Name Index

Abd al-Aziz idn Marwan₁ 338

Abd al-Latif al-Baghdadi, 29 Abercrombie, John, 585, 805

Abreu, Aleixo de (1568-1630): Abreu, a Portuguese physician, studied medicine at the University of Coimbra before visiting both Angola and Brazil.

Abu al-Biruni, 13

Abu-Ali al-Husayn ibn-Sina, see Avicenna

Abu Bakr Muhammad ibn Zakariya al Razi, see Rhazes Abul-Qasim₁ see Albucasis

Ackerknecht, Erwin H., 409

Acton, William, 88 Ada, Gordon, 134 Adachi, M., 1037

Adams, Joseph, 117, 118, 124

Adams, Robert, 92

Addison, Thomas (1793-1860): Addison of Guy’s Hospital in London made numerous contributions to medicine. Among these were the first book in English on the actions of poisons in the body and a classical descrip­tion of pernicious anemia later known as Addison’s disease. 572, 1078

Aesculapius (Asclepius): A legendary physician who be­came a Greek god during the fifth century B.C. His holy snake and staff still remain symbols of the medi­cal profession. 688, 925

Aetius of Amida (c. 502-75): Aetius, a Mesopotamian, served as physician to Emperor Justinian of Byzan­tium. He wrote a substantial medical encyclopedia en­titled Tetrabiblion. This work contained information on ophthalmology, internal medicine, obstetrics, and surgery. It also included the collected works of others such as Rufus of Ephesus and Soranus. 12, 265, 266, 655, 901, 929

Africanus, Leo, 339 Afzelius, Arvid, 854 Aggarwal, S. K., 473 Aggeler, P. N., 622

Agramont, Jacme d^,, 197 Ahmad, sultan, 415

Akbar, Mongol emperor, 415

Akhtar, R., 468 al-Antaki, see Dawud ibn Umar al-Antaki Albert, Jose, 610

Albertini, Ippolito Francesco, 693, 694, 695 Albright, Fuller, 910

Albucasis (Abul-Qasim) (c.

Alexander, a Greek physician, was essentially a com­piler of the works of others, although his description of helminthic infection lays the basis for the claim that he was the first parasitologist. 12, 267, 740, 901 Alhazen (Ibn al-Haytham), 28 Alibert, Jean Louis Marc (1763—1837): Alibert, a French physician at the St. Louis Hospital in Paris, is consid­ered the founder of the field of dermitology. He was the first to selectively designate a number of conditions such as “Alibert’s Keloid” to which his name has been attached. 750, 776,1093

Ali ibn al-Abbas al-Majusi, see Haly Abbas

Ali ibn Isa, 901

Ali ibn Sahl Rabban al-Tabari, 29, 413 al-Jahiz, 337

Allauddin II, king of Persia, 43 Allbutt, Clifford, 640 Allchin, W. H., 804 Allen, Horace N., 400 Allison, A. C., 575, 1008 Allison, M., 311 Almagro, Diego de, 537 Almeida, Luis de, 382 Alpert, S., 805 Alpin, Prosper (Prospero Albini), 338,

339 al-Razi, see Rhazes al-Walid I, caliph, 338 Alzheimer, Alois, 12, 561 Ammonios, 1090 Amos, H. L., 777 Andersen, Dorothy H., 658 Anderson, E., 309

Anderson, John F. (1873—1958): An American physician, Anderson, along with Joseph Goldberger, transmitted measles to monkeys and demonstrated cross-immunity in monkeys between so-called Brill’s disease and ty­phus. 874, 1081

Andral, Gabriel, 652 Andre, Jean-Marie, 264 Andrews, Alfred C., 723 Andrews, Sir Christopher Howard, 810 Andrews, John B., 188, 189 Andromeda, 115 Anell, Bengt, 931 Angel, J. L., 249, 250, 256, 257, 309 Anglicus, Bartolemeus, 601 Anne, queen of England, 998 Annesley, James, 570, 644, 646 Anson, George, 1002 Anthony of Egypt, St., 719 Anthony the Great, St. (also the hermit), 272, 989, 990 Anthony of Padua, St., 989 Appelbloom, T., 601 Aquinas, St.

Arad-Nana, 925 Archibald, R. G., 734 Aretaeus the Cappadocian (Aretaeus of Cappadocia) (81­

138): Aretaeus, a Greek physician, is perhaps best known for a text (whose original title has not sur­vived) on the causes, symptoms, and treatment of acute and chronic diseases. He also gave the first de­scription of the aura of epilepsy. 264, 265, 266, 642, 652,656, 726, 803, 940, 1044

Aristides, 265 Aristophanes, 263 Aristotle, 29, 115, 116, 266, 583, 618, 739, 927, 929, 1048 Armelagos, George, 257, 310, 1054

Armstrong, B. W., 870 Armstrong, C., 595 Arnold of Villanova, 964 Aronson, S. M., 1038, 1039, 1040, 1041 ar-Razi, see Rhazes Arrhenius, Savante August, 129 Arriaga, Eduardo, 209, 329 Artenstein, Malcolm S., 988 Artzney, Zene, 926 Aschoff, Ludwig, 970 Asclepius, 11 Aselli, Gasparro, 102 Ashford, Bailey K., 787 Ashley, Lord, 202 Ashwell, S., 639 Ashworth, J. H., 735 Asru (mummy c. 700 B.C.), 252 Astruc, Jean (1684—1766): Astruc served as physician to

the king of France, and authored many volumes on medicine as well as works on theology, literature, his­tory, and geography. His best-known work, De Morbis Venereis (1736), dealt with venereology and provided the first description of herpes genitalis and stated that syphilis first appeared in Europe in 1493. 776, 1030 Auenbrugger (Auenbrugg), Joseph Leopold Edler von

(1722-1809): An Austrian physician, Auenbrugger is considered the founder of the diagnostic technique of chest percussion, in which the tones created by tap­ping the chest reveal various conditions. 91, 694, 940 Aufderheide, Arthur, 501, 825 Augustine, St., 510 Augustus, Caesar, 823, 929, 1075 Aurelianus, see Caelius Aurelianus

Aurelius, Marcus, 193, 265, 509

Auricchio, S., 813

Averroes (Ibn Rushd), 29, 30

Avery, Oswald, 941

Avicenna (Abu-Ali al-Husayn ibn-Sina) (980-1037): Avicenna, a Persian physician and philosopher, was the author of numerous medical books (over 100), which remained standard until the seventeenth cen­tury.

Avison, Oliver R., 400—1, 402, 403, 404, 406

Bach, G., 1037 1039 Bacon, Frances, 61

Baglivi₁ Giorgio (Georgius Baglivi) (1668-1707): Born in Dubrovnik, Baglivi spent his life in Italy, where he became a professor of anatomy in Rome. In 1696, he published Praxis medica, which made proposals for the future of medicine, including support for the Hippo­cratic principles of sound clinical observation. His re­search concentrated on the structure of muscle fibers and the properties of saliva, bile, and blood. 48, 693, 695

Baha ad-Dawla, 338, 339

Bailey, Charles P., 976

Baillie, Matthew (1761-1823): An English physician and pathologist, Baillie was the first to describe cirrhosis of the liver and gastric ulcers. He also wrote the first English text in the field of pathology, Morbid Anatomy of Some of the Most Important Parts of the Human Body (1793). 652, 707, 970

Baillou, (Baillon; Baillonius), Guillaume de (1538-1616): A French physician to the Court of Henri IV, Baillou revived the Hippocratic tradition of human under­standing, clinical observation, and macrocosmic con­cepts of illnesses. He has been called the founder of modem epidemiology. He first described pertussis and distinguished between measles and smallpox, and is credited with the first mention of adhesive pericarditis complicated by edema. He also introduced the use of the term rheumatism. 282, 283, 656, 1095

Baird, Patricia, 685

Baker, B., 310

Baker, Brenda, 1054

Baker, Sir George, 824, 825

Baker, P. T., 493

Baker, Sara Josephine, 204

Bakwin, Harry, 150 Balardini, Lodovico, 921

Baldwin IV, king of the Latin Kingdom of Jerusalem, 337 Balfour, Francis, 759

Ballantyne, J. W., 115

Balmis, Francisco Xavier, 1012 Bancroft, Edward, 1099

Bancroft, Joseph, 728, 729 Bancroft, Thomas L., 664, 729 Bang, Bemhard, 627 Bankes, Isabella, 805 Bannwarth, A., 854

Banting, Frederick, 666 Banu, Rahima, 1012 Barbeau, Andr6, 917

Barbellion, W.

Bard, Samuel, 656

Barensprung, Friedrich Wilhelm Felix von, 1093

Bargen, J., 804, 805

Barlow, Sir Thomas (1845—1945): Barlow was an English physician whose specialty was children’s diseases. He described infantile scurvy (Barlow’s Disease), distin­guishing it from rickets. He also distinguished be­tween tuberculosis and simple meningitis. 153, 970

Barnard, Christian, 99 Barnes, Joseph K., 178 Baron, Hans, 515 Barth⅛lemy, Eloy, 584 Barthez, Antoine C. E., 149 Bartlett, Elisha, 1078 Bartoletti, Fabrizio, 692 Barton, Alberto, 635 Bartram, M., 1048 Basch, Samuel von, 792 Basil the Great, St. (the Bishop of Caesarea), 12 Bassereau, Leon, 1032

Bateman, Thomas (1778-1821): An English physician, Bateman did important work on skin diseases, pro­vided an accurate description of herpes praeputialis and post-scarlatina dropsy, and was the first to de­scribe lichen urticatus. 748, 776

Bateson, William, 117, 118

Battie, William, 64 Battistine, T., 635 Bauer, J. H., 1049 Bauhinus, Caspar, 920 Baum, O., 777

Baumann, Eugen, 753

Bayne-Jones, Stanhope, 1087

Beadle, G. W. (1903-89): Beadle, along with Edward Ta­tum, did work on mutation that opened the door to the new field Ofbiochemical genetics. They shared the No­bel Prize with J. Lederberg in 1958. 119, 154

Beale, Lionel S., 652

Beard, George Miller (1839-83): An American neurolo­gist, Beard is best known for his concept of “neurasthe­nia” or “weak nerves,” a condition to which he thought Americans were particularly prone. Beard also did re­search in the medical uses of electricity and published Medical and Surgical Uses OfElectricity (1871). He also founded the magazine Archives OfElectrology and Neurology (1874). 71-2, 76, 88, 698

Beccari, Iacopo Bartolomeo, 140

Bede, the Venerable, 276

Beet, E. A., 574, 575

Behring, Emil Adolf von (1854-1917): A German physi­cian and bacteriologist, Behring served in the Army Medical Corps. He founded the science of immunology and discovered with Shibasaburo Kitasato an immuniz­ing serum for tetanus and diphtheria.

Bell, Benjamin, 760

Bell, J. H., 584

Bell, John, 744

Bell, Rudolph, 579 Belote₁ George, 849 Belsey, Mark, 722 Benedict, St., 12, 719 Benedictow, O. J., 281, 282 Benivieni, Antonio, 740 Bennett, John Hughes, 732, 847 Bennett, John V., 830 Bennike, P., 250, 253 Benson, D. F., 563 Berg, F. T., 732

Berger, Baron von, 868

Bergh, R., 777 Bergman, Abraham, 1018 Bergmann, Emst von, 869

Berkeley, M. J., 734

Bernard, Claude (1813-78): A French physiologist, Ber­nard is credited with helping to establish physiology as an exact science. Among his contributions were those concerning digestion, his discovery of the glyco­genic function of the liver, and his demonstration that red blood cells carry oxygen from the lungs to the tis­sues. 48, 51, 73, 666

Bernard, Noel, 128 Bernheim, Hippolyte, 76 Bernoulli, Daniel, 694 Berstein, Felix, 131

Bertrand, A., 804

Best, Charles Herbert (1899-1978): A Canadian physi­cian and physiologist, Best received his medical degree from the University of Toronto (1925). Along with Frederick Grant Banting and J. J. R. Macleod, Best extracted insulin from a dog’s pancreas and demon­strated that it could be used to treat diabetes mellitus. When Macleod and Banting were awarded the Nobel Prize in medicine (1923), Banting shared his prize money with Best. 653, 666

Bethencourt, Jacques de, 1030

Betten, H., 929 Beurmann, Charles Lucien de, 733

Bhowa, Mian, 414

Bibb, J., 1007

Bichat, Marie Franςois Xavier, 636 Bidatsu, emperor of Korea, 390

Bierce, Ambrose, 697 Bierman, Stanley, 775 Biggs, R., 622

Bilharz, Theodor Maximilian (1825-62): A German physi­cian and zoologist, Bilharz became a professor of zool­ogy at Cairo. He studied pathological changes in the mucous membranes of the bladder, intestines, ureters, and seminal glands. He is best known for the discov­ery of the parasite Schistosoma hematobin, one of the causes of the disease bilharzia, which was named after him. 456, 727, 992, 993, 995

“Bill W,” 173 Billard, Charles, 149 Billings, John Shaw, 178 Birkmayer, W, 917 Bisel, S., 253

Bissell, A. D., 805 Black, Francis L., 319, 873

Blackall, John (1771-1860): An English physician, Blackall discovered that dropsy is often associated with albumin in urine and believed that this might indicate diseased kidneys. He also reported on angina pectoris. 694, 695, 748

Blacklock, D. B., 896 Blackmore, Richard, 63 Blane, Sir Gilbert, 1002, 1004 Blaud, P., 573

Blessed, Gary, 565 Bleuler, Eugen, 79 Blocq, Paul Oscar, 917 Bloomfield, Arthur, 1051 Bltunberg, Baruch S., 797 Boccaccio, Giovanni, 272 Bodian, David, 949

Boe, Franςois de la, see Sylvius of Leyden

Boerhaave, Hermann (1668—1738): A Dutch physician, Boerhaave was enormously influential during his life­time as a professor of botany, medicine, and chemistry at Leyden. He apparently was the first to describe the sweat glands and to establish that smallpox is spread by contact alone. 16, 49, 85, 86, 636, 693-4, 1004 Boezo, M. H., 927

Bohac, Carl, 849

Boissier de la Croix de Sauvages, Franςois, see Sauvages de la Croix, Franςois Boisser de

Boldt, J., 904

Boltz, Robert, 561

Bonaparte, Napoleon, 6, 500, 517, 744, 903

Bondy, Gustav, 869 Bonland, A., 929 Bontius, Jacobus (1592-1631 or 1632): A physician and naturalist in the service of the Dutch East India Com­pany, Bontius is regarded as one of the founders of tropical medicine as a separate branch of medical sci­ence. He wrote the first Dutch work on the subject in which he provided the first modern description of beriberi and cholera. 645, 1099

Book, J. A., 686

Borah, Woodrow W, 40, 498

Bordet, Jules Jean Baptiste Vincent (1876-1961): Bordet wrote extensively on the properties of sera in immu­nized animals on bacterial hemolysis, and the Bordet- Gengou Complement fixation reaction constitutes the basis of many tests for infection. Bordet is credited for discovering the Causitive agent of whooping cough in 1906. In 1919, he was awarded the Nobel Prize. 129, 1095

Bordeu, Theophile de, 86 Borelli, Giovanni A., 15 Borovsky, Peter Foritsch, 833 Boswell, James, 63, 760

Botallo, Leonardo, 1030 Botstein, D., 124

Bouchardat, Apollinaire, 665

Bouchut, Eugdne (1818—91): A French physician, Bouchut has been credited with penning the first im­portant work on neurasthenia (1860) and with describ­ing “false croup” (1852). 585, 656

Bouillaud, Jean Baptiste (1796—1881): A French physi­cian, Bouillard was the first to identify the anterior lobes as the speech center. He also studied cirrhosis, helped establish the connection between rheumatic fe­ver and heart disease, and recognized the value of digi­talis. 940, 970

Bourgeois, Xavier, 88

Boussingault, Jean Baptiste, 752 Bowlby, John, 150

Bowman, William, 749

Boyle, Robert, 15

Boylston, Zabdiel, IOll Bozeman, F. Marilyn, 831 Bozzolo, Camillo, 787 Bracken, Michael, 684 Bradford, William, 1009 Bradley, Daniel W, 798 Brain, P., 575

Bramwell, Byron, 883 Brasher, C. A., 782 Brass, Paul, 32

Brass, William, 211

Braudel, Fernand, 270, 516 Breckinridge, Mary, 221 Breen, K. J., 609

Breinl, Fritz, 130

Brent, Charles Henry, 174

Breschet, Gilbert, 965

Bretonneau, Pierre Fidele (1778—1862): A French physi­cian, Bretonneau studied diseases of the mucous mem­branes of the digestive and respiratory tracts. He named diphtheria and distinguished it from scarlet fe­ver. He was a proponent of the doctrine of morbid speci­ficity, which foreshadowed the germ theory of disease. 265, 266, 656, 682, 1075

Brewer, G. J., 120 Brickell, John, 1099 Bridgman, B. C., 350 Bright, Richard (1789-1858): A British physician at Guy’s Hospital in London, Bright did extensive re­search on the nervous system and abdominal tumors. His name is also associated with those kidney disor­ders collectively known as Bright’s Disease. 585, 694, 746, 747, 748, 792, 970, 1078

Brill, Nathan, 1081 Bristowe₁ J. S., 805 Brodie, B., 601

Broeck, C. T., 1049

Brooke, Bryan, 806

Brothwell, Don, 251, 253, 254, 256, 1054

Broughham, Henry, 150

Broussais, Franςois, 48

Brown, J. Y., 804

Brown, John (1735-88): A Scottish physician, Brown viewed diseases as caused by “debility” brought on by either overstimulation or a failure of the body to re­spond to stimulation. 16, 48, 86, 88

Brown, R. G., 288

Brown, Robert, 1057 Browne, John, 652 Bruce, Sir David (1855-1931): An Australian physician and bacteriologist, Bruce spent his career in the Army Medical Corps in which he discovered the cause of sleeping sickness and did research on its transmission by the tsetse fly. He is also known for his discovery of the cause of Malta fever and his research on trypanosomiasis. 625, 627, 1079

Bruce-Chwatt, L. J., 861

Bruch, Hilde, 580-1 Bruck, Carl, 1032 Brumberg, Joan, 578 Brumpt, E., 734

Bryceson₁ A. D. M.₁ 969 Buchann₁ William, 199 Buchwald₁ Alfred, 854 Budd, William (1811-80): An English physician and epidemiologist, Budd demonstrated in 1856 that ty­phoid fever, like cholera, was a waterborne disease. He advocated disinfection as a means to prevent the spread of all contagious diseases. 648, 1075,1079

Buddha₁ 375₁ 377₁ 390

Budin₁ Pierre₁152 Buescher₁ E. L.₁ 988 Buikstra₁ Jane₁ 306, 311, 314, 537 Bulloch₁ W.₁ 622

Bullough₁ Vern₁1 Bulman₁ D.₁ 885 Bumm₁ Emst von, 760 Bunyan₁ John, 286

Burgdorf₁ Walter, 556

Burgdorfer, Willy, 854, 969, 982 Burkitt, D. P., 473, 669

Bumet, Sir Frank Macfarlane (1899—1985): An Austra- Iian immunologist, Burnet received his medical degree from Melbourne University (1922) and his Ph.D. from London Lister Institute (1928) after which he joined the National Institute for Medical Research. He con­ducted research on the genetics of the influenza virus and studied autoimmune diseases. He was knighted in 1951 and received the 1960 Nobel Prize in medicine (with P Medawar). 133, 134, 135, 138, 637, 960

Burns, Allan, 694 Burton, Robert, 62 Butlin, Henry T., 913 Buynak, E. B., 889 Byers, M. G., 1038 Bylon, David, 663

Cabanis₁ Pierre Jean Georges (1757-1808): A French ideologue, Cabanis was influential in stressing the im­portance of clinical observation, which led to the re­building of French medicine on essentially clinical grounds. 16, 65

Cabieses, Fernando, 537

Cabot, John, 1001

Cabot, Richard C. (1868—1939): Cabot, an American phy­sician, discovered Cabot’s ring bodies in stained red blood cells present in some cases of anemia. A profes­sor at Harvard, he was among those who used the employment of case histories for medical treatment. 173, 640

Caelius Aurelianus (fifth century): The writings on chronic and acute diseases by Caelius Aurelianus, a Roman physician and translator, are entangled with those of Soranus of Ephesus, whose work he trans­lated. These writings describe gout, encephalitis, speech defects, and epilepsy, and differentiate between epileptic seisures and hysterical attacks. They also ad­vocate humane treatment for the insane. 263, 265, 267, 642, 726, 940

Cahill, Kevin, 471 Caille, August, 153

Caius, John (Johannes Kaye) (1510-73): An English phy­sician, Caius studied at Padua, became president of the College OfPhysicians of London (1555), and sought to tighten control over the licensing of physicians. In 1552, his Boke or Conseille Against the Disease Com­monly Called the Sweate... became the first study of “sweating sickness,” to be published in England. 275, 1023

Califano, Joseph, 180 Calkins, A. I., 802 Calmette, A., 1062 Campbell, Alfred Walter, 1093 Campbell, S., 324

Capivaccio, Girolamo (Hieronymous Capivaccus), 692, 695

Carini, A., 833 Carlson, E. A., 118 Carlsson, A., 976 Carlyle, Thomas, 697 Carpenter, Kenneth, 153 Carpentier, A., 917 Carri6n, Daniel, 635 Carr-Saunders, A. M., 287-8 Carson, Paul E., 573

Carswell, Sir Robert (1793-1857): A British physician and pathologist, Carswell attended Marischal College, Aberdeen, Scotland, studied morbid anatomy in Paris, and became professor of morbid anatomy at University College, London. Carswell is the author of the patho­logical atlas entitled Illustrations of the Elementary Forms of Disease (1838). 652, 883

Carter, H. Vandyke, 734

Casal y Julian, Gaspar (Caspar) (1679-1759): A Spanish physician, Casal was the first to provide a clear de­scription of pellagra in a book written in 1735 but not published until 1762. 920, 923

Casals, Jordi, 817, 819 Casserio, Giulio, 750 Cassius, Felix, 265, 266, 267 Castellani, Aldo, 1097

Castle, William Bosworth (1897-1990): An American physician, Castle revealed (1929) that pernicious ane­mia was due to the absence of a substance in gastric juice that would react with the factors in other foods to prevent the condition. His work led to the introduction of stomach preparations to treat pernicious anemia. 572

Castro, Fidel, 503 Cato, 193, 265 Caulfield, Ernest, 680 Cavalli-Sforza, L. L., 1040 Cavazzi, Giovanni Antonio, 296 Cazenave, Pierre Louis Alphee, 848 Celsus, Aulus Aurelius Cornelius (Aulus Celsus) (c. 25 B.C.-c. A.D. 50): A Roman encyclopedist, Celsus is regarded by many as the first important medical histo­rian. His De Medicina is a splendid account of Roman medicine, which bridges the gap between his times and those of the Hippocratic corpus. 193, 263-9 pas­sim, 642, 692, 695, 720, 726, 731, 736, 823, 861, 868, 901, 916, 926, 964, 1090

Centerwall, W R., 523

Chadwick, Sir Edwin (1800-90): An English physician who was educated originally for the bar, Chadwick be­came an investigator for the Royal Commission on Poor Laws. His 1842 Report... on... Sanitary Condi­tion of the Labouring Population of Great Britain, re­vealed the ugly and dangerous unsanitary conditions in which the working class lived. His report helped to stimulate a Public Health Act (1848) and a General Board of Health. 187, 202

Chagas, Carlos, 637

Chakraborty, R., 1039,1040 Chakravarti, A. K., 473, 1039, 1040 Chalmers, A. J., 734 Chandler, Asa C., 1057 Chandler, C. A., 804

Chang, 347

Chang Chi, 22, 53

Chang Lu (Zhang Lu), 56 Chang Ts’ung-cheng, 25, 57 Chang Yuan-su, 25

Chao, 347

Chao Yuanfang, 57 Chapin, C. W., 1070 Charaka, 1090

Charcot, Jean Martin (1825-93): A French physician and neurologist, Charcot was a famous teacher at La SalpetriSre where he founded the French school of neu­rology. He was the first to demonstrate a clear relation­ship between psychology and physiology, and described the neurogenic arthropathy known as Charcot’s dis­ease. 73-4, 76, 88, 585, 717

Charlemagne, 511, 514

Charles I, king of England, 998 Charles II, king of England, 999

Charles V, holy Roman emperor (Charles I of Spain), 1082

Chase, G. A., 1039, 1041

Chase, Merrill, 135 Chatin, Adolphe, 752 Chauliac, Guy de, 902 Chaumette, Antoine, 1030 Ch’en Tzu-ming, 25 Chem, C. J., 1038 Chevreul, M. D. Eugene, 665 Cheyne, George, 63, 65 Cheyne, John, 585 Chhen Chih, 347 Chhen Pang-Hsien, 348 Chhung Erh, 349

Chien-i, 978

Chin (Jin), Duke of, 54 Ch’io, see Pien Ch’io Chipley, William Stout, 579 Choo, Qui-Lim, 797 Chou, Duke of, 349 Chou Ta-kuan, 429 Christian IV, king of Denmark, 177 Christie, A. B., 681, 782 Christie, Ronald, 708 Christophers, S. R., 422 Chu Chen-heng, 57 Chunghye, king of Korea, 391 Cicero, 268, 861 Cipolla, Carlo, 198, 514 Clark, William, 320 Clarke, Edward, 88 Clement VI, Pope, 614 Clossey, Samuel, 694, 695 Clot-Barthelemy, Antoine, 30 Clyde, David, 856, 857 Cobbold, T. Spencer, 728 Coburn, Alvin F., 971 Cockburn, T. Aidan,529,1054 Coffen, T. H., 805 Cohen, A. M., 673 Cohen, Lord H., 46 Cohen, M., 257

Coindet₁ Jean-Frangois, 752 Coit, Henry L., 152 Cole, Rufus, 941

Colebrook, Dora, 721 Colebrook, Leonard, 720—1 Colles, Abraham, 1048 Collie, Alexander, 968 Collier, Leslie, 1024

Collins, E. Treacher, 903, 904 Collis, Edgar, 190

Colombo (Columbus), Matteo Realdo (c. 1516—59): An Ital­ian anatomist and physiologist, Colombo succeeded Vesalius to the chair of anatomy at the University of Padua before moving on to chairs at Pisa and Rome. He was the first to describe correctly the position of the lens of the eye. His work on pulmonary circulation of the blood may have borrowed heavily from Servetus but clearly describes the work of the cardial, pulmo­nary, and aortic valves. 750

Colp, R., 805 Coltman, Charles, 927 Columbus, Christopher (Cristobal Colon), 40, 177, 498,

521, 523, 536, 920, 1029, 1054, 1058, 1103 Columella, 193 Combe, C., 805 Come, Frere, 1091 Compston, D. A. S., 885

Cone, Thomas, 153 Confucius, 350 Connolly, John, 66 Conor, Alfred, 985 Constantine the Great, 196 Constantine IX, 601 Constantius I, 572 Cook, Captain James (1728-79): English navigator, known for his exploration of the Pacific, who demon­strated, as James Lind had previously, that despite lengthy voyages, scurvy could be prevented aboard ships with the consumption of citrus juice. 433, 490, 498,1004

Cook, D. C., 310, 311, 313, 314

Cook, Noble David, 324 Cook, Sherburne Friend, 40, 498 Cooke, John, 585

Cooke, W. Trevor, 806 Cooper, Marcia, 931 Cordes, Lester G., 831 Corey, Lawrence, 775 Correia, Gaspar, 415, 643, 645 Correns, Carl, 117 Corvisart, Frangois Remy Lucien, 1050 Corvisart des Marest, Jean-Nicholas (1755-1821):

Corvisart was among the first French physicians to advocate more precise methods of diagnosis, including one that utilized a thorough physical. He was the au­thor of the first treatise on cardiology (1806) and be­came physician to Napoleon. 17, 48, 694, 940, 1078 Costoeus, Jean, 903 Cotugno, Domenico, 748 Cotzias, George, C., 917 Couch, James, 881 Coult, 0., 414 Councilman, William, 570 Cournand, Andre, 93 Courtois, Bernard, 752 Cowper, 46 Cox, Herald Rea (1907- ): An American virologist,

Cox received his degree from Johns Hopkins in 1931. He developed chick embryo vaccines against Rocky Mountain spotted fever and epidemic typhus fever. In addition, he developed the first killed vaccines in the field of virology for eastern and western equine en­cephalitis viruses. 960,1083

Cox, L. B., 735 Craigie, David (1793-1866): A Scottish physician,

Craigie was the owner and editor of the Edinburgh Medical and Surgical Journal. He wrote Elements of Morbid Anatomy and is reputed to have introduced the name relapsing fever to describe the Edinburgh epi­demic of 1843. 847, 967

Crasistratus, 268 Crawfurd, John, 432 Crede, Karl Siegmund, 760 Creighton, Charles (1847-1927): A British physician and

medical historian, Creighton’s History OfEpidemics in Britain (1891—4) was a classical contribution to mod­ern epidemiology. In addition, he translated into En­glish the Handbuch der historisch-geographischen Pathologic of August Hirsch (1860—4). 1, 321, 1023, 1024

Creutzfeldt, W., 667 Crick, Francis, 133,134 Crohn, B. B., 805, 806 Crookshank, F. G., 710 Crosby, Alfred, 6, 39, 285, 322, 323, 498, 521

Crosby, William, 722, 724

Cruveilhier, Jean (1791-1874): Cruveilhier was the first professor of pathological anatomy at the University of Paris. He provided the first description of multiple scle­rosis, and an early description of Cruveilhier’s palsy. He also proposed the theory that all diseases derived from phlebitis. 585, 883

Cruz, Osvaldo Gongalves (1872-1917): A Brazilian physi­cian, Cruz established Brazil’s public hygiene service and began a mosquito control program. He cleared Rio de Janeiro of yellow fever, small pox, and bubonic plague. 540, 1105

Cullen, William (1710-90): A Scottish physician and chemist, Cullen became the chief figure at the Edin­burgh School of Medicine and one of the premier clini­cians of the eighteenth century. He was instrumental in establishing a new nosology or classification of dis­ease, and wrote a comprehensive and influential medi­cal text. 16, 48, 64, 68,1000

Cummings, J. L., 563 Currie, James, 202 Cuthbert, St., 276 Czermak, Johann Nepomuk, 18

Dahl, L. K., 791

Daigo, emperor of Japan, 378 Dalziel, T. Kennedy, 805 Damien de Veuster, 839 Dampier, William, 432, 731 Danielssen, Daniel C., 839 Dante, Alighieri, 513, 515 Darius III, king of Persia, 507 Darling, Samuel, 782

Darwin, Charles Robert (1809-82): Darwin was an En­glish naturalist who put forward the theory of evolu­tion through the influence of natural selection. His most famous work, and one of the most important works ever published, is On the Origin of Species by Means OfNatural Selection (1859) in which he de­scribed his theory of evolution. In 1871 he presented evidence that humans evolved from subhuman forms. 69,153, 538, 637, 685

Davaine, Casimir, 582, 584

da Vinci, Leonardo, see Vinci, Leonardo da

Davis, G. E., 960

Davis, Kingsley (1908- ): An American sociologist

and demographer. Davis is the author of Human Soci­ety (1949), The Population of India and Pakistan (1949), and the editor of A Crowded Hemisphere (1958). 329, 418, 423

Davison, Francis, 656 Davy, Sir Humphry, 752 Dawson, J. W, 883

Dawud ibn Umar al-Antaki, 339 De, Sambhunath N., 643, 644

Dean, Geoffrey, 883

Dechambre, A., 584, 585 deGroote, J., 805 Dejerine, Joseph Jules (1849-1917): Dejerine, a pupil of

Charcot, carried on the tradition of French neurology with, among other things, his 1893 description of hy­pertrophic progressive interstitial neuritis, “Dejerine- Sottas” disease. 585, 890

Dekkers, Frederick, 748

Dell, W, 936 Deluca, M. A., 254 Demarquay, Jean-Nicolas, 727 Demeter (Greek goddess), 573

DeMonbreun, W. A., 782 Denman, Thomas, 706 Dennig, H., 960 Derrick, Edward Holbrook, 957, 959-60 Desault, Pierre-Joseph, 744 Descartes, Rene (1596-1650): A French mathematician and philosopher, Descartes studied law and possibly medicine at the University of Poitiers, where he re­ceived his degree in 1616. For Descartes, the human body was a machine save for the pineal gland, which housed a rational soul that directed the machine. 14, 15,61

Descomby, P., 1045 DeSoto, Hernando, 320 Despres, A., 585 d’Este, Augustus, 833 Dewees, William P., 154 Dick, George, 992 Dick, Gladys, 992 Dickens, Dorothy, 931 Dickson, E., 732 Diderot, Denis, 201 Dieffenbach, Johann Friedrich, 649 Diggs, L. W, 120, 1007

Diodes, of Carystus (fourth century B.C.): Diodes was a

Greek physician whom Pliny ranked next to Hippocrates in importance. He was a leading represen­tative of the Dogmatist school, which introduced philo­sophical speculation to Hippocratic material. 268, 739 Dionysius, the Kyrtos, 264 Dioscorides, Pedanius Anazarbeus (first century): A

Greek army physician who served under Nero, Dioscorides has been described as the founder of our materia medica. His Materia Medicae discussed over 600 medicinal plants. 29, 264, 736, 826, 964

Dixon, F.J., 747 Dobson, Matthew, 665 Dobyns, Henry F., 322, 323, 324, 524 Dochez, Raymond, 941 Dock, George, 845 Dole, Vincent, 172

Doll, Sir William Richard Shaboe, 106 Dols, Michael, 197

Domagk, Gerard (Gerhardt; Gerhard) (1895—1964): A

German chemist and pathologist, Domagk introduced sulfa drugs to initiate the age of chemotherapy in 1935. He was awarded the Nobel Prize in medicine in 1939, but was forced by the Nazis to decline the prize, which was finally awarded to him in 1947. 879, 941 Donaldson, James, 1079 Donath, W. F., 610 Donne, Alexandre, 847 Donovan, Charles, 833 Dowdle, W R., 778 Dowling, Harry Filmore, 150 Down, John Langdon Haydon (1828—96): Down was a

British physician who wrote on the degeneration of race as a result of marriages of consanguinity. He also described the clinical picture of mongolism. The disor­der is now commonly called Down (or Down’s) Syn­drome, although Down mistakenly proposed a theory of racial regression to explain it. 122, 685

Downey, H., 799 Downs, Wilbur, 7, 1106 Dozy, A. M., 121

Drake, Daniel (Daniell) (1785-1852): An American physi­cian and medical geographer, Drake was the founder and editor of the Western Journal of the Medical and

Drake, Daniel (cont.)

Physical Sciences (1828—38) and also founder of the Ohio Medical College, which is now the Medical Col­lege of the University of Cincinnati. His Systematic Treatise, Historical, Etiological, and Practical, on the Principal Diseases of the Interior Valley of North Amer­ica (1850) was the most important work on malaria in the region published to that time. 1078

Drake, Francis Sir, 177, 1002 Drummond, J. C., 152

Dubini, Angelo (1813-1902): An Italian physician, Dubini’s most important discovery was that of the Eu­ropean hookworm Ancylostoma duodenale. He also de­scribed electric chorea characterized by sudden and vio­lent movements, now called “Dubini’s chorea.” 457, 786

Dubos, Jean, 1063

Dubos, Rene (1901—82): A French-born microbiologist and pathologist, Dubos received his Ph.D. from Rut­gers in 1927. He did research in antibiotics, acquired immunity, and tuberculosis, and discovered the crystal­line form of a soil-bacterial agent that destroys “gram­positive” germs, a discovery that formed the basis for the new field of chemotherapy. He is also the author of a number of works on the history of medicine and dis­ease. 288, 474, 941, 1063

Du Buys, L. R., 979

Duchenne, Guillaume Benjamin Amand, 890 Ducrey, August, 1032

Dufour, Leon, 152 Duhring, Louis A., 777 Dumas, Jean-Baptiste, 752 Duncan, J. M., 670

Dundas, David, 970 Dunstan, Helen, 357

Durand, P., 813 Durey, Michael, 648 Durham, A. E., 804 During, Michael, 991 Dutt, A. K., 468 Dutta, H., 468

Duvemy₁ Joseph, 868

Ebers, G. C., 885 Eberth, Carl Joseph, 1075 Echthius₁ Johannes, 1000, 1004 Economo, Constantin, 710 Edison, Thomas Alva, 869 Edward I, king of England, 273 Edward III, king of England, 276 Edwards, Cecile Hoover, 931 Edwards, Harold, 806 Edwards, Lowell, 976 Egas Moniz, Antonio Caetano de, 79 Ehrlich, E. G., 599

Ehrlich, Paul (1854—1915): A German bacteriologist, Ehr­lich initiated many advances in biomedical research. One of his achievements was the synthesis of Salvarsan and the demonstration of its therapeutic effi­cacy in syphilis and yaws, which opened the field of chemotherapy. He also did important work in anti­toxin immunity, cancer, and described the first autoimmune disease. He received the Nobel Prize in medicine in 1908 (with Elie Metchnikoff), and was nominated again in 1912 and 1913. 128-9, 130, 133, 134, 138, 559, 572, 653, 847, 1045

Eijkman, Christian, 1815 Einthoven, Willem (1860-1927): A German physiologist at Leyden, Einthoven invented the electrocardiogram (1903) for which he received the Nobel Prize in 1924. 92

Eisenberg, L., 475 Eisinger₁ Josef, 827 Eliot, Martha M., 979 Elizabeth I, queen of England, 177 Ell, Stephen, 3

Elmquist, E., 894 El-Najjar, M. Y., 247 Elvehjem₁ Conrad A., 923 El Yahudi₁ 873

Emerson, Haven (1874-1957): An American physician, Emerson was a professor of medicine and public health administration, as well as New York City’s Health Commissioner and a member of the New York City Board of Health. He did much work on diabetes and authored Alcohol, Its Effects on Man (1934). He was also the editor of Alcohol and Man (1932). 666, 668, 673, 888

Emmel, V. E., 120

Emmons, C. W, 731, 733

Empedocles, 115

Enders, John Franklin (1897-1985): Enders and T. C. Peebles isolated the viruses of mumps and measles. He also did important research with T. H. Weller and F. C. Robbins. They grew the poliomyelitis virus in cultures of different tissues, which eventually led to vaccine production. Enders, Weller, and Robbins were awarded the Nobel Prize in 1954. 874, 943

Engelhardt, Tristam₁ 87

Engels, Friedrich, 26, 187, 291

English, Peter, 680 Ephesus, 804 Er, 86

Erasistratus of Cos (c. 300-250 B.C.): A Greek physician and physiologist, Erasistratus was also an anatomist who described the heart and its valves, and seems to have anticipated the discovery of the circulation of blood. He believed the origin of the nervous system to be in the brain and distinguished motor from sensory nerves. 11, 47, 652

Erasmus (Geert; Geerts), Desiderius₁ 61

Erb, Wilhelm, 893 Ermengem₁ Emile Pierre Marie van, 624 Escherich₁ Theodor, 979

Esquirol, Jean Etienne Dominique (1772-1840): A French psychiatrist, Esquirol was a student of Phi­lippe Pinel₁ whom he succeeded at La Salpetridre. EsquiroFs concentration was on clinical observation, rather than on the classification of mental disorders. His Maladies mentales (1838) was the first modern textbook on psychiatry. 66, 73, 565

Euripides, 736, 964

Eustachi, Bartolomeo, 750

Evans, Alice, 625, 626, 627

Evans, R. Winston, 574 Evliya₁ Cheleb₁ 339

Fabricius ab Aquapendente₁ Hieronymus (Girolamo Fabrizzi) (1537-1619): A pupil of G. Falloppio and the teacher of William Harvey at Padua, Fabricius de­scribed the valves in the veins and wrote at length on embryology. 116, 750

Fabricius₁ Wilhelm of Hilden (Wilhelm Fabry) (1560­1634): A German physician and one of the eminent surgeons of his time, Fabricius has been called the “Father of German Surgery.” He was the first to clas-

sify bums and was also the first to remove gallstones from a patient who was still alive. 102, 398 Fagan, B., 306 Fahr, T., 749 Fanconi, Guido, 658 Fan Hsing-chun, 346 Farber, Sidney, 848 Farishta, I., 415 Farr, William, 18,187, 203 Farris, William Wayne, 376, 479 Fauchard, Pierre, 926 Faust, Ernest, 996 Fedchenko, Aleksei, 688 Fehleisen, Friedrich, 720 Feinstone, S. M., 795 Felix, Arthur, 1081 Felsen₁ J., 804 Fenner, Frank John (1914- ): Fenner, working with

F. M. Burnet, did important work on immunological tolerance including the introduction of the concept of the “self marker.” In addition his work on myxomatosis is considered a classic in historical epidemiology. 133,319 Fenwick, Samuel, 805 Ferguson, R. G., 528 Femel, Jean (Jean Fernelius) (1497—1558): A French court physician, mathematician, and astronomer, Fernel has been highly regarded as a clinician. His books on physiology and pathology, which provide much detail in the clinical field, were also the first systematic treatments of these subjects. 692, 693, 759, 1030

Ferriar, John, 202, 695 Ferrier, Auger, 1030 Filatov, Nil F., 799 Fildes, P., 622 Findlay, L., 978 Finlay, Roger, 284 Finlay y Barres, Carlos Juan (1833-1915): A Cuban phy­sician, Finlay was the first to suggest that yellow fe­ver was transmitted to humans by mosquitoes. His hypothesis was tested by the Reed Commission in Cuba and, following this, yellow fever was quickly brought under control in the Western Hemisphere. 502,1105

Fischer, J. N., 902 Fiset, P., 961 Fisher, J. W, 792 Flatz, G., 813, 816 Fleck, Ludwik, 1029,1032 Fleming, Sir Alexander (1881—1955): A British bacteriolo­gist, Fleming spent his career studying the body’s de­fenses against bacterial infections. He discovered peni­cillin (1928), ushering in the era of antibiotics. He was knighted in 1944 and received (with E. B. Chain and H. W. Florey) the Nobel Prize in medicine (1945). 127 Flexner, Simon (1863-1946): An American pathologist and bacteriologist, Flexner developed Flexner’s serum for cerebral meningitis (1907), directed research that led to identification of the vims causing poliomyelitis, and discovered the dysentery bacillus, which is named for him. ITl

Flinn, Michael W., 280, 288 Flint, Austin, Sr. (1812-86): Flint was an outstanding

American clinician whose research ranged from heart murmur (“Austin Flint Murmur”) to anemia. His re­search was also important in helping American physi­cians to differentiate between typhoid and typhus. 572, 1083

Floyer, Sir John (1649-1734): A British physician, Floyer was the first to describe changes in lungs caused by emphysema, and made the first observations of the pulse rate using a pulse watch, which was his inven­tion. Floyer also wrote the first book on geriatrics, Medicina Gerocomica (1724). 92, 707

Fodere, F. E, 751 Foege, W H., 710 Folet, H., 804 Folin, Otto, 765 Fontana, V., 804 Ford, John, 299, 558 Ford, R. N., 931 Forest, Peter, 656 Forestus, 903 Forkner, C. E., 846 Formicola, V., 256 Forssmann, Werner, 92-3 Foucault, Michel, 63 Fourcroy, Antoine Franςois de, 764 Fournier, Jean, 583 Fournier, Jean-Alfred, 1032 Fowler, Thomas, 846 Fowler, W. M., 640

Fracastoro (Fracastorius), Girolamo (c. 1480—c. 1553): An Italian physician, Fracastoro has been called the fa­ther of scientific epidemiology and was the first to pre­sent a consistent theory of contagious disease. Fra- castoro attributed the spread of epidemics to small germs, which carried the disease. Today, however, he is best known for a poem he wrote, which remains the most famous of all medical poems, and from which the name syphilis was derived. 18, 964, 1030, 1063, 1082 Fraikor₁ A. L., 1039, 1040 Frame, John, 817 Francis, Edward, 1070

Francis of Assisi, St., 901, 902 Francis II, king of France, 868 Franco, Pierre, 902

Frank, Johann Peter (1745-1821): An Austrian physi­cian, Frank wrote the first major treatise on public health. In it he insisted that one of the duties of rulers is to safeguard the public health. 15, 199, 201 Frankel, Albert, 941 Franklin, Benjamin, 825 Frapolli, Francesco, 918, 920 Fraser, John, 685 Fraser, T. R., 572 Freeman, Mavis, 960 Fresenius, J. B. G. W., 735

Freud, Sigmund (1856-1939): An Austrian psychoana­lyst and psychiatrist, Freud is remembered as the fa­ther of the psychoanalytic school of psychiatry. He di­vided the mental apparatus into the id, the ego, and the superego, introduced the concept of the libido, and viewed the suppression of sexual urges as central to his theoretical system. 50, 77, 78-80, 89, 173, 579, 580 Freund, Jules, 135 Friedlander, Carl, 941 Frois, Luis, 383 Frolich, Theodor, 1005 Fromme, W, 840, 842 Frontinus, 193, 194 Fuchs, Adalbert, 898 Fujikawa, Yu, 376, 382, 383, 386, 387 Fujiwara family, 379, 380 Fujiwara no Kanezane₁ 382 Fujiwara no Michinaga, 375,379, 380

Fujiwara Teika, 382

Funk, Casimir (1884-1967): A Polish-born biochemist, Funk received a Ph.D. in organic chemistry from the University of Bern. He subsequently worked at the Lister Institute in London on nutrition, male and fe­male hormones, and the importance of oncotine and Oncostimuline in the treatment and prevention of can­cer. In 1912 Funk coined the word vitamine which was later changed to vitamin. 142, 153, 205, 610, 1005 Furbee, Louanna, 882 Furculow, M. L., 782 Fuss, George, 893 Fyfe, Andrew, 752

Gaffky, Georg (1850—1918): Along with Carl Eberth and Edwin Klebs, GafIky was instrumental in identifying the causative agent of typhoid fever, and in 1884 he was the first to grow pure cultures of the bacillus. 1075, 1079

Galambos₁ John, 651

Galen (of Pergamon) (c.130-c.200): A Roman physician, Galen studied medicine in Alexandria and became phy­sician to Emperor Marcus Aurelius. He synthesized and unified Greek knowledge of anatomy and medi­cine in at least 100 treatises, which continued to domi­nate medicine throughout the Middle Ages and until relatively recent times. 12, 14, 27, 29, 47, 102,147-8, 193, 263-9 passim, 335, 413, 584, 615, 635, 652, 656, 688, 692, 706, 718, 720, 726, 732, 736, 740, 759, 838, 861, 900, 901, 915, 929, 964, 1001, 1048, 1063,1089, 1090

Galileo, 15

Gall, Franz Joseph, 67 Galle, F, 893 Gallo, Robert, 383, 384, 549 Galtier, Pierre Victor, 965 Gama, Vasco da, 1001 Gamboa, E. T., 711 Gandhi, Mahatma, 32.

Gangarosa, Eugene, 644

Gao, Y. T., 371 Garrison, Fielding Hudson, 1093 Garrod, Sir Alfred Baring (1819-1907): A London physi­cian, Garrod was the leading authority of his time on gout, and discovered uric acid in the blood of patients with the condition. He used Iithia to treat the disorder. He was knighted in 1887 and later named physician extraordinary to Queen Victoria (1896). 600, 764 Garrod, Sir Archibald Edward (1857-1936): An English physician at St. Bartholomew’s Hospital in London, Garrod’s classic study of Inborn Errors of Metabolism, gives him claim to being the founder of human biochemical genetics. 116, 118—19, 124,154, 685 Gasbarrini, Antonio, 724 Gaskoin, G., 415 Gassendi, Pierre, 15 Gaston, Lucy Page, 179 Gates, Frederick T., 787 Gay-Lussac, Joseph Louis, 752 Geevarghese, P. J., 670

Ge Hong (Ko Hung), 56, 354, 375, 390 Genevieve of Paris, St., 719 Gengou, Octave, 1095

Genji, prince of Japan, 380, 381 Gentile da Foligno, 740 Gentleman of Elvas, 320 George III, king of England, 65, 883, 970.

Gerhard, William Wood (1809—72): An American physi­cian, Gerhard (a student of Pierre Louis) is credited with providing the first accurate description of tubercu­losis meningitis (1834). As others in the nineteenth century he also distinguished clearly between typhus and typhoid fever (1837) in his paper “On the Typhus Fever, which Occurred at Philadelphia in... 1836... showing the Distinction between this Form of Disease and... Typhoid Fever with Alteration of the Follicles of the Small Intestine.” 1075, 1078,1082

Gerlin II, Count, 989 Germuth, F. G., 747 Gilbert, F., 1038 Gilchrist, T. C., 732, 733 Gilder, D. V, 415 Gilfillan, S. C., 823, 824 Ginzburg, L., 805, 806 Giotto di Bowdone, 515 Gladykowska-Rzeczycka, J., 258 Glenister₁ T. W., 115 Glisson, Francis (1597-1677): An English physician,

Glisson penned an excellent description of rickets, which was known for a time as “Glisson’s disease.” He was also the first to prove that muscles contract when brought into action. 152, 978

Glover, J. A., 973 Gluge, Gottlieb, 652 Glynn, L. E., 653 Goeke, D. J., 817 Gockel, Eberhard, 827 Godefridus, 275 Gold, W, 782

Goldberger, Joseph (1874-1929): Born in central Europe, Goldberger received his medical degree from Bellevue Hospital Medical College, New York University (1895) and entered the Public Health Service in 1899. He was a pioneer in the study of pellagra, which he revealed to be a disease caused by dietary deficiency when oth­ers believed it to be caused by an unknown microorgan­ism. 874, 922-3,1081

Goldblatt, Harry, 793 Goldflam, Samuel, 893 Goldgaber, D. E., 123 Goldsmith, Grace A., 923 Goldstein, H. I., 806 Golob, M., 805

Gomara, Francisco Lopez de, 498, 537

Good, Byron, 33 Good, Robert, 134 Goodall, Edward Wilberforce, 992 Goodman, A., 313

Goodpasture, Ernest William (1886-1969): An American pathologist, Goodpasture received his medical degree from Johns Hopkins in 1912. His research centered on infectious diseases, etiology, pathogenesis, and viruses, and he isolated the virus causing mumps, while work­ing with Claud D. Johnson (1934). 660, 889

Goodwin, Donald, 60 Gookin, Daniel, 320 Gopalan, C., 923

Gordon, Alexander (1752-99): A British obstetrician, Gor­don of Aberdeen was the first to point out the conta­gious nature of puerperal fever, anticipating I. P. Sem- melweis and O. W. Holmes by a full half-century. 720, 956

Gorgas, William Crawford (1854—1920): An American surgeon, Gorgas received his medical degree.from Bellevue Hospital Medical College, New York Univer­sity (1879). Following the discovery of the mosquito Aedes aesgypti, as the carrier of yellow fever, Gorgas launched remarkably successful mosquito control cam­paigns to eradicate the disease in Havana and Pan­ama. 502, 1105

Gotlieb, C., 805 Goto Konzan, 58 Gougerot, H., 733 Gough, J., 708 Gowers, Sir William Richard (1845-1915): A physician and professor at University College, London, Gower made numerous contributions to the field of neurosurgery including his work on diseases of the spinal cord among them his description of “Gower’s tract.” His Manual OfDiseases of the Nervous System was published in 9 volumes (1886—8). 845, 917 Graham, Sylvester, 88 Graham, Thomas, 749 Grandjean, Philippe, 822 Grasset, E., 1049 Grassi, B., 729 Grassi, Giovanni Battista, 786 Graves, Robert, 1078 Greenberg, D. A., 1041 Greenfield, W. S., 584 Greenough, F. B., 776-7

Gregg, Sir Norman McAlister (1892-1966): Gregg pointed out congenital defects in infants that develop when their mothers suffered from rubella early in preg­nancy. 154, 988

Gregory of Tours, Bishop, 510, 630 Griesinger, Wilhelm (1817-68): Griesinger was a Ger­

man psychiatrist and physician with wide-ranging in­terests. He has been credited with the discovery of hookworm anemia, with research on muscular dystro­phy with pseudo-hypertrophy (Duchenne-Griesinger Diseases), and with bringing leadership in psychiatry to Germany. He was also one of the founders of the Journal of Physiological Medicine. 74-5, 457, 565, 995 Grifford, Myrnie A., 732 Grijns, Gerrit, 610 Grimm, Jurgen, 264 Grin, E. I., 1034 Griscom, John H., 203, 204 Groner, Y., 123 Gruber, Max von, 129 Gruby, David, 731, 732 Guerin, C., 1062 Guerra, Francisco, 498, 1054 Guillimeau, Jacques, 706 Guillotin, Joseph-Ignace, 965 Gull, Sir William Withey (1816-90): Gull was a British clinician at Guy’s Hospital, London, who presented the first clear description of arteriolosclerotic atrophy of the kidney, wrote a classic description of myxoetoma, named anorexia nervosa, and established it as a dis­ease entity. 579-80, 751

Gunderson, E., 666 Gunz, Frederick, 845 Gusella, J. F., 789 Guthrie, C. G., 574 Guthrie, D., 868 Gutman, A. B., 764 Guy de Chauliac (1300-68): A French physician, Guy de

Chauliac studied medicine in Toulouse, Montpellier, and Bologna, and became one of the most influential fourteenth-century surgeons. He was the author of In- υentorium Sive Collectorium in Parte Chirurgiciali Medicine (1363), which was a collection of much of the medical and especially surgical knowledge of his time. 277, 512, 902

Guze, Samuel, 60

Habel, Karl, 889 Haberman, E., 1045

Hackett, Cecil John (1905— ): An American

epidemiologist, Hackett devoted much of his career to investigating the origin of the human treponematoses and has made significant contributions to treponematology with his observations on bone changes wrought by yaws and syphilis. 522, 1027, 1053,1054,1099

Haddon, D. R., 670 Hadfield, G., 806

Haeckel, Ernst Heinrich, 70 Haeser, Heinrich, 776

Haffkine, Waldemar Mordecai Wolff (1860-1930): A Russian-born physician, Haffkine worked for the In­dian government. He was the first to develop a success­ful vaccine against cholera and developed a vaccine against bubonic plague as well (1897). 128, 416, 423 Haldane, H. S., 190

Hales, Stephen (1677-1761): An English clergyman, Hales is best known for his invention of the manome­ter with which he was the first in medical circles to measure blood pressure. 694, 792

Hale-White, W, 804

Hall, A. J., 710

Hall, Edward, 1023

Hall, Marion, 401

Hall, Marshall, 70, 71

Hall, Sherwood, 401, 402, 403, 404, 405

Haller, Albrecht von, 63 Hallier, Emst Hans, 648 Halsted, J. A., 928

Halsted, William S. (1852-1922): A well-known physi­cian and professor at the Johns Hopkins Medical School, Halsted made many important advances in sur­gical procedures and anesthesia. 172, 753

Haly Abbas (Ali ibn al-Abbas al-Majusi) (930-94): Haly Abbas was a Persian physician who wrote the famous encyclopedic treatise, Kitab al-Maliki, which included a section on anatomy. This section became the teach­ing text at the school of medicine in Salerno, Italy, and was not replaced until the twelfth century. 29, 740 Hamilton, Alice, 189 Hamilton, Robert, 888

Hammond, E. C., 106,184 Hammond, William A., 173

Hamuda al-Muradi, 30

Hanau, Arthur, 103 Handler, Jerome S., 501, 825

Han Fei₁ 54 Hanna, J. M., 493 Hannaway, Caroline, 199 Hannibal, 508

Hansen, A. G. H., 834, 838 Hanshaw, J. A., 659

Hardy, Harriet, 191 Hargraves, Malcolm, 849 Hariot, T., 317, 318

Harken, Dwight E., 976

Harris, F., 806

Harris, H., 119

Harris, Norman, 881

Harris, Walter, 148

Harrison, Tinsley R., 695

Harun al-Rashid, 13, 27

Harvey, A. M., 893

Harvey, William (1578—1657): Harvey is most famous for demonstrating that blood circulation in animals is im­pelled by the beat of the heart through arteries and veins. However, he also made many other contribu­tions to medicine, among them his argument against the doctrine of the “performation” of the fetus, and the first work published by an Englishman on midwifery. 15, 16, 61, 91, 92, 116, 652, 692, 693, 1095

Hashimoto, Hakuju, 1086

Hatcher, John, 282

Hattori Toshiro, 374, 376, 377, 379, 383 Haurowitz, Felix, 130, 133, 137, 138 Havelock-Charles, R., 672

Hawkins, John, 177

Hayem₁ George, 571, 572 Haygarth, John, 971 Hayhurst, Emery R., 189 Hayne, Theodore B., 1105 Hazeltine, Richard, 874 Head, Henry, 1093 Heagerty, J. J., 524 Heberden, William (1710-1801): An English physician, Heberden differentiated chickenpox from smallpox (1764), and presented a classic description of angina pectoris, while also coining the term. In addition, he described a form of rheumatic gout in which bony nod­ules (Heberden’s nodes) develop in the fingers. 91, 92, 601, 906, 1093

Hecker, Ewald, 75

Hecker, Justus Friedrich Karl (1795—1850): A German historical epidiomologist, Hecker wrote of the Black Death, the dancing mania, and the English sweating sickness. 275, 1023

Heidelberger, Michael (1888—1991): An American chem­ist, Heidelberger is considered the founder of immunochemistry. He also conducted research in or­ganic chemistry, sodium—uranium compounds, and che­motherapy for which he received numerous awards, including the Pasteur Medal from the Swedish Medi­cal Society (1960). 133, 941

Heine, Jacob von, 942

Heiple, K., 308 Helgason, T., 667 Helmholtz, Hermann Ludwig Ferdinand von, 17,18 Helmont, Jean Baptiste van (1577-1644): Helmont was instrumental in describing the digestive process. He also discovered carbon dioxide and invented the word “gas.” 15, 47, 48

Helwich, Christianus, 694 Hench, Philip S., 765, 769 Henderson, Donald A., 1012

Henle, Friedrich Gustav Jakob (1809—85): A German pa­thologist and anatomist, Henle is considered the founder of histology, the science of microscopic study of tissues. He studied the anatomic structure of hair, blood vessels, nails, and the nervous system, and also discovered the looped portion of the kidney tubule (Henle’s loop). 17, 18—19, 648

Henle, Gertrude, 889

Henle, W, 799

Henry VII, king of England, 1024

Heraclitus of Ephesus, 716

Herbst, Ernst, 1057 Hermann, R., 648 Herodotus, 263, 716, 776, 925 Herophilus of Chalcedon, 11, 12

Herrick, James Bryan (1861—1954): An American physi­cian, Herrick provided an excellent description of coro­nary thrombosis and used the electrocardiogram to identify coronary artery disease. He is also remem­bered as the first physician to identify and write about sickle-cell anemia. 92, 120, 573, 1007

Hershey, J. M., 653 Hertig, M., 635 Hertz, Hilda, 927, 931 Hess, Alfred Fabian (1875-1933): An American physi­cian, Hess devoted much of his career to a study of nutritional disorders. He wrote a History of Scurvy (1920) and a study of rickets containing many of his clinical observations (1929). Hess also showed from his experiments that rubella is caused by a virus. 978, 979, 1051

Hesychius, 268 Hethcote, Herbert, 761 Heuper, Wilhelm, 191 Hibberd, P. L., 885 Hideyoshi, 383 Higgs, Robert, 331 Hill, John, 178 Hillary, I. B., 686 Hilleman, M. R., 795, 889 Hilton, David, 857

Himsworth, Harold P., 653, 670 Hinton, James, 869

Hippocrates of Cos (c. 460-375 B.C.): A Greek physician, Hippocrates is generally considered to be the “father of medicine.” Although we know little about him, he is reputed to have been a fine clinician, as well as the founder of a medical school and the author of a num­ber of books, though most of the works attributed to him were written by other members of the Hippocratic school. These works are collectively know as the Cor­pus Hippocraticuin, which summarized much that was known about disease in the ancient world. 11, 18, 29, 47, 102, 115,116, 140, 187, 262, 263-9, 335, 413, 585, 615, 635, 648, 656, 679, 692, 697, 720, 739, 740, 744, 759, 776, 786, 795, 803, 838, 861, 868, 873, 888, 908, 916, 940, 969, 1001, 1004, 1044, 1048,1065, 1075, 1080,1090

Hiro, Y., 988

Hirsch, August (1817-94): A German medical historian, Hirsch was the author of the classic Handbuch der historisch-geographischen Pathologie (1860-4). A re­vised addition was translated into English by Charles Creighton and published by the English New Sydenham Society in 1883-6. 1, 2, 7, 94, 144, 275, 296, 500, 609-10, 719, 752, 873, 874, 888, 939, 940, 1050, 1095

Hirschberg, Julius, 905 Hirst, Leonard Fabian, 423 Hissette, J., 896

Ho, 349, 350

Hobbs, Anna Pierce, 882 Ho Chun, 393, 394, 399 Hodgkins, Thomas, 1079 Hoehn, M. M., 915 Hoerlin, M., 121 Hoffman, Erich, 1032 Hoffman, Frederick, L., 190, 673 Hoffmann, Friedrich (Frederick of Halle) (1660-1742): A German physician and chemist, Hoffmann elaborated a mechanist theory that viewed the body as a sort of hydraulic machine. He also left behind clinical descrip­tions of many diseases including rubella, called “Ger­man measles” because of his description. 16, 48, 85, 190, 639, 693, 694, 695

Hogberg, Ulf, 216 Hogikyan, N. D., 1038 Hohenheim, Phillipus von, see Paracelsus

Holladay, A. J., 935, 936

Holmes, Oliver Wendell (1809-94): An American physi­cian and author, Holmes received his medical degree from Harvard (1836). In an article entitled “The Conta­giousness OfPuerperal Fever” (1842-43), he argued correctly that the disease was contagious and could be carried by physicians from one patient to another. He also experimented with the use of ether and suggested the name “anesthesia.” 165, 720, 956, 1014—15

Holst, Axel, 1005 Holzel, A., 813 Home, Francis (1719-1813): A Scottish physician, Home was the first to discover that yeast ferments sugar in diabetic urine. He also vaccinated with material from measles, obtaining some immunity. His Inquiry into the Nature, Cause and Cure of the Croup (1765) con­tains the first clear systematic description of diphthe­ria. 656, 873

Homer, 262, 264, 656, 1063 Hong, Lysa, 433 Hood, Lou, 136

Hooke, Robert (1635-1703): An English scientist and natural philosopher, Hooke studied at Oxford, where he became an assistant to Robert Boyle. Hooke was an early microscopist who gave the name “cell” to forma­tions in plants that were revealed by the microscope. 15,103

Hooker, Edna, 936 Hooper, David, 930 Hope, James (1801-41): An English physician, Hope helped prove the value of ausculation, showed how myocardial failure results in dyspnea, and generally did much to advance the field of cardiology. Hope’s murmur is named for him. 694, 970

Ho Ping-ti, 357, 358 Hopkins, Donald, 478, 479 Horace (Horatius), 268, 269, 736 Hom, D., 106

Homykiewicz, O., 917 House, William, 870 Howard-Jones, Norman, 644, 648 Howe, Joseph, 88

Howland, D., 813 Howland, J., 1051 Hrdlicka, A., 537 Hsien, prince of Chin State, 349 Hsueh Chi, 25

Hsii Ta-ch’un, 26 Hua Chhen, 350 Huan, 350 Hua To, 837

Huayna Capac (Inca mler), 539

Hubert, St., 964

Huck, John Gardiner (J. G.) (1891— ): An Ameri­

can physician, Huck was the first (1923) to suggest a hereditary component to the phenomenon of sickle trait. 120, 574

Hudson, Ellis Hemdon (1890— ): An American

physician bom in Japan, Hudson’s 1946 publication on the origin of the treponematoses has been at the cen­ter of the debate over the origin of syphilis ever since. 1027, 1029, 1034, 1053, 1054, 1099

Hughes, Griffin, 1100

Hughes, Matthew Louis, 627

Hu Hou-hsuan, 348

Humboldt, Friedrich Heinrich Alexander von, 929 Hume, A., 86

Hunian ibn Is-haq al-Ibadi (Joannitius), 28, 901

Hunter, John (1728-93): A Scotsman, Hunter has been called one of the greatest surgeons of all time. He was instrumental in transforming surgery into an experi­mental science and is virtually the founder of surgical pathology. 92,102-3, 148, 759, 825, 896, 965

Hunter, John M., 928

Hurst, A. F., 804, 806

Hutchinson, Joseph, 1099

Hutt, M. S. R., 473

Hyllested, K., 885

Ibn Abi Usaybia, 29

Ibn al-Haytham, see Alhazen

Ibn al-Khatib, 46

Ibn Barmak, 13

Ibn Iyas, 339

Ibn Masawaih, 901

Ibn Maymun, see Maimonides

Ibn Nafis, 29

Ibn Rushd, see Averroes

Ibn Sallum, 30, 340

Ibn Sina, see Avicenna

Ichijo, emperor of Japan, 378

Imray₁ John, 930

Inada, R., 840, 842

Indo, Y., 842

Ingram, Vemon Martin (1924— ): Ingram was one of

the pioneers in the study of genetic mutations and abnormal hemoglobin. His efforts include important work on sickle-cell hemoglobin and thalassemia dis­eases. 121, 1007

Ingrassia, Giovanni Filippo (of Palmero) (1510-80): Ingrassia was a fine osteologist but is best known for his work on epidemic diseases. He supplied the first description of what may have been epidemic scarlet fever and was the first to differentiate between that disease and chickenpox. 991, 1093

Ireland, W. W, 685

Isidore of Seville, 263

Itano, Harvey, 575

Itard, Jean Marie Gasparo, 869

Ito, H., 842

Iversen, P, 653

Ives, Edward, 414, 1002

Jackman, W A., 806

Jackson, E. B., 831

Jackson, James, Jr., 708,1078

Jackson, John Hughlings (1934-1911): An English neu­rologist, Jackson is known for his studies of aphasia and unilateral epilepsy with spasm (Jacksonian epi­lepsy). He was also instrumental in demonstrating the importance of ophthalmoscopy in the study of diseases of the nervous system. 71, 717

Jacoby, Abraham, 813

Jaggi, O. P, 414, 415

Jaksch, Rudolf von, 710

James I, king of England, 177, 998

James, Robert, 694

James, S. P., 414

James II, king of England, 579

Jamot, Eugene, 559 Janerich, Dwight, 684

Janet, Pierre Marie F61ix (1859—1947): A French psy­chologist, Janet was a student of J. M. Charcot. He is known for initiating the movement to bring clinical and academic psychologists together to find one coher­ent set of concepts. He studied obsessions, amnesia, and neuroses, and was the first to describe psychasthenia. 76, 77, 580

Jannetta, Ann B., 358, 376, 378, 382, 383

Jansen, B. C. P., 610

Jarvis, Edward, 204

Jax, Karl, 264

Jayavarman VII, king of Cambodia, 435 Jayne, W. A., 414

Jehangir, emperor of Persia, 413

Jehovah, 86

Jenner, Edward (1749—1823): An English physician, Jen­ner’s Inquiry into the Causes andEfleets OfVariolae Vaccinae published in 1798 represents one of the great­est triumphs in the history of medicine. The work de­scribes 23 successful vaccinations with cowpox that pro­tected against smallpox. 3,16,154,414,459,1011,1012

Jenner, Sir William (1815—98): An English physician, Jen­ner was a professor of pathology and physician to Queen Victoria. Like others in the nineteenth century, he carefully distinguished typhoid fever from typhus (1849) and was one of the first to clearly describe em­physema. 968,1083

Jennings, Francis, 523 Jensen, Carl O., 103

Jeme, Niels Kaj, 133, 134, 136

Jin (Chin), duke of Korea, 54

Joannitius (Hunain ibn Is-haq al-Ibadi), 28, 901 Job, 836

John of Arderne, 902

John of Gaddesden (1280—1361): An English physician, John of Gaddesden was also ordained as a priest. He became the first Englishman appointed court physi­cian to an English monarch (Edward II) and wrote the first printed medical book by an Englishman. 274, 873 Johns, T. R., 893

Johnson, C. D., 889

Johnson, Karl M., 818

Johnson, Samuel, 708, 760 Johnston, H. H., 557

Jonasson, M. R., 667

Jones, Alfred Lewis, 557

Jones, B. R., 899

Jones, J., 310

Jones, Kenneth, 154

Jones, T. Duckett, 972

Jordan, E. O. (1866—1936): An American bacteriologist, Jordan was an authority on public health issues and responsible for the first extensive study of self­purification of streams. He served as editor of the Jour­nal ofPreυentiυe Medicine and joint editor of the Jour­nal of Infectious Diseases. 710, 881

Joslin, E. P, 666, 668, 669

Judah, Rabbi (second century), 86, 618

Jimgwirth, J., 253 Jurmain, R., 309 Justinian, Roman emperor of the east, 276, 455, 510 Juvenal (Decimus Junius Juvenalis), 187, 268, 269, 750

Kaback, M. M., 1041 Kaempfer, E., 429 Kahlbaum, Karl, 75 Kaliman, Franz, 79

Kan, Y. W., 121

Kant, Immanuel, 17 Kantor, J. L., 806 Kao, 347

Kapikian, A. Z., 795 Kaplan, W. D., 1038 Kaposi, Moriz, 848-9 Kartulis, Stephanos, 570 Katsurada, Fujiro, 996 Katz, S. L., 874 Kay, D. K., 561 Keating₁John M., 153 Keatinge, R., 306 Kehrer, E., 1050 Keil, Harry, 849, 935 Kelley, Florence, 189, 204 Kellogg, Douglas S., 760 Kellogg, John Harvey, 88 Kelly, T. E., 1039 Kendall, Edward C., 753 Kerner, Justinius, 624 Kerr, John, 359 Kerr, Lorin, 191 Kertbenny, Karoly M., 88 Keyfitz, Nathan, 210, 211 Kahn, Ajmal, 32 Kilgore, L., 254 Kimmei₁ emperor of Japan, 390 King, Glen₁ 1005 King, Walter M.₁ 984 Kinnear-Wilson₁ J. V₁ 456 Kinsey₁ Alfred, 89 Kiple₁ Kenneth F.₁ 39, 285 Kirklin₁ John W₁ 976 Kirkpatrick₁ James, IOll Kitasato₁ Shibasaburo (1852-1931): A Japanese bacteri­ologist, Kitasato was educated at the University of To­kyo and studied bacteriology under Robert Koch in Germany. He discovered (simultaneously with A. Yersin) the infectious agent of bubonic plague (1894) and isolated the bacilli causing anthrax, dysentary₁ and tetanus. With E. A. von Behring he developed an effective diphtheria antitoxin. 127,155, 682, 1045, 1049, 1087

Klebs, Theodore Albrecht Edwin (1833-1913): A German physiologist, Klebs studied in Germany and taught in Switzerland and the United States. He introduced the microscope technique of paraffin impregnation. He was the first to produce tuberculosis in cattle by feed­ing them infected milk (1873), and he also discovered the causative bacillus of diphtheria. 103, 656, 681, 749, 752, 957,1075

Klein, Edward, 992

Klein, Ira, 418 Kleinman, Arthur, 426 Klenk₁ E, 1037 Klepinger₁ L., 601 Knudson, A. G., 1038 Kobberling₁ J., 667

Koch, Robert (1843-1910): A German physician and bac­teriologist, Koch’s work on anthrax (1877) was the first to demonstrate that a specific pathogen caused a specific disease. Following this, he discovered the tu­berculosis baccillus and the cholera baccillus and also the method of transmission of bubonic plague and sleeping sickness. He received the Nobel Prize in 1905. 19, 127,135, 188, 204, 302, 421, 527, 584, 624, 627, 642, 647, 648, 682, 881, 957, 1000, 1005, 1048, 1064, 1075, 1076, 1087, 1098

Kocher, Emil Theodor, 751

Koestler, A., 1038

Ko Hung (Ge Hong), 56, 354, 375, 390 Kojong, king of Korea, 390, 404 Kolodny, E. H., 1037, 1041 K6my6, empress of Japan, 375 Koop, C. Everett, 181 Koplik₁ Henry, 874 Koprowski, Hilary, 943 Kδmer, Otto, 869 Korotkoff, N., 792 K’ou Tsung-shih, 25

Kraeplin, Emil (1856-1926): A professor of psychiatry at Dorpat, Heidelberg, and Munich, Kraeplin systemized psychiatry. He classified mental disorders in terms of symptoms, development, and outcome, and he divided these diseases into dementia-praecox and manic- depressive groups. He founded a research institute in Munich in 1917. 74, 75, 78, 79, 565

Krafft-Ebing, Richard von (1840-1902): A German neu­rologist and psychiatrist, Krafft-Ebing was an author­ity on the psychological aspects of mental disorders and their medicolegal relations. He is especially known for his study of case histories of sexual abnor­malities. 79, 89

Kraus, Alfred, 849

Kretchmer, Norman, 813,1051 Kretschmer, Ernst, 79

Krogman₁ W. M., 249 Krugman, Saul, 988 Kiichenmeister, F., 1035 Kuhn, Thomas, 137 Kundratitz, Karl, 1093 Kungsun Kuang, 350

Kung tzu Ying-chhi of Chhu (Kung Tzu-Chung), 349 Kunitz, Stephen, 5, 285

Kuo, 347

Kurtzke, J. F., 885

Kussmaul, Adolf (1822-1902): A German physician, Kussmaul described inflammatory disease of the ar­teries (Kussmaul’s disease) and labored breathing in diabetic coma (Kussmaul’s sign). In addition he was the first to use the esophagoscope clinically (1867). 18, 50

Kiister, Emst von, 869

Ladd, W. S., 572

Laennec, Rene Theophile Hyacinthe (1781-1826): A pu­pil of Jean Nicolas Corvisart at the Paris Clinical School, Laennec is best known for inventing the stetho­scope (1819) thus adding ausculation to physicians’ di­agnostic techniques. He also wrote a classic treatise on diseases of the chest including pulmonary tuberculo­sis, which claimed his life at the age of 45. 17, 48, 91, 652, 708, 940, 970, 1064,1078

Lafleur, Henri, 570 Lagercrantz, Sture, 931 Laidlaw, P. P., 810

Lallemand, Claude-Franςois, 88

Lalley, P. A., 1038

Lamarck, Jean Baptiste Pierre Antoine de Monet de (1744—1829): A French naturalist and comparative anatomist, Lamarck was the first to classify animals into vertebrates and invertebrates. He is also known as a pioneer in the elaboration of the theory of evolu­tion. 69, 153

Lamb, B. H., 1070

Lambert, Alexander, 172-3

Lambotte-Legrand, C., 574

Lambotte-Legrand, J., 574 Lancaster, Sir James, 1002 Lancefield₁ Rebecca, 1014 Lancisi, Giovanni Maria, 693, 694, 695 Landers, John, 284

Landouzy, Louis T., 890

Landre-Beauvais, Augustin Jacob, 601 Landsteiner, Karl (1868—1943): An Austrian-born pa­thologist, Landsteiner received the Nobel Prize in medicine (1930) for his discovery of human blood groups. With others, he discovered blood groups M, N, and MN, work that led to the ABO method of classify­ing blood. This system made safe transfusions possi­ble. 129,130, 131,135, 137, 992

Lanfranchi of Milan (Lanfranc), 902

Lange, Johann, 638, 640 Langenbeck, B., 732 Langerhans, Paul, 666 Langmuir, Alexander, 936 Lao Tzu (Lao Zi), 56 Laplace, Pierre Simon, de, 203 Larimore, L. D., 666, 668, 673 Larrey, Dominique Jean, 903 Lasch, R., 930

Lasegue, Charles, 580, 581

Lathrup, Donald, 536 Latta, Thomas, 649 Laufer, Berthold, 930 Laurence, B. R., 727 Laveran, Alphonse, 1079

Lavoisier, Antoine Laurent (1743-94): A French chemist, Lavoisier is considered the founder of modern quantita­tive chemistry and created much of modern chemical terminology. Although he did not discover oxygen, he was the first to discover its significance and he eluci­dated the respiratory process. He was executed during the French Revolution. 141,149

Lawn, R. M., 121

Lawrence, Christopher, 94

Lawrence, Sherwood, 135, 136 Laycock, Thomas, 70-1 Learmonth, A. T., 468 LeBlanc, Vincent, 645 Ledelius, J., 929

Lederberg, Joshua (1925— ): An American geneticist,

Lederberg received his Ph.D. in microbiology from Yale (1947) and became a pioneer in the field of bacte­rial genetics. He shared the 1958 Nobel Prize in medi­cine with G. W. Beadle and E. L. Tatum, which they received for their work on the ways the chromosomes in the cell nucleus transform inherited characteristics. 41,134

Leeuwenhoek, Anton van (1632—1723): A Dutch amateur scientist, Leeuwenhoek’s name is inextricably linked with microscopy. He discovered and described bacteria and protozoa and confirmed earlier demonstrations by M. Malpighi of blood capillaries. Leeuwenhoek also gave the first accurate description of red blood corpus­cles and helped disprove the theory of spontaneous gen­eration. 15, 745, 764

Legendre, F. L., 776

Legg, J. M., 653 Lehman-Grube, F, 818 Lehmann, Hermann, 574 Leidy, Joseph, 1057 Leifer, E., 817 Leiper, Robert, 996

Leishman, Sir William Boog (1865—1926): Leishman re­ceived his medical degree from the University of Glas­gow (1886), after which he served in the British Royal Army Medical Corps. He discovered the protozoal para­site of kala-azar and his name was subsequently given to the genus of parasitic protozoa, the family of Trypanosomatidae, which causes a variety of tropical ailments around the globe. 417, 833

Lejeune, Jerome, 122

Leme, Caramuru Paes, 538 Leonardo da Vinