Index

Aboriginal peoples see Australia/Aboriginal Australia

Achaemenid Empire/Achaemenids 12,14, 16, 48, 106, 107-8, 109, 116-17, 278-82, 286 agriculture 281

art: gold bowl inscribed “Darius, the Great King” 191

cultural policies 282

Greece, attacking 12, 334-35, 352 language 297 origins 279

political dominance of centralized power 279

roads and waterways system 280-81 successes 281-82

Syro-Mesopotamian culture 297

Aeschylus 366

Afghanistan 121, 141-42, 300

Baktria see Baktria (Bactria)

Buddhism 285, 424

lapis lazuli, sole supplier of 220

Africa 2, 16-18, 631

Sahara see under trans-Saharan trade slavery 18, 36, 86-87, 657-58, 681 sources and historiography 632-34 villa system 40

see also East Africa; North Africa;

Sub-Saharan Africa; West Africa

Afro-Eurasian world zone 2, 6-18, 29 birth of Afro-Eurasia 400-900 C e 656-59

economic history see economic history, global

agriculture

adoption of agriculture and sedentism by humans 2

Afro-Eurasian antiquity, in 31 agrarian development 36

agrarian organization 34-36

agrarian revolution 2, 3

agricultural settlements and nomadic peoples 457

agriculture as source of real wealth, ideological emphasis on 44

animals see animals/animal husbandry barley 34

Central Asia 33

cereal crops 32, 34

dates 34

emmer 34

frankincense and myrrh 33

imperial conditions, under 32-34

legumes 34

Medieval Green Revolution 295

millet 17, 34 monoculture 34-35 Near East, in 33-34 oil and fodder crops 34 peasant agriculture 35 agricultural peasantry, exploitation of

379

rice 7,17, 32-33, 34

slash and burn agriculture 17

slash and burn horticulture 16

slave labor 36, 81, 85

technology 120, 134, 136-37, 144

tenancy and share-cropping 35 vines 34

wheat 34

See also under individual countries/empires Aksum

collapse of 658

relocating as Christian state in Ethiopia 658

Rome's principal ally in Africa 652-54 trade, central role in 651-54

Alcmaeon of Croton 127

Alexander the Great 11, 12,14, 42, 43, 121, 129, 148, 335

Athens, influence of 370

Baktria (Bactria), conquest and control of 305-6

conquest of Afro-Eurasian world/Asia 282-83, 285

Hellenism/Hellenization as legacy 297, 335, 370

Persian Empire, conquest of 637-38 Alexandria 336, 388

Christianity/religious tensions 656 developments in science and technology 129-33

astronomy 130-31 automata and pneumatics 140 mathematics 131-33

mechanics 140

eroticism 175-76

foundation 129

Hellenistic culture and civilization, spread of 284

Mouseion/library 129-30, 134, 336, 370 altepeme

Chaco as altepetl 593-98

cluster of noble palaces, containing 595 nature of 593-94

rulership 594-95

Americas 537-39

American world zone 18-23

see also Central America/Mesoamerica;

North America; South/Latin America Anatolia 33

Anaxagoras of Clazomenae 125 Anaximander 123-24

Anaximenes 124

Angkor 7

Angles 14, 347

Anglo-Saxons see under Britain animals/animal husbandry 34, 146

animal transport 672-74

camels 674, 685

cavalry/horses 421, 457, 640, 659 chariots, use of 272-73, 407, 411, 457, 640, 667-68, 671, 673

ploughing 38-39

war elephants 148

see also under individual countries/empires Anyte 160-61

Aotearoa see New Zealand

Arab expansion

Africa, Arab expansion 657-58

Egypt, Arab invasions of 657

North Africa, Arab invasion of 657, 676-78 Palestine, Arab invasions of 657

Sasanian Empire, Arab invasions of 657 southern Mediterranean, Arabs dominating 52-53

Spain, Arab invasions of 657, 677

Syria, Arab invasions of 657

Arabian Peninsula/Arabia 13, 51-52

Baktria (Bactria), Arab rule to c.

coinage 43

networks of exchange 47, 48, 50-51, 651 Archimedes 131, 132, 135, 137

Arctic regions 23

Aristarchus of Samos 130-31

Aristotle 128-29, 132, 360, 371-72

mechanics 140

men and women 163 philosophy/cosmology 125, 126-27, 133 Physica 128 slaves 97

works translated into Arabic 371, 404 zoology 128

Armenia 287

art 179-232

Athenian 362-65, 371, 372

artists 228-31

“artists” and “craftsmen,” distinguishing 230-31

existing works as starting points 229-30 interpreting works as symptoms of society producing them 230

Romantic cult of artistic genius 231 status 228, 230-31

training 228-29

Buddhist art 218, 424, 470, 496, 505-6 damage to ancient art 231-32 definition of art 179-80 examples of art 183-216

Arch of Constantine 198-200, 216, 218, 223 Book of Kells 180-82, 200-1, 216-17, 220, 222, 223, 225

Borobudur, Java, Indonesia 210-13 bronze ritual vessel, Chinese 187-88 bronze trinity, Horyuji, Nara, Japan 209-10

earthenware bowl, Nishapur, Iran 204 gold bowl inscribed “Darius, the Great

King” 191

Great Mosque, Damascus 202-3

Inner Shrine, Ise, Japan 205-6 jade ornament of King of Nan Yue 193-94

lintel 25 from Yaxchilan Temple 23, Maya 214-16, 218

lion hunt in Assurbanipal Palace at Nineveh 190, 218

Nynphaeum (model), Miletus 197-99 Pentheus Room, House of the Vettii, Pompeii 196-97

Roman silver dish from Germany 195 Teaching Buddha, Sarnath, India 207-8 temple of Sety I 186 tomb of Ramose 184-85

functions of art 217-20

Buddhist art 218

collections of art 220

death and afterlife, illustrating 219 multiple purposes 219 pleasure, providing 219 power and status, serving 218-19 idea of art as elitist 182-83

Kushan art 317-18

materials

cultural preferences 220-21 design and art 221 ornaments 222-23

animals 222 geometrical 222-23 plants 222

patrons 182, 219, 220, 229-30

representation, human activity, and the human figure 225-28

cultures, differences in 228 focus on humans, gods, and animals 226-27

problems and possibilities of two dimensions in art 227-28 setting and audience 216-17 writing 223-25

Ashoka, King 11, 49, 56-57, 107-8, 116, 146, 285, 308, 310, 489-91

Buddhism 489

rock edicts 489

Asia

Central Asia 10, 12, 13, 49-50, 51, 121 Hellenism 316, 370 limited agriculture 33 religion 316, 317

East Asia see East Asia

monetization 41

South Asia see South Asia

Southeast Asia 6-7, 32-33, 431 agriculture 646-47, 651 Australia, maritime peoples colonizing 606, 617, 626

ancestors of aboriginal peoples arriving from 5

bronze drums from Vietnam 415

Buddhism spreading to 210-11 colonization 603-4 human occupation 6

migration to Australia and New Guinea

603

networks of exchange 47

South Asia, commercial and cultural links with 500

trade 392-93

Southwest Asia 2

taxation 45

Assyrian Empire see Neo-Assyrian Empire/

Assyria

Athens 129, 333-35

academy and peripatos 128-29, 134 Achaemenids, defeating 12, 334-35, 352 Alexander the Great, and 370 Athenian Empire, creation of 353 coinage 43, 351

Delian League 352-53

demokratia 352-55, 372

fifth century, in 350-72

architecture and art 362-65, 371, 372

aristocracy 358

citizenship 355, 356

connections with world at large 369-72 education and philosophy 359-60, 370 government 353-55

juries 355

literature and music 365-69, 370, 371 military 356

religion 360-62

rhetoric 359, 369

society and economy 356-59

women 66-67, 359, 360-62, 372

gender and relationships

gendering of public power 66-67,355,359 marriage, family, and inheritance 58 geography and natural resources 350-52 historical overview 352-53, 369 language 370

Peloponnesian War against Sparta 334-35,

353

pottery 350, 362-64

sculpture 364-65

silver mining 351

slavery 81, 90, 358, 372

administrators, slaves as 94-95, 358 craft production 84-85 debt slavery 333

Athens (cont.)

male slaves predominating 96-97 manumission 98

slave society, as 76, 80-80, 85-86, 358 voting 333

Attica 33

Attila 252-53, 387, 401

Augustine of Hippo, Saint 675

Augustus 14, 45, 68, 342-44, 371 Australasian world zone/the Pacific 4-6,

603-29

Australia see Australia/Aboriginal Australia Melanesia see Melanesia

Australia/Aboriginal Australia 5-6, 604, 605-15 eel-catching 612-14

exchange networks 608-10, 629 gatherings and feastings 611-12 governance 629

Ice Age foundations of 606-7 mound-building 611

ritual installations in islands of Torres Strait 614

rock art styles 610-11

social arrangements/organization 605-6, 607, 629

stone axes 609-10

subsistence regime 605

tools 607-8

Avars 258-60, 394, 401-2

Byzantines, and 259

decline of 260

Axial Age in world history 101-19 conceptualizing the Axial Age 111-13 evolutionary stages in development of human culture 111

reflexivity, major dimensions of 112-13 transition from mythos to logos 101-2, 112-13

conditions and causes of the Axial Age 108-11

key conditions for emergence of the Axial Age 110-11 consequences and pathways of the Axial Age 113-19

Greek world, philosophical-political path of development in 114

Near East, developments in 114 interpreting the Axial Age 102-4 significance of the Axial Age 104-8

emergence of great world religions 105 linkages between political orders and religious practices, development of 106

new forms of political order, ecumenes linked to 105-7

regional/trans-regional trade networks, new empires furthering 107

Aztec Empire 560, 574, 595

Babylonia see Neo-Babylonia/Babylonia Baktria (Bactria) 300-22

Achaemenid Baktria, sixth-fourth century BCE 303-5

development and prosperity 304-5

Persian conquest of 304

Ai Khanoum 308, 312

Arab rule to c.

Buddhism 316, 317-18, 319, 320 geography 300

Hellenistic Baktria, fourth to mid-second century bce 305-11, 336

Alexander the Great controlling Baktria 305-6

Indo-Greeks 309-11

Seleucids, Baktria under 307

Hinduism 319

Islam 319, 320

Kushan Baktria, first to fourth century c e 313-18

agriculture and trade 317

art 317-18

extent of Kushan Empire 315 Kanishka I, rule of 314-17, 494 religion/Buddhism 316, 317-18 Rome, and 316

Yuezhi origins of Kushans 313-14 nomadic hegemony of Baktria, mid­second bce - first century ce 311-13 Sasanians to the Hephthalites 318-21

Chionites 319

Hephthalites 319-20 nomadic migrations, effect of 320 religion 319

Sasanians 318-20

trade 320

Stone, Bronze and ron ages 300-3

Zoroastrianism 304, 316

Bantu peoples 17-18

Berbers 657

Berber revolts against Arabs 657, 677-78, 679-80, 681

enslaved by Arabs 678, 681

Islam, adopting 657

Numidian kingdoms, forming 666 raids 674-75

Roman Africa, and 665-66

Sahara, in 665

uprisings against Roman authority 676

Brahmanism/Brahmanical religion 66

India 49, 57,166, 531, 532

Britain

Anglo-Saxons 15, 61, 397-98 conversion to Christianity 15, 69 art: BookofKells 180-82, 200-1, 216-17, 220,

222, 223, 225

landholdings 385-86 post-Roman Britain 397-98 Roman Britain 397-98 Viking raids 399

Buddhism 52

art 218, 424, 470, 496, 505-6

Central Asia 316, 317 expansion of 285 Mahayana Buddhism 470, 495-96 monks and nuns 170,171-72 origins 49

Silk Roads, and 317, 469-71, 472

Tantric Buddhism 172-74 women, and 66

see also under individual countries/empires Bukhara 322

Byzantine Empire/Byzantines 15-16, 52, 256, 260, 291, 389-90

Arab invasions of North Africa 657, 677

Avars, and 259

Axial Age, and 116

diminished 390

Eastern Roman Empire evolving into 465 expanding influence in steppes 258 Silk Roads, and 472-74 Vandals, and 657, 675-76

Byzantium see Constantinople/Byzantium

Cambodia 7, 218

Canada 22-23

Caribbean 18

Carolingian Empire/Carolingians 15, 394, 399

Carolingian Renaissance 133-34 monumental churches 141 Carthage/Carthaginian Empire 121, 339-40, 388, 641-42, 665

colonizing expedition on African coast 650-51

expansion of 641-42

impact of 642

Vandals capturing 656-57

cash and coinage 41-44

coinage 41

uncoined precious metal 41-42

Catholic Church 15, 16

disagreements between Pope and Constantinople 15-16

Central America/Mesoamerica 19-20, 29, 550-60

agriculture 19, 20, 550

Central Mexico: origins of Teotihuacan 553-54

Central Mexico: Teotihuacan 555-57

Classic period collapse 559-60

Classic period: urban centers and long­distance trade networks 554-55 highland Maya: city-states of central America 557-58

Mesoamerican calendar system 557, 558-59

Mesoamerican Preclassic: interregional trade and emergent complexity 550

Olmec: origin of Mesoamerican cultural practices 550-52

Valley of Oaxaca: trade networks and martial power 552-53

Zapotec 552, 553

written records 537

Chaco Canyon 548-49

archaeology at Chaco Canyon 577

Bonito phase 580-90 artifacts 587 Chaco as a city 589-90 earthen mounds and masonry platforms 586

Great Houses 580-85, 587-88 kivas 586-87, 596

“outlier” Great Houses 588-89 population 589

roads and communications 585-86, 588 size 588, 597

unit pueblos 580, 584, 589 waterworks 586

Bonito phase, nature of 590-98 altepetl, Chaco as 593-98 interpretations of Chaco varying 590, 591-92

New Archaeology, approach of 590-91 postprocessual approaches 591 ritual and political emphases, viewing Chaco data with 592-93

failing 597

geography 578-80, 588

“Great Houses” 572,577,578,580-82,584-85 burials, in 583-84

ceramic vessels 587-88

life in 584

monuments, as 580, 582

Chaco Canyon (cont.)

“outlier” 588-89

Pueblo Bonito 577

turquoise 588 unit pueblos 580, 584, 589

burials, in 584

life in 584

US Southwest and Mexico 574-76 revisited 598-601

Chandra Gupta 11

Chandragupta Maurya 11, 14, 285, 307, 488 chariots 272-73, 407, 411, 457, 640, 667-68, 671,

673

Charles the Great (Charlemagne) 15, 391, 394,

402

imperial coronation 404 China/Imperial China 8-10, 29,121-22 agriculture 34-35, 144

breaking up of clan-based agriculture 36 cereal 32 family farms 36

land concentration and investment 38-39 millet 34 ploughing 38-39 rents and taxes 35

rice 32-33, 34

slavery 36 technology 144

water and flood control/irrigation 36-37,

39, 457-58

art 223, 228

bronze ritual vessel 187-88

Buddhist art 424

jade ornament of King of Nan Yue 193-94 materials 220-21

writing 223-24

Axial Age, and 106, 107-8, 109, 111, 114-15, 118

Buddhism 6, 52, 106, 122, 141-42, 171-72, 445-46, 464

Buddhist art 424

Buddhist nuns, influence of 72 flourishing in China 424, 471-72, 474, 500 monasteries 474

Tantric Buddhism 172-74

chariots 407

civil service examinations 64-65, 158, 160, 172, 428, 431, 445-46, 453-54 coinage 41, 42

Confucianism 6, 9, 63, 106, 115, 143, 165, 172,

412

Buddhism, and 445

Han Confucianism 443-45

Tang Confucianism 445-46

Daoism 9, 106, 115, 171, 172, 445-46

Daoist nuns, princesses as 71-72 economic processes in making of imperial

China 36-37 education 438-39 eunuchs 71 foreign influences 422-24 gender and relationships

art of the bedchamber 172-74 exemplary spouses 165 gendering of public power in imperial

China 70

marriage, family, and inheritance 62-65 sex, gender, and religion 171-72 sex, health, and well-being 164-65 Great Wall 145

Han Empire/dynasty 107-8, 121-22, 286,

417-18

Buddhism 445

Confucianism 63, 443-45, 452-53 exemplary spouses 165 gendering of public power 70-71 Lineage Law system 62-64 gender and sexuality 164-65, 172-73 irrigation systems 457-58 Parthians, trade with 288 slaves 95-96 trade 288, 461-62

Yuezhi, and 460-61

Xiongnu, and 245-47, 248-50, 417-18,

457-61

Hu foreign invaders 420

India, cultural/religious ties with 141-42,

500

Korean Peninsula, and 8, 9 language 407-9 Legalism 9, 115, 415

Confucianism, rival of 443

origins 9

Qin's Legalist administration 417, 443,

452 literature 143, 156, 158-60, 161-62 eroticism 174 women as writers 161-62 marriage, family, and inheritance in

imperial China 62-65 mining 33 monetization 40 networks of exchange 47-48, 49, 51, 107 non-Chinese rule, under 422-24 oases, settlements in 457-58, 469 political orders and religious practices,

linkages between 106, 107-8

Qin, first emperor 416-17, 443, 458-60 Ruruans, and 254-55

science and technology, developments in

142-46

canals 145

crafts 144-45

infrastructure and construction 145 literature 143

mechanics and water power 145-46 writing and printing 142-43

Shang dynasty 407, 409-12

education 438-39

rituals 437

writing 407-8, 409

silk

Chinese 465-66, 467, 499

Persian 466

Silk Roads see under Silk Roads

slavery 36, 78, 80, 86, 91-92 eunuchs 94 punishment, as 92-93 outsiders, slaves as 95 selling children into slavery 95-96

Southern/Six Dynasties 419-20

Tang Empire/dynasty 172-73, 347-48, 431 civil service examinations 64-65,158,160,

172, 428, 431, 445-46, 453-54

Confucianism 445-46

gendering of public power 71-72 Korea/Silla, and 428, 454

Lineage Law system 64-65 model men and women in epic,

romance and poetry 158-60

Nestorians 471-72

Persian silk 466

Silk Roads, and 473-75

Turks, and 291

taxation 36-37, 45, 46

Three Kingdoms, rival regimes of 418-19 trade and consumption 31, 288, 461-62 unification of China 416

Vietnam, and 6

Warring States era 413-14, 415, 416, 452 writing 407-9

oracle bone inscriptions 409

Yellow Turbans rebellion 418-19

Yuezhi, and 460-61

Xianbei, and 253, 420-21, 430-31

Northern Wei dynasty 422-24, 430-31

Xiongnu, and 244, 245-47, 248-50, 417-18, 457-61

Zhou dynasty 411-14

Duke of Zhou as founder 436-37

Mandate of Heaven 412

ritual system 436-38

Christianity 169

Aksum 658

Alexandria 656

Bible 345

biblical books 157

biblical views as dogma 133-34 bishops 69, 390

Britain 15, 69

Catholic Church 15, 16

disagreements between Pope and Constantinople 15-16 celibacy 169, 176

Central Asia 316

Constantinople/Byzantium 375 converts 346, 402, 404 decline of state institutions, effect of 389 Donatists 656, 675

East Africa, in 17

Egypt 656 formation of Christian Church 346

Germany 69 iconoclasm 391 institutions, creation of 346 Jesus of Nazareth 345-46 literature, and 157

Makuria, Nubian kingdom of 658 manliness/ virtus of priests and bishops 69

Mesopotamia, in 288

monks and nuns 169

missionary role of abbesses 69 monasteries as cultural centers, role of 133-34

Nestorian Christianity 471-72

North Africa 656

decline of Christianity 657, 678-79 Orthodox Christianity 15-16 pagan predecessors, value of 371 papacy 391

Paul of Tarsus 346

persecution 346

Rome/Roman Empire 169, 345-47

Christian ethos of civic service 69

Christianization of Rome 60, 168 official religion of empire, becoming 347, 656, 675

persecution of 346

toleration of Christianity 346

Sasanians, persecution by 290

sex, gender, and religion 169

Slavs 402

Christianity (cont.)

spread of Christianity/tensions over doctrine and practice 656, 675, 676 western provinces, marriage in 61-62 See also under individual countries/empires Cimon 355, 358

Claudius Ptolemy 131,133 coinage see cash and coinage

Columbus, Christopher 19

Columella 40

Confucianism/Confucius 109,143, 147, 172 Central Asia 316

Confucianism and the state 435-55 Confucius, life and significance of 439-40, 451-52

education, rooted in 438-39 evolution and institutionalization of

Confucianism 440-47

Buddhism and Confucianism 445

Dong Zhongshu 444-45, 452

Han Confucianism 443-45 Neo-Confucianism 446, 454, 455 political and moral order, Xunzi's sources of 451

Xunzi 442-43, 451

Zi Si and Mengzi 440-42, 450-51 origins of Confucianism 9, 436-40 ritual and music, importance of 436-38 state administration and Confucianism

451- 55

education as path to enter government

452- 53

Han dynasty 452-53

idealistic nature of Confucianism 452 meritocratic government, establishing 453

Tang dynasty 453-54 theoretical foundations of Confucian politics 446-51

Confucian education 450-51

Confucian ethico-legal-political system 449-50

divine kingship 446-48 sage-king, concept of 448-49 “Son of Heaven” as king's title 448 virtuous government, belief in 439 see also under individual countries/empires Constantine, Emperor 14, 15, 347, 375, 675 Constantinople/Byzantium 14, 16, 52, 61-62, 121, 122, 289, 375-77, 384,

390-91

Byzantine Empire see Byzantine Empire capital of Roman Empire moved to 347

Christianity 375

decline 376 development as “new Rome” 375 importance of 376

Justinian, Emperor 15, 376, 465, 657 marriage practices 61

Persian-Avar siege of 388 prosperity 378 taxation 391 territorial basis reduced 389

Cook Islands 3

Crete see Minoans

Cyprus 33

networks of exchange 47

Cyrene 640-41, 665-66 expansion 640 importance of 641 Libyan neighbors, tensions with 640-41

Cyrus the Great 12, 109, 239, 277, 279-80 conquest of Baktria 304

Daoism 171, 172, 176

Central Asia 316

origins 9

see also under individual countries/empires

Darius I 48, 190, 191, 218, 239, 279, 281,

285

Greece, attacking 12, 334-35

Darius II12

Dark Ages 272

Europe 378

Greece 331-32

Near East 274

Democritus 127, 133

Diogenes Laertius 125

Diopeithes 125

earth, origins of 1-2

East Africa 17

Indian Ocean trading routes, integration into 651-54

religion 17

East Asia 8, 19, 49-50, 121, 122, 407-33 birth of East Asia 418-22 first empires 415-18 maturation of East Asia 430-33 Northern Wei 422-30 science and technology, developments in 141-49

Shang and Zhou eras 409-15

Easter Island see Rapa Nui

Eastern Europe 16

economic history, global 29-53

agrarian development 36 land and investment 38-40 settlement politics 36-38

agrarian organization 34-36

agriculture under imperial conditions 32-34 cash and coinage see cash and coinage economics and empire 29-32

aggregate consumption, increase in 31-32

agriculture, dominance of 31 increasing social complexity 31 inequalities in ancient world economies 30 premodern economies 29-30 shifting agents in global economy 30-31 interregional trade and global exchange

47-53

monetization 40-41

taxation, trade and urban development 44-46

Egypt 16, 17, 33-34, 40, 238, 272

agriculture 34-35, 135-36, 284, 631-32 cereal 32

emmer 34

Fayyum oasis, development of 37 rents and taxes 35 slavery 36 technology 120, 137

Alexander's conquest of Persian Empire, effects of 638

Arab invasions 657

art 189, 228

materials 220-21 temple of Sety I 186 tomb of Ramose 184-85 writing 223, 224

Assyrian rule 637

Axial Age, and 114, 115

Christianity/religious tensions 656 coinage 43

cultural technologies 120, 122-23 dynasties 276

extent of empire 635

first millennium, in 635-39

Hellenism, and 284

Libyan rule 635-36

Macedonian Kings of 129 monetization 40-41 networks of exchange 47, 48, 49, 50, 51 Nubia

government during New Kingdom 636 Nubian empire, loss of 635, 636 Nubian rule/union with Egypt 636-37

Persian conquest of Egypt, effects of 637

Roman Empire, and 16, 388

slavery 36, 80, 85, 91-92 taxation 45

in kind 45

technology, developments in 135-36 tombs 184-85

Empedocles 124, 127

empires

economics, and see under economic history, global

inequalities in 30

new form of political order, as 105-6 slavery, and 89-90

imperial wars/conquest boosting slavery 89-90

three pillars of empires 31 see also individual empires environmental impact/damage

aboriginal peoples, by 5 deforestation 1-26

North American native peoples 21-22 Epicurus 133

Eratosthenes 130

Ethiopia and Eritrea 17

agriculture

frankincense and myrrh 33

Aksum 651-54, 658

trade 50-51

Etruscans 338

Euclid 132

Eurasia

Afro-Eurasia 2, 6-18, 29

birth of Afro-Eurasia 400-900 c e 656-59 reconnection of Sub-Saharan Africa to 650-56

Aksum, emergence of 652-54

East Africa integration into Indian

Ocean trading routes 651-54

Red Sea basin, trade in 651-54

trans-Saharan trade 654-56

Western and Central see Western and

Central Eurasia

Euripides 366

Europe

late antiquity Europe, science and technology developments in 133-34

Eastern Europe 16

late antiquity in see late antiquity in Europe

C.

slavery 36

water power 139-40

Western Europe see Western Europe family and marriage

endogamous nature of marital unions 56-57

gender and sexuality see gender and sexuality

gendering of power see gendering of power in family and state

marriage, family, and inheritance in Mediterranean world 58-62

marriage, family, and inheritance of property and status 55-57

marriage, nature and purpose 55-56 marriage, no universal/standard form of55 polygyny 56

Ferghana 463

Fiji 617, 618

exchange system 624

France 89, 396

coinage 43

colonization 6

Franks see Franks

Gaul

agriculture 37

Attila, invasion by 252-53, 387 Carolingians see Carolingian Empire/ Carolingians

landholdings 385-86 marriage practices 61-62

Merovingian dynasty 15, 393-94 villa system 40

Viking raids 399

Franks 14, 15, 61, 347, 385-86, 393-96

bipartite manors 395

Charlemagne see Charles the Great (Charlemagne)

commerce/exchange 395-96

empire 389-90

Frankish kings 395

Rome, and 391

Garamantes 654-55, 658, 667-68

chariots 671, 673

decline of 674-75 goods, trade in 668-69 irrigation system 667 slave trade 671-72 urban architecture 667

Gaul see France gender and sexuality 154-77 art of the bedchamber 172-76 exemplary spouses 165-67 model men and women in epic, romance and poetry 154-60 sex, gender, and religion 167-72 sex, health, and well-being 162-65 women as writers 160-62

gendering of power in family and state 55-74 gendering of public power in Mediterranean world 66-69 gendering of public power in religious and political arenas 65-66 marriage, family, and inheritance in imperial China 62-65

marriage, family, and inheritance in Mediterranean world 58-62 marriage, family, and inheritance of property and status 55-57

Germany 68-69

art 195

Christianity 69

Franks 14, 69

Germanic kingdoms, rise of 121 marriage practices 61 missionaries 69

Roman Empire, invading 14, 121, 133, 140-41, 347, 376, 656 villa system 40

Ghana 18, 658-59 relations with North African Muslims 659 global economic history see economic history, global

Goths 14, 61, 387

Greece 13-14, 39, 121

Alexandria see Alexandria

Athens see Athens

Axial Age, and 111, 114, 117 city-states 327-29, 332-34 emergence of 121 monetization, and 41 political rights 356 classical Greece, c.

Ionian colonies 333-34 language 297, 310, 370 literature 155, 156-57, 371 eroticism 175-76 women as writers 160-61

North Africa, settlements in 640-41 politics 123 religion 167-68

science and technology, developments in 122-29

human anatomy and physiology 127 medicine 129

military technology 135

monumental architecture and sculpture 134-35

nature and natural science 127-28 philosophy and cosmology 123-27 schools of philosophy 128-29

slavery 91-92

Sparta see Sparta

taxation 46

trade for luxury goods 467-68

writing 122-23

phonetic alphabet 327

Gupta Empire 11-12, 121-22, 500-6 art and literature 505-6

Buddhism 504-5

expansion 502

foundation of Gupta rule 502

Hinduism 503-4

“Indian feudalism” theory, flaws in 501-2 Magadha, Gupta kings controlling 532-33 science and mathematics 505

state administration 503

Han Empire/dynasty see under China/ imperial China

Hawai'i 3, 4, 603, 622

social structure 625

Hebrews 325-26

Israel and Judea, exile from 277, 326

Israelites 325-26

nomadic lifestyle 325

religion 325

see also Judaism/Jewish

peoples

Ten Commandments 326

women's status and rights 326

Hellenism

Alexander the Great, and 297, 335, 370 Central Asia 316, 370

Egypt 284

Hellenistic era, 350-30 bce 335-37

Hellenistic culture and civilization, spread of 284, 336

language 335-36

Hellenization 335-36

religion 337

Roman culture, Hellenistic influences on

340

slaves 337

trade 336-37

Hephthalites 319-20, 472

Hero of Alexandria 140

Herodotus 163, 236, 238, 240, 367, 368, 639,

667-68, 671-72, 673

Hinduism 18, 310

Central Asia 316

see also under individual countries/empires Hippocrates 129

Hittites/Hittite Empire 272, 273

Homer 369

Homo erectus 2,12, 603

Homo floresiensis 603

Homo neanderthals 2

Homo sapiens 2,12, 16, 23, 603, 631, 662 human evolution 2, 16

Huns 250-53, 291

Attila 252-53, 387

origins 251

wars and invasion 251-53, 387

White Huns 319-20

Inca Empire 561

India 11-12, 14, 121-22

agriculture 146, 148

rice 32-33

slavery 36

art

Buddhist art 496

Teaching Buddha, Sarnath 207-8

Axial Age, and 111, 115-16, 118

Buddhism 49, 56-57, 115-16, 141-42, 147, 173,

285

Mahayana Buddhism 495-96

Nalanda, Buddhist monastery/ educational center at 533, 534

Brahmanism 49, 57, 166, 531, 532 chiefdoms.

China, cultural/religious ties with 141-42, 500

coinage 41, 42, 498

craft production 498

culture 494-98

Gupta Empire see Gupta Empire

gender and relationships

art of the bedchamber 174-75 eroticism 174-75 exemplary spouses 166-67 marriage, endogamous nature of 56-57

India (cont.)

Hinduism 166-67, 494-95

“Indian feudalism” theory, flaws in 501-2 Indo-Greeks 309-11

invaded by 493

Indo-Parthians, invaded by 493-94 Kushan Empire see Kushan Empire land grants 506

literature 157-58, 480-81, 492-93, 496 Magadha 485, 515

Gupta kings controlling 532-33

Haryankas dynasty 515-16

Mauryas of Magadha see Mauryan

Empire

Nanda dynasty 516-18

Shaishunaga dynasty 516

Mauryan Empire see Mauryan Empire mining 33 monetization 40-41

networks of exchange 49-50

Pallavas 506-9

Pataliputra see Pataliputra philosophy 496 pottery

Grey Ware and Painted Grey Ware 481, 482

Northern Black Polished Ware 487, 521-23

Pushyabhutis, rule of 509, 533 Satavahana kingdom, rise of 491-92 science and technology, developments in 142, 146-49

crafts 147-48

elephants, use of 148

house construction/monumental

structures 148

literature 147

mathematics 148-49

writing 146-47

sixteen great states, rise of 483-85,

514-15

Shakas/Scythians, invaded by 493 slavery 36, 80 trade 498-500

Chinese silk, demand for 499

Indo-Roman trade 499-500

South Asia, commercial and cultural links with 500

tripartite struggle between large regional powers 509-11

Gurjara Pratiharas 510-11

Palas 510, 534

Rashtrakutas 510

urbanization/urbanism

Second Urbanization 485-87, 520-23

Third Urbanization 501-2 urbanism 496-98 see also South Asia

Indo-Greeks 309-11, 493

Hinduism 310

language 310

Indonesia

art: Borobudur, Java 210-13

Buddhism 210-11

Indo-Parthians 493-94 inheritance see under property Iran 12, 89, 111, 121

art: earthenware bowl, Nishapur 204 literature 155-56

Sasanian Empire see Sasanian Empire see also Persian empires

Iraq 80

Ireland 69

iron

use of 273

Sub-Saharan Africa, ironworking 647-48 Islam/Islamic world 8, 170-71, 371

Abbasid Caliphate 13, 117, 121, 272

Abbasid Empire 294, 392 administration/political control 296, 321-22

establishment of 393 library 404

North Africa, ruling 679-80

skilled prisoners building new caliphate 476-77

taxation 393

Turks, and 291

Umayyads, and 679

Arab invasions of North Africa 657, 676-78 art 222

Great Mosque, Damascus 202-3 writing 225

Baktria, conquest of 321-22

Buddhism, influence of 285

Bukhara 322

Byzantine Empire, attacked by 15-16 caliphate 392-93, 402-4 meaning of 389-90

coinage 475

commercial hub, Islam geographically in

294 conversions to Islam 61 Africa, in 658-59

Dar al-Islam (Abode of Islam) 13, 61, 347-48

East Africa, in 17, 18

empire 390

Islamic Conference (650-900 ce) 293 establishment of system 294

Islamic states, expansion of 13, 49,52-53,121, 388-89

Kharajite (secessionist) movement 679-81 Khazars, and 260-61

language 297 marriage 61, 94, 170-71 rise of Muslim power 51-52

Samanid dynasty 322 sex, gender, and religion 170-71

Silk Roads system transformed by 475-77 slavery 80

Africa, trading in 658 enslavement of Muslims forbidden 97 European slaves to Muslim world 392-93

incorporation of slave women 81 slaves as soldiers 93-94

Slavic peoples, and 16

Tiraz system of textile production 475-76 trade 475

Umayyad dynasty 294, 388, 389, 392

Abbasids, and 679 conquests 476 overthrow of 393 state, nature of 392 taxation and commerce 392-93

women 66, 171

Israel 47, 637

Axial Age, and 111, 114, 117

Italy

city-states and monetization 41 coinage 43 landholdings 385-86 Lombards 391, 396, 401 marriage practices in post-Roman Italy 61-62

Odovacar 387

Roman see Roman Empire/Roman Italy Theoderic 387

Jainism 487, 516

Japan (Nippon) 7, 428 agriculture 4, 7 art

bronze trinity, Horyuji, Nara 209-10 Inner Shrine, Ise 205-6

Buddhism 7, 209-10, 500

introduced from Korea 426

China, and 428-30, 433

titles 422

Confucianism 454

Neo-Confucianism 455

Korea, migration from 7, 414-15

literature 158,161-62

eroticism 174

marriage, endogamous nature of 57

samurai warriors 433

writing 408-9, 428

Jaspers, Karl see Axial Age in world history Jerusalem 350, 388

Jesus of Nazareth 345-46

John Philoponus 133

Judaism/Jewish people 170

Alexandria, in 336

Axial Age, and 114

Hebrews see Hebrews

Khazars 260, 261-62

literature, and 157

Mesopotamia, Jews living in 288

Messianic hope 345

North Africa, Jews in 684

Parthians, and 288

Romans, opposition to 345

slavery

foreign captives regarded as chattel slaves 97

Jewish religious/political and external political rule 108

protections for enslaved Jews 97 slaves not used by Essenes 80

Justinian, Emperor 15, 376, 388, 472-73

Kanishka 314-17, 494, 495

Khazars 260-62

decline of 262

Judaism 260, 261-62

Umayyad Empire, and 260-61

Korea/Korean Peninsula 7-8, 414

agriculture 8

Buddhism 8, 424, 425-26, 500

China, and 8, 9, 418, 425, 428, 454

Chinese titles 422

Confucianism 8, 428, 454

Neo-Confucianism 454, 455

Daoism 8

Koguryo 425, 427-28

migration to Japan 7, 414-15

native kingdoms, rise of 424-25

Paekche 425-26, 427-28

Buddhism introduced 425-26

Silla and China, attacked by 427

Silla 425, 426-28, 431-33, 454

slavery 80

Korea/Korean Peninsula (cont.)

Three Han 418, 425, 426

Three Kingdoms 425, 427-28

writing 408-9

Kushan Empire 11, 247, 251, 286, 288, 462 Buddhism/religion 315, 316, 317-18, 462,

470

coinage 41, 316-17

extent of empire 315

Kushan Baktria, first to fourth century ce 313-18

agriculture and trade 317

art 317-18

extent of Kushan Empire 315 Kanishka I, rule of 314-17, 495

Rome, and 316

Yuezhi origins of Kushans 313-14

language 310, 315

origins 313-14, 494

Sasanian Empire, controlled by 289, 318-19

Silk Roads, and 462

Yuezhi origins 251, 288, 313-14, 461

Lapita Cultural Complex 617-18, 626

Lapita maritime peoples 617-19, 621, 623 late antiquity in Europe c. 300-900 c e 375-404

Byzantium 390-91

caliphate 392-93

conceptual framework 377-80

conquest, conversion, acculturation 397-402

post-Roman Britain 397-98

Scandinavia 398-400

Slavs 400-2

Constantinople as witness to world history 375-77

exogenous shock as explanation for fifth-century collapse 384-87

Franks 393-96

key aspects of the period 402-4

other points of reference 396-97 post-Roman points of reference 389-90 post-Roman successor states coalitions/confederations, growth of 386-87

development of 379, 384 exploitation of economic assets 385 landholdings 385-86

political fragmentation 389

Roman Empire in the fourth century 380-84

sixth- and seventh-century upheavals 388 Latin America see South/Latin America

Legalism 9, 115, 415

Confucianism, rival of 443

origins 9

Qin's Legalist administration 417, 443, 452

Libya

Cyrene, tensions with 640-41

Egypt, ruling 635-36

literature

biblical and Christian stories 13, 157

China 143, 156, 158-60, 161-62 eroticism 174 women as writers 161-62

eroticism 174-76

Greece 155, 156-57, 371

eroticism 175-76 women as writers 160-61

India 157-58, 480-81, 492-93,

496

Iran 155-56

Japan 158, 161-62

eroticism 174

Judaism 157

mechanics, on 140

model men and women in epic, romance and poetry 154-60

Rome 155

South Asia 157-58

see also gender and sexuality

Livy 68

Lucretius 133

Macedonia 49, 121, 282, 284

Makuria, Nubian kingdom of 658

Malaysia 6-7

Mali

Dia 650-56

Jenne-Jeno 650, 667

Mani 289

Manichaeism 263-64, 289, 474

Central Asia 316

Sogdians 471

Maoris 603-4, 623

marriage see family and marriage

Mauretania 642-44, 656-57

Tichitt Tradition 648

Mauryan Empire 11, 29, 49, 56-57, 121-22, 284-85, 488-91

Ashoka's rule 489-91 see also Ashoka, King Axial Age, and 107-8, 116

Buddhism 285

Chandragupta, founded by 488

see also Chandragupta Maurya end of 308 expansion of 285 Pataliputra see Pataliputra Seleukos, and 307 state control, tiers of 489-91

Maya civilization 20, 83

art

artists 228-29

lintel 25 from Yaxchilan Temple 23,

Maya 214-16, 218 writing 223, 224 Classic Maya civilization 557-58 collapse of 560 political structure 557-58 written records 537

Mediterranean 325-48 agriculture 32, 34 Arabs dominating Southern Mediterranean

52-53

Eastern Mediterranean/c.

39, 325-29

Abbasid Empire controlling 9191 Achaemenid Empire 116-17 classical Greece, c. 800 - c.350 bce

332-35

collapse of Bronze Age societies 331 Hebrews 325-26

Minoans and Mycenaeans c. 2700 -

C. 1000 BCE 329-32

Phoenicians 13, 326-29

severe drought, consequences of 272 Silk Roads see Silk Roads

gendering of public power in

Mediterranean world 66-69 Greece

Greek communities in Mediterranean

13-14

growth of Greek power 48-49 Hellenistic era, 350-30 bce 335-37 landholdings in Greco-Roman

Mediterranean 35 marriage, family, and inheritance in

Mediterranean world 58-62

Roman Republic and Empire c. 600 bce -

C. 600 CE 121, 289, 337-48 disintegration 52 monetary consolidation 43 Roman control 14-15 reordering political and economic

relationships 380

science and technology developments see under science and technology developments (800 bce - c. 800 ce)

silk, emergence of market for 466-69

Western Mediterranean 121

Megasthenes 147

Melanesia 3-4, 614-21 agriculture 4 animals/animal husbandry 4 burials 621

exchange networks 616-18 extent of 614

Lapita maritime peoples 617-19 migration to 3-4

New Guinea see New Guinea

social formations/socio-political dynamics 619-21, 629

trade system, hiri 619

Vanuatu see Vanuatu

Menander, King 309, 493

Mesoamerica see Central America/

Mesoamerica

Mesopotamia 12-13, 33-34, 121, 271 agriculture 295 barley 34 cereal 32 technology 120

art 191, 221

writing 223-24

Axial Age, and 115

Constantinople, and 378 cultural technologies 120, 122-23 language 297

monetization 41 networks of exchange 47

Parthians, and 287, 288

Mexico 20

Central Mexico

origins of Teotihuacan 553-54

Teotihuacan 555-57

Mexican War 574

Micronesia 626-28 agriculture 626 exchange networks and social alliances 628, 629

history of human occupation 626 monumental architecture 626-27 ocean voyages 626 political arrangements 626

migration

America, migration from Siberia and East Asia to 18-19

Germanic tribes into Western Roman

Empire 14

Huns 251

maritime migration

migration (cont.)

Australia, to 5

Pacific islands, to 3-4

Sarmatians 241-42

mining 33

silver 194, 334-35, 35i

slave labor 36, 84-85, 92

technology, innovations in 137

Minoans c. 2700 - c. 1000 bce 13, 329-32

Crete as major commercial center

329

fall of Minoans 331

Mycenaeans, attacked by 331

raiders 329, 331

religion 330

social structures on Crete 329-30

women 330

writing 329 monasteries and the Silk Roads 469-72 monetization 40-41

Morocco 13, 677

Mycenaeans c. 2700 - c.1000 bce 13, 329-32

fall of Mycenaeans 331

military values 331

Minoan Crete, attacking 331

origins 329

social structures 330

women 331

writing 329

Near East/Near Eastern empires 33-34, 40 agriculture 33-34

Axial Age 114

Dark Ages in Near East 274 Nebuchadnezzar II 277-78 Neo-Assyrian/Assyrian Empire/Assyria 29,

30-31, 33-34, 238, 272, 297

art

lion hunt in Assurbanipal Palace at Nineveh 190, 218

Assyria as Mesopotamian core 273-74

Assyrian Empire as first imperial system of antiquity 271-72

Axial Age, and 109

Egypt, invading 637

Neo-Assyrian Empire, development of 275-77

slavery 80, 84-85

Urartu kingdom and Assyrians 275 Neo-Babylonian Empire/Babylonia 29, 34, 272, 277-78, 297

agriculture 34-35

cereal 32

rents and taxes 35

water control and resettlement 37

Axial Age, and 109 independent Babylonian dynasty, establishment of 276

Kassite Dynasty 273-74 monetization 43-44 slavery 80, 84-85, 91-92

Nestorian Christianity 471-72

New Caledonia 617, 618

New Guinea 4, 603, 615-18 agriculture 605, 616 “Big Man” societies 604 exchange networks 616-18

Ice Age communities 615 languages 614 social interactions 616 sophisticated agricultural practices 4 trade system, hiri 619

New Zealand 3, 603 agriculture/horticulture 623 bird population 623 exchange systems 624

Maoris 603-4, 623 migration to 603-4, 622 social structure 625-26

Nok (Nigeria) 17, 648 nomadic/foraging lifeways 2, 3 aboriginal peoples 5-6 art 191-92

Hebrews 325

Korea, in 7

Medes and Persians 12

nomadic peoples and agricultural settlements 457

pastoral nomads see pastoral nomads sedentary agriculture dominating over 32 steppe grasslands of Eurasia, in 10, 457 see also pastoral nomads

North Africa 14, 121

agriculture 37, 631-32, 645

Arab invasions of 657

Berber revolts 657, 677-78, 679-80, 681 Christianity/religious tensions 656, 675, 676

decline of Christianity 657, 678-79 coinage 3-4

Cyrene 640-41

disorders of North African late antiquity

674-76

first millennium, in 635-46

Egypt and Nubia 635-39

Greeks and Phoenicians 640-44

North Africa 638-40

Numidia and Mauretania 642-44

Islam, falling to 13 landholdings 385-86 networks of exchange 47

Roman Empire, part of 14, 29, 665, 666 first century bce - third century c e, during 644-46

prosperity 645-46 rebellions 644-45

regional products, use of 645 rule in North Africa, end of 656-57 slavery 36

Sub-Saharan Africa, and 632-33 tribes/tribal alliances 639-40 urbanism, limited 639

North America 21-22, 29, 537-39 agriculture 21-22, 539, 547, 639 maize 539, 546, 547

animals/animal husbandry 21-22

Arctic regions 23

Canada 22-23

emergent complexity/exchange systems in Southwest 547-49

Chaco 548-49

see also Chaco Canyon elites and hierarchy 549 exchange 548, 549

Hohokam 548, 549, 573-74 irrigation canals 547-48 kivas 547, 548-49

pithouse construction 547-48 villages 547, 548

monuments, exchange and organization in eastern North America 540-47 earthworks 540-41, 543-44 exchange systems 543, 549

Hopewell communities, disappearance of 546

Hopewell socio-political organization 544-46

Late Woodland period 546-47 monumental architecture 22

Newark Earthworks 544 platform mounds 546-47

Poverty Point and Watson Brake 540-41 slavery 86, 87

Southwest United States

Chaco Canyon see Chaco Canyon emergent complexity/exchange systems in 547-49

geographically distinct 576

Mexican War 574

Mexico, and 577

Paquime 563, 576, 598-99

Pueblos 572-73, 575, 576, 577, 592-93

Southwest USA and Mexico 577

Southwest USA and Mexico, revisited 598-601

subsistence and adaptation in 539-40, 546 Nubia

Alexander's conquest of Persian Empire, effects of 638

Assyria ruling Egypt 637

effects of 637

Egypt

Nubia freed from Egyptian control 635, 636

Nubia governed by Egypt 636

union with Egypt/ruling Egypt 636-37 extent and nature of Nubian kingdom 636 first millennium, in 635-39 Kush/Kushite monarchs 636, 652-54, 658 Makuria, Nubian kingdom of 658 Persian conquest of Egypt, effects of 637-38

Romans, and 644

Numidia 642-44

Berbers forming Numidian kingdoms 666 Vandal kingdom in 656-57

Oceania world zone 3-4

Olmec 550-52

height of Olmec civilization 551-52 stone head monuments 550-51, 552 trade networks 552-53

Orthodox Christianity 15-16 overview of key developments between 1200 bce and 900 bce 1-26

Afro-Eurasian world zone 6-18 American world zone 18-23 Australasian world zone 4-6 Oceania world zone 3-4

Pacific islands see Melanesia

Palestine 13, 34

Arab invasions 657

Palmyra 51

Parthian Empire/Parthians 12-13,121, 286-88,

312

empire established by Arsacids 286, 464 Hellenism 336

Persian silk 465-66 religion 288

Zoroastrianism 286-87, 288, 464-65 Romans, and 287, 347

Parthian Empire/Parthians (cont.)

Silk Roads, and 287, 288, 465-66 structure 287

pastoral nomads 10, 11, 235-65 animals/animal husbandry 10, 235

Avars 258-60

Central Eurasia on eve of millennium 264-65

Huns 250-53

Khazars 260-62

lifestyle 236

post-Xiongnu world in the east 253-55

Ruruan 254-55

Xianbei 253

Sarmatians 240-43

Scythian era 236-40

steppes 10, 33-34, 235

tribal leaders 236

tribes, nature of 236

Turks

ramifications of 258

rise of 255-58

Uighurs 262-64

Xiongnu 243-50, 417

Pataliputra 514-35

art 526

astronomy and mathematics 533 connections and location 523 decline of 534-35

literature and urban culture 526-32

Magadha, development of 515-20

Megasthenes' description of city 523-24

Nalanda, Buddhist monastery/educational center at 533, 534

origins and development 514

Second Urbanization 485-87, 520-23 Northern Black Polished Ware 487, 521-23

size 524-25

sculpture/stone monument 525-26

Paul of Tarsus 346

Pericles 355, 358, 368

Persian empires 29, 33-34, 43, 49, 129, 465

Achaemenid see Achaemenid Empire/ Achaemenids

Alexander's conquest of 637-38 Attila, invaded by 387

Axial Age, and 106, 107-8, 109, 111, 116-7

Constantinople, and 378

Islamic Empire subsuming 388 networks of exchange 48

Parthian see Parthian Empire/Parthians

Sasanian see Sasanian Empire/Sassanids taxation 45

Persian silk 464-66, 467-68

Parthians 465-66

Sassanids 465-66

Peru 19

agriculture 19

Phoenicians 13, 121, 326-29, 665

Carthage see Carthage/Carthaginian Empire

City-states 327-29 networks of exchange 47, 327-29 North Africa, in 641-42 phonetic alphabet 327 slavery 80 trade, importance of 327 writing 122, 142

Plato/Platoism 125, 128-29, 132, 169, 358, 360,

371

influence of 372 men and women 164 natural science 127-28 philosophy 125-26, 127 rhetoric 369

Plinius Secundus, C. 133

Pliny 40, 148, 488, 491 Polynesia 603-4, 621-27 agriculture 623 bird populations, impact on 623 exchange systems 624 foundations of society 621-22 lifeways 4, 6, 629

hereditary chiefdoms 604, 629 social structure 623-24, 625-26 open-ocean voyaging 621 see also Fiji, New Zealand; Samoa; Tonga property

inheritance

marriage, family, and inheritance in Imperial China 62-65

marriage, family, and inheritance in Mediterranean world 58-62

marriage, family, and inheritance of property and status 55-57 property relationships

peasant agriculture 35

slave labor 36

see also slavery

tenancy and share-cropping 35 Ptolemies 129, 135-36, 284, 336, 488,

643-44

Pythagoras/Pythagoreans 124-25, 132 men and women 163-64

Rameses II16

Rapa Nui 3, 4, 603, 622

deforestation 623

social structure 625

religion

Angkor Thom and Angkor Wat 7

Axial Age, emergence of great world religions during 105,110

Buddhism see Buddhism

Christianity see Christianity

Confucianism see Confucianism consumption, and 52

Daoism see Daoism

gendering of public power in religious arenas 65-66

Hellenism 337

Hinduism see Hinduism

Islam see Islam

Jainism 487

Judaism seeJudaism/Jewish peoples

Manichaeism see Manichaeism

Nestorian Christianity 471-72

sex, gender, and religion 167-72 shamanistic religious practices 23 see also under individual countries/empires Roman Empire/Roman Italy 14-15, 29,34,121, 337-48

agriculture 37-38 centuriation 37 land concentration and investment

39-40

IatiJundia 40, 342 overproduction 346-47 slave labor 36, 39, 40, 85, 99 villa system 39-40

army 339-40, 343, 382-83

art

Arch of Constantine 198-200, 216, 218,

223

artists 228

Nynphaeum (model), Miletus 197-99 Pentheus Room, House of the Vettii,

Pompeii 196-97

silver dish from Germany 195

writing 224

Augustus 14, 45, 68, 342-44

Axial Age, and 107, 117

Caesar's rise to power after civil unrest 342

Carthage in Punic Wars, defeat of 339-40, 666

central government and localities, altered relationships between 384-85

Christianity 169, 345-47

Christian ethos of civic service 69 Christianization of Rome 60, 168 official religion of empire, becoming 347, 656, 675

persecution of 346 toleration of 346 citizenship 60 clothing, silk 467 colonization 37-38 coinage 41-42, 43 “Crisis of the Third Century” 347 culture and Greek influences 340 economic activity in late antiquity 383 empire, start of 9982 equestrians 343 Etruscan influences 338 eunuchs 68-69, 81 extent of Roman Empire 380 fall of Roman Empire 347, 348, 384, 657 fiscal system 380-84, 385, 388

effects of exchange system collapse 390 foreign affairs and conquests/expansion

339- 40, 343, 344

Forum Ware pottery 396-97 fourth century, Roman Empire in 380-84

frontiers of Roman Empire, nature of 380-82 gender and relationships exemplary spouses 166 gendering of public power 7 marriage, family, and inheritance 59-61,

340- 42, 344

sex, gender, and religion 167-68

sex, health, and well-being 163-64 government 338-39 invasions of Roman Empire 14, 121, 133, 140-41, 347, 376, 656

Attila, by 252-53, 387 Kushans, and 316 land concentration and investment 38-39 language 345 literature 155

eroticism 175-76 women as writers 161 maritime trade 344-45 marriage, family, and inheritance 59-61 North Africa, and see under North Africa officials of imperial administration 382-83 Parthians, conflict with 287, 347 patricians 339, 343 phonetic alphabet 327 plebeians 339, 343

Roman Empire/Roman Italy (cont.) provincial rule/administration 340, 342,

343-44

religion 167-68, 345-47

Republic, end of 342

road and transport infrastructure 344 Rome, origins of 337-39

Sasanian Empire, and 289, 290, 291, 292-93,

347, 382, 656

science and technology, developments in

133-34

agrarian technology 136-37 arched construction, importance of 136 ceramics and glass 137-39 concrete, use of 136

mining 137, 194 water power 139-40

settlement politics 37-38

slavery 36, 39, 40, 91-92, 99, 343, 380-82 administrators, slaves as 95, 343 eunuchs 68-69, 81, 94 harsh treatment of slaves/punishment

85, 92

imperial wars/conquest boosting slavery 89-90

male slaves predominating 96-97 manumission/freed slaves 98, 343, 344 marriage 340

slave society, Roman Italy as 14, 76, 80,

84-85 trade in slaves 88

taxation

collection of taxes 382, 384-85 disruption to 385, 402-4 in kind 45

landowners' cooperation, dependency

upon 384-85 trade, and 31, 45

trade networks 107

Indo-Roman trade 499-500 maritime trade 344-45 silk and luxury goods, for 466-69 urban civilization 382 women 60, 316, 340-42

Russia 16, 33

Scandinavians, and 399-400

Samoa 3-4, 621 exchange system 624 social structure 625

Sappho 160, 162, 352

Sarmatians 240-43

culture and lifestyle 241 demise as major power 242 hereditary chiefdoms 621 mass migrations 241-42 military apparatus/combat methods 242-43

origins 241

Sasanian Empire/Sassanids 12-13, 106, 116-17, 121, 251-52, 256, 260, 289-93

Arab invasions 657

Baktria, and 318-20 fortification of cities 292 Kushan Empire, controlling 289, 318-19 origins 289, 466

Persian silk 465-66 reforms 291-92

Romans, and 289, 290, 291, 292-93, 347, 382,

656

Silk Roads, and 465-66

trade and silk markets 290-91

Zoroastrianism 289, 290, 291-92 Scandinavia 398-400

armed bands from 398-99

Russia 399-400

Viking raids 399

science and technology developments (800 BCE - c. 800 CE) 12O-5O developments in science in Mediterranean region 122-34

Alexandria 129-33

Ancient Greece 122-29

Ancient Rome and late antiquity Europe

133- 34

developments in technology in Mediterranean region 134-41 agrarian technology 136-37 arched construction, importance of 136 automata and pneumatics 140 ceramics and glass 137-39 concrete, use of 136 mechanics, literature on 140 military technology, innovations in 135 mining 137

monumental architecture and sculpture

134- 35

technology transfer 135-36

water power 139-40

diverse trajectories of historical development 120-22

science and technology developments in South and East Asia 141-49

China see under China/imperial China South Asia/India 146-49 Scythia/Scythians 236-40

decline of the Scythians 240

fur trade and agriculture 239, 240 lifestyle of nomadic Scythians 237-39 military apparatus/combat methods 242-43

political centralization under King Atheas 239-40

South Asia, invading 493 war and invasion 238-39 Sea People 271-72 sedentism 2, 21-22,146 Seleucid Empire 59, 121, 283-84, 295, 465

Baktria, and 307

end of 285-86

Mauryan dynasty, and 307

successor dynasty to Alexander the Great 33 settlement politics 36-38 share-cropping 35

Sicily 39

coinage 43

Iatifundia 40

monumental architecture and sculpture

135

networks of exchange 47

slave society, as 80

Silk Roads 9, 10, 12-13, 49-50, 107, 122, 141-42

Buddhism, and 317, 469-71, 472

China 9, 10, 107, 122, 173, 458-62

currency 316-17

exchanges within the Silk Roads world system 457-77

Byzantine Empire and the Tang Empire 472-75

emergence of market for silk in Mediterranean 466-69

Islam, Silk Roads system transformed by 475-77

monasteries and travelers 469-72 Persian silk 464-66

Sogdiana and Ferghana 463-64

Xiongnu, Han China and the Yuezhi 458-62

Kushans 316

Parthians 287, 288

principal routes through oases 458

Rome, and 346-47

Silk Road cities 51

Turks, and 256

slavery 76-99, 670-72

Arab expansion in Africa, need for slaves after 657-58, 681

definitions of 77-79

eunuchs

Rome, in 68-69, 81, 94

European slaves to Muslim world 392-93 extent and types of slave use 79-86 agriculture 36, 81

craft production 83-85, 343 domestic slaves 81, 85

high status, slave function as display of 83

sexual slavery 81-83

slave women 81-83, 344

tasks of slave women 83

Hellenistic trade in 337

into and out of slavery 95-98

birth into slavery 97

children sold/abandoned into slavery

95-96

debt, slavery for 96

enslaved members of own society 95-96 imported slaves 96-97 manumission/freed slaves 78, 94, 95,

97-98, 343, 344

marriage 58, 60-61, 340

mass enslavement by empires 36 mode of production, as 36, 80-81 Muslim kingdoms trading in slaves 658 pre-state slavery 86-90

serfs, compared with 77, 78

slave societies 79, 85-86 states and slaves 90, 91-95 administrators, slaves as 94-95, 343 eunuchs 94

laws on property rights 91-92

profits of war 92

punish, ability to 92-93

slaves as resource in state's power struggles 93

soldiers, slaves as 93-94

trade, cities and empires 86-90

cities and slaves 87, 90

empires and slaves 89-90 slaves, trade in 87-89

what is slavery? 77-79 widespread in ancient world see also under individual countries/empires

Slavs 16, 400-2

religion 16, 402

Socrates 125, 355, 359-60, 369, 371

influence of 372

Sogdiana 458, 472

Buddhism 464, 471

farmers and traders 464

Manichaeism 471

Sogdiana (cont.)

Silk Roads, and 463-64, 471

Zoroastrianism 471

Solomon Islands 618, 619-20, 621

Somalia 33

Sophocles 366, 372

South Asia 480-511

art 496

Buddhism 487

Mahayana Buddhism 495-96

chiefdoms. early states, emergence of 492-93

coinage 498

craft production 498

culture 494-98

description 480

external origin dynasties, rule of Indo-Greeks/Indo-Bactrians 493 Indo-Parthians 493-94

Kushans 494

see also Kushan Empire Scythians/Shakas 493

Gupta Empire see Gupta Empire

Hinduism 494-95

Jainism 487

land grants 506

literature 157-58, 480-81, 492-93, 496

Magadha see under India

Pallavas, rule of 506-9

philosophy 496

pottery

Grey Ware and Painted Grey Ware 481, 482

Northern Black Polished Ware 487, 521-23

Pushyabhutis, rule of 509, 533

Sanskrit 480-81

Satavahana kingdom, rise of 491-92 science and technology developments in 146-49

sixteen great states, rise of 483-85, 514-15 trade 498-500

Chinese silk, demand for 499 Indo-Roman trade 499-500

Southeast Asia, commercial and cultural links with 500

tripartite struggle between large regional powers 509-11

Gurjara Pratiharas 510-11

Palas 510, 534

Rashtrakutas 510

urbanization/urbanism

Second Urbanization 485-87, 520-23

Third Urbanization 501-2 urbanism 496-98

Vedic periods 480-81 early Vedic 481 later Vedic 482-83

South/Latin America 19, 29, 537-39, 560 agriculture 563, 566

Aztec Empire 560, 574, 595

Chavin - first Andean state 564-65 first horizon: Moche 565-66

Formative Period (3200-900/600 bce) 561

Inca Empire 561

Initial Period 564

public architecture 564 monumental architecture 561-62, 563 non-Andean complexity 566-67 Norte Chico culture 563-64

architectural development 563-64 domesticates 563

monumental architecture 563

Preceramic Period 561-63 monumental architecture 561-62 social stratification 562 textile industry 562-63 trade 562

Spain 13, 39

agriculture 37

Arab invasions of 657, 677 ceramics 397 coinage 43 mining 33, 137, 194 networks of exchange 47 slavery 80

Ummayyads 397

Sparta 332-33

Achaemenids, defeating 12, 334-35 gendering of public power 67, 332-33 marriage, family, and inheritance 58-59 Peloponnesian War against Athens 334-35,

353

Spartan soldiers 332-33

women 67, 333

Srivijaya 6-7

steppe region/grasslands 10, 33-34, 235 animals/animal husbandry 10, 235 art 191-92 pastoral nomads see pastoral nomads

Stoicism 166

Strabo 50, 163

Sub-Saharan Africa 16-17, 29, 631 agriculture 17, 646-47 Bantu expansion 646-48 East Africa see East Africa

Eurasia, reconnection to 650-56

Aksum, emergence of 652-54

East Africa integration into Indian

Ocean trading routes 651-54 Red Sea basin, trade in 651-54 trans-Saharan trade 654-56 see also trans-Saharan trade from 1200 bce - 600 ce 646-50 Garamantes see Garamantes ironworking 647-48 North Africa, and 632-33 Proto-Bantu 646, 647

Sudan 666-68

Suetonius 68

Sufism 66

Syria 13, 33-34

agriculture 295

Arab invasions 657

coinage 43

Syro-Mesopotamian culture 297

Tacitus 68,163

Tahitinui 3

Tang Empire/dynasty see under China/ imperial China taxation

cash taxation 45-46

in kind 45-46

pillar of empires, as 31, 44 rents transformed into taxes 35 social control, as exercise of 45 surplus production for 31-32 tax-farmers 46 trade, urban development, and 44-46 types of 44 urban markets 46 use of 44

technology see science and technology devel­opments (800 bce - c. 800 ce ) tenancies 35

Teotihuacan 20, 554-57

architectural structures 556 calendar system, Mesoamerican 557 downfall 559-60 origins of 553-54 political structure 557 trade networks 555, 559-60 obsidian, trade in 555, 559

Thales of Miletus 123

Theophrastus 128

Thucydides 367, 368

Tonga 3-4, 617, 621

exchange system 624

maritime empire 625

social structure 625

trade and exchange networks 141-42

Africa

Aksum 651-54 trans-Saharan trade 654-56, 662-85 see also trans-Saharan trade Arabian Peninsula/Arabia 47, 48, 50-51,

651

China 31, 288, 461-62

Chinese silk 465-66, 467, 499

East Africa integration into Indian Ocean trading routes 651-54

Ethiopia and Eritrea 50-51

Han Empire 288, 461-62

Hellenism/Greece 336-37, 467-68

India 498-500

Chinese silk, demand for 499 Indo-Roman trade 499-500 South Asia, commercial and cultural links with 500 interregional trade and global exchange 47-53

Islamic states 475

Kushan Empire 317

Melanesia 619

Mesoamerica 550, 552-53, 554-55

Mexico 555, 559-60

Micronesia 628

New Guinea 616-18

Olmec 552-53

Phoenicians 327

Polynesia 624

Red Sea basin, trade in 651-54 regional/trans-regional trade networks, new empires furthering 107

Roman 107

Indo-Roman trade 499-500 maritime trade 344-45 silk and luxury goods, for 466-69

Sasanian Empire 290-91

Silk Roads see Silk Roads

slaves, trade in 87-89 trade networks, use of 88-89

South America 562

taxation and urban development, and

44-46 trans-Saharan trade 654-56, 662-85

ancient Saharan and Sudanic urbanism 666-68

ancient trans-Saharan trade 668-74 animal transport 672-74 conditions for carrying commodities 668 trans-Saharan trade (cont.) gold 669-70 manufactured goods 668-69 salt 672 slaves 670-72

Arab conquest 676-78 raids into Sahara 677 camel transport 674, 685 disorders of North African late antiquity

674- 76

foreign colonization of ancient North Africa 665-66

forming the classic trans-Saharan world 1760

Almoravids, rise of 683-84 pilgrimages 684-85 towards Sunni trans-Saharan regime 682-83

geography and pre-history of the Sahara 662-65

inhabitants 663-65

Kharajite Muslims and beginning of trans­Saharan trade 678-81, 682 gold, trade in 680-81 slave trade 681

Turkey 89

Turks

“ Oghuz Empire” 11

Ottoman Turks, Constantinople sacked by

15

pastoral nomads, as 11, 255-58 ramifications of 258 rise of 255-58

Sasanian Empire, and 291

Uighurs 262-64

cities, building 263, 264

Manichaeism, adopting 263-64

Ukraine 16

Urartu kingdom 275

Vaisheshika 147

Vandals

Carthage, capturing 656-57

Christianity (Arians) 675

coastal North Africa, invading 675

Justinian invading Vandal kingdom 657,

675- 76

Rome, invaded by 656

Vandal kingdom in Numidia

656-57

instability in North Africa following 657, 676

Vanuatu 617, 618

burials 621

Vietnam 6, 415, 416, 431

Buddhism 6

Confucianism 6

writing 408-9

Vitruvius 139-40, 146

West Africa 18, 631-32

Islam, conversions to 658-59 socio-economic organization 648

Western and Central Eurasia 271-98

Achaemenid Persian Empire 278-82

Alexander and Hellenistic age 282-86

Alexander's conquest of Afro-Eurasian world/Asia 282-83

crises and warfare after Alexander's death 283-84

erosion of Hellenistic power 285-86

Hellenistic culture and civilization, spread of 284

Mauryan Empire 284-85

Assyria: the Mesopotamian Core 273-74 climatic changes 272

Dark Ages in Near East 274 innovations in metal use and warfare

technique 272-73

iron not bronze, use of 273

Islamic Conference (650-900 ce) 293

Neo-Assyrian Empire 275-77

Neo-Babylonian Empire 277-78

Parthian Empire 286-88

Sasanian Empire 289-93

Urartu kingdom and Assyrians 275

Western Europe 14-15

agriculture

cereal 32

slavery 36

Carolingians see Carolingian Empire/ Carolingians

Catholic Church see Catholic Church marriage practices 61-62 networks of exchange 48 warrior nobility 68-69

women

Athenian 66-67, 359, 360-62, 372

Buddhism, and 66

Hebrew 326

Islam, and 66

exemplary spouses 165-67

Minoan 330

model men and women in epic, romance and poetry 154-60

Mycenaean 331

role in family and state see gendering of power in family and state

Roman Empire, in 60, 340-42, 344 sex, gender, and religion 167-72 slaves, as 81-83

incorporation of slave women 81 sexual slavery 81-83 tasks of slave women 83

Spartan 67, 333

women as writers 160-62

Xerxes 12, 279, 305, 334-35

Xianbei 253, 420-21, 430-31, 472

Northern Wei dynasty 422-24,

430-31

Xiongnu 10, 243-50, 311, 417

China, and 244, 245-47, 248-50, 417-18, 457-61

lifestyle 243

Maodun's rule, peak during 244-48 military apparatus/combat methods 248 Silk Roads, and 458-61

Yuezhi 10, 243, 244-45, 247, 248, 310

China, and 460-61

Kushan Empire, origins of 251, 288, 313-14, 461

see also Baktria; Kushan Empire nomadic hegemony of Baktria, mid-second

BCE - first century ce 311-13

political arrangements 313

trade and commerce 312-13

Zoroastrianism 169, 288, 474

Baktria 304, 316

Central Asia 316

origins 304

Parthian Empire 286-87, 288, 464-65

Sasanian Empire 289, 290, 291-92

Sogdians 471

Zarathustra 304