within the Silk Roads world system 457 xInRU LIU

18 ∙ South Asia 480

SHOnALEEkA kAUL

i9 ∙ Regional study: Pataliputra 514

Shonaleeka kaul

20 ∙ The Americas 537

erica begun and janet brashler

21 ∙ Regional study: Chaco Canyon and the US Southwest 572 stephen h.lekson

22 ∙ Australasia and the Pacific 603

IAN J. mcNIVEN

23 ∙ Africa: states, empires, and connections 631 STANLey burstein

24 ∙ Regional study: trans-Saharan trade 662

RALPH AUSTEN

Index 687

Figures

4.1 Roman slave collar.

4.2 Euphronius Krater, gymnasium scene with slaves, depicted much smaller, helping free athletes (bpk / Antikensammlung, Staatliche Museen zu Berlin / Johannes Laurentius) 82

4.3 A female domestic slave carrying a box of cosmetics, scene of female toilette from the Collection of Greek Vases by Mr. Le Comte de Lamburg (Collection des vases grecs de Mr. le comte de Lamberg), 1813-1824, by Alexandre de Laborde (1773-1842), Volume ii Table 44 (Bibliotheque des Arts Decoratifs, Paris, France / De Agostini Picture Library / G. Dagli Orti / Bridgeman Images) 84

4.4 Roman soldier with chained prisoners (Landesmuseum Mainz) 92

6.1 Eratosthenes' method of calculating the circumference of the earth (G. E. R. Lloyd, Greek Science after Aristotle, London 1973, p. 50, fig. 3) 130

6.2 Ptolemy, the epicyclic motion of the planets (G. E. R. Lloyd, Greek Science after Aristotle, London 1973, p. 62, fig. 5) 132

6.3 Gallic reaper (harvesting machine) (White, Greek and Roman Technology, London 1984, p. 61, fig. 47) 137

6.4 Waterwheel for mine drainage (J. F. Healy, Mining and Metallurgy in the Greek and Roman World, London 1978, p. 98, fig. 19) 138

6.5 Roman water mill according to Vitruvius (G. E. R. Lloyd, Greek Science after Aristotle, London 1973, p. 107, fig. 22) 139

6.6 Hero's ball rotated by steam (G. E. R. Lloyd, Greek Science after Aristotle, London 1973, p. 105, fig. 21) 141

7.1 Tang dynasty painting of the Paradise of Sakyamuni, with illustrations of episodes (© The Trustees of the British Museum. All rights reserved) 159

7.2 Roman terracotta lamp, manufactured in Asia Minor during the first century ce (© The Trustees of the British Museum. All rights reserved) 175

8.1 Chi-rho page from the Book of Kells. Ink and color on vellum. 33 x 25 cm. Trinity College, Dublin. Eighth or ninth century ce, probably from an Irish monastery on Iona, an island off the coast of Scotland (The Board of Trinity College Dublin) 181

8.2 The brother of Ramose and his wife.

8.3 Limestone relief from the temple of Sety I (c. 1290 -1279 bce). Abydos, Egypt. (Hirmer Fotoarchiv) 186

8.4 Chinese bronze ritual vessel. Height 39.5 cm. Early Bronze Age, thirteenth century BCE. Said to be from Anyang. Museum fur Ostasiatische Kunst Koln C76,2 187

8.5 Lion hunt. Detail of gypsum orthostat. Palace of Assurbanipal (r. 669-631 bce)

at Nineveh. London, British Museum (© The Trustees of the British Museum. All rights reserved) 190

8.6 Gold bowl. Inscribed “Darius, the Great King.” Height 11.1 cm. Persian, Achaemenid, fifth century bce. New York, Metropolitan Museum of Art 54.3.ι (© The Metropolitan Museum of Art. Image source: Art Resource, ny) 191

8.7 Bronze plaque from the Kingdom of Dian. Height 8 cm, length 16 cm. Second-first century bce. Shizhaishan, Yunnan, southwest China 192

8.8 Jade ornament belonging to the King of Nan Yue. Diameter 10.6 cm. Second century bce. Guangzhou (Canton), China 193

8.9 Roman silver dish from Hildesheim, Germany. Partly gilded. Diameter 25 cm. Made in or shortly after the reign of Augustus (27 bce -14 ce). Staatliche Museen, Berlin (bpk, Berlin / Art Resource, ny) 195

8.10 Pentheus Room, House of the Vettii, Pompeii. First century ce, between the earthquake of 62 ce and the eruption of Vesuvius in 79 ce. (Scala / Art Resource, ny ) 196

8.it Nymphaeum (model), Miletus, Asia Minor. Built to honor the father of Trajan.

Second century ce. Rome, Museo della Civilta Romana (Alinari / Art Resource, NY) i97

8.12 Arch of Constantine. 315 ce. Rome. Height 21 m, width 25.9 m, depth 7.4 m (Deutsches Archaologisches Institut) 198

8.13 Great Mosque, Damascus. 706-715 ce. (Hermann) 202

8.14 Slipped earthenware bowl. Inscribed in Arabic “Planning before work protects you from regret. Prosperity and peace.” Diameter 45.7 cm, height 17.8 cm.

65.106.2 (© The Metropolitan Museum of Art) 204

8.15 Main Hall of the Inner Shrine at Ise, Japan. Rebuilt at intervals since 685 ce. First built perhaps two or three centuries before that (George Braziller, Inc.) 205

8.16 Teaching Buddha. Sandstone, originally painted. Height 158 cm. Gupta period, late fifth century ce. Sarnath, India. Archaeological Museum, Sarnath (Josephine Powell Photograph, courtesy of Special Collections, Fine Arts Library, Harvard University) 207

8.17 Bronze trinity, Shakyamuni and two Bodhisattvas. 623 ce. Height of seated figure 86 cm. Horyuji, Nara, Japan (Propylaen Verlag) 209

8.18 Borobudur. CentralJava. Volcanic stone (andesite) masonry encasing an earthen core. In the plan the outermost square is about 100 m on a side. Late eighth century ce (Photograph © Luca Invernizzi Tettoni) 210

8.19 Lintel 25 from Yaxchilan Temple 23, the House of Queen Ixk'abal Xook. Limestone, 118 x 74 cm. Lintel dedicated 723 ce. London, British Museum (© The Trustees of the British Museum. All rights reserved) 214

13.1 Reconstruction of the Acropolis in the early fourth century bce (akg-images / Peter

Connolly) 357

13.2 Vase painting showing the downfall of Troy (INTERFOTO / Alamy) 363

13.3 Cavalcade from the west frieze of the Parthenon, Athens (© Corbis) 365

15.1 Taipei, Taiwan: Inscribed Turtle Plastron - Oracle Bone - National Museum. Ancient Chinese Writing Symbols Bone-shell Writing (Art Directors & TRIP / Alamy) 410

15.2 Terracotta Army, Qin Dynasty, 210 bce; warriors (detail) (Tomb of Qin Shi Huangdi, Xianyang, China / Bridgeman Images) 416

15.3 Mid- to late sixth-century Northern Wei or Northern Qi earthenware camel, China (Metropolitan Museum of Art / © SCALA) 423

15.4 Todaji, Eastern Great Temple, Nara, Japan (Photograph © Luca Tettoni / Bridgeman Images) 430

15.5 Ninth-century (late Tang) woodblock print on paper, the Bodhisattva Avalokitesvara and a prayer, from Qian Fo Dong (Thousand Buddhas Cave), Dunhuang (© Trustees of the British Museum.

16.1 The temple of Confucius at Qufu (Werner Forman Archive / Bridgeman Images) 441

16.2 Statue of Confucius at Confucius Temple, Beijing, China (Robert Fried / Alamy) 447

18.1 Lion capitol at Sarnath, North India (Asia Alan King / Alamy) 490

18.2 Buddha on Lion Throne, Gandhara Takht i Bahi, second/third century ce (Peter Horree / Alamy) 497

18.3 Dinars of Kumaragupta I (r.425-454) Chandragupta I (r.320-335) (gold), (National Museum of India, New Delhi, India / Giraudon / Bridgeman Images) 503

18.4 Relief depicting Varaha. Gupta Art. Early fifth century ce. Cave 5, Udayagiri, Madhya Pradesh, India (© Luca Tettoni / Corbis) 504

18.5 Padmpani Bodhisattva Frescoes at Ajanta caves, Aurangabad Maharashtra, India (Dinodia Photos / Alamy) 507

18.6 Dhawajasthambha in Cave No. 16, Temple, Ellora, Aurangabad, Maharashtra, India (Universal Images Group Limited / Alamy) 508

19.1 The Didarganj Yakshi, Patna Museum, Patna, India / DEA / G. Nimatallah (Getty Images) 527

20.1 Temple of the Sun, Teotihuacan, Pyramid, Mexico, over 70 meters high, world's largest pyramid, Aztec temple built 100 ce (Tom Till / Alamy) 556

21.1 Pueblo Bonito and sandstone bluffs, Chaco Culture National Historical Park, New Mexico, USA (Efrain Padro / Alamy) 581

21.2 Aerial view of the ruins of Pueblo Bonito, Chaco Culture National Historical Park, New Mexico, USA (Manfred Gottschalk / Alamy) 582

21.3 Great Kiva Chetro Ketl, Chaco Culture National Historical Park, New Mexico, USA (Dale O'Dell / Alamy) 587

22.1 Shell mound at Imbuorr, Weipa area, dating to the past 3,000 years (Photograph by Michael Morrison) 611

22.2 Gunditjmara fishtrap at Lake Condah used and modified over the past 6,600 years (Photograph by Ian J. McNiven) 613

22.3 Two reconstructed views of the ceremonial totemic site (kod) with hammerhead shark and crocodile effigies, Iama island, Torres Strait, late nineteenth century. Left: with enclosures. Right: without enclosures (Drawing by A.

22.4 Lagatoi trading vessel with smaller canoe loaded with pots and stilt village over water in background, Port Moresby area (from Lindt 1887) 620

22.5 Monumental structures at Nan Madol, Pohnpei, 2004 (Photograph by Glenn

R. Summerhayes) 627

23.1 Funeralpyramids and temples from Kingdom of Kush (800 bc -350 ad), necropolis on Island of Meroe (UNESCO World Heritage List, 2011), Sudan, Meroitic civilization (De Agostini Picture Library / C. Sappa / Bridgeman Images) 639

23.2 A Numidian Royal Tomb: The Medraqen (Numidia). Possibly the tomb of King

Massinissa, c. mid-second century bce (imageBROKER / Alamy) 643

23.3 The Theatre (Leptis Magna, Libya / ©Julian Chichester / Bridgeman Images) 645

23.4 Character with chin resting on knee, Nok sculpture, terracotta before sixth century bce, Nigeria (Peter Horree / Alamy) 649

23.5 Ethiopia, Aksum, great stele and obelisk, c. third-fourth century ce (De Agostini Picture Library / W. Buss / Bridgeman Images) 653

23.6 Archaeological site of Garama, Libya, c. first half of the first millennium ce (bildagentur-online.com/th-foto / Alamy) 655

24.1 Rock painting of a warrior, probably of the warlike Garamantes tribe, with team of horses, southern Algeria (Robert Estall Photo Agency / Alamy) 673

24.2 Camels carrying salt into the village of Araouane, Mali. Araouane is the

main stopping point for camel caravans working the salt trade between Taodenni and Timbuktu (© George Steinmetz / Corbis) 676

Maps

1.1 Theworldin ι ce 24

1.2 Theworldin 400 ce 25

1.3 Theworldin 900 ce 26

4.1 Probable places of origin of Athenian slaves (fifth and fourth centuries bce ) 91

9.1 Central Eurasia 237

9.2 Xiongnu homeland 244

9.3 Xiongnu at their height 246

11.1 Bactria (Baktria) 301

12.1 Trade routes of the Phoenicians 328

12.2 Classical Greece 334

12.3 Roman Republic 341

13.1 Athensinthe fifth century bce 351

13.2 The Athenian Empire 354

14.1 Europe and the Mediterranean in the third century 381

14.2 Europe and the Mediterranean in the tenth century 403

15.1 EastAsiain350 bce 413

15.2 EastAsiain 250 ce 419

15.3 East Asia in 650 429

17.1 The Silk Roads 459

18.1 India 600 bce 484

18.2 Tripartite struggle over Kannauj 511

19.1 Magadha kingdom, Mauryan Empire, and Gupta Empire 519

19.2 Asian trade routes in c. third century bce 522

20.1 Poverty Point 542

20.2 Newark Earthworks 545

21.1 Chaco Canyon region 579

23.1 Africa in antiquity 633

24.1 Trans-Saharan trade routes 664

Tables

5.1 Five paths of axiality 118

20.1 A simplified comparative chronological sequence for the Americas 538

20.2 Chart showing the units of the Maya Long Count calendar system 559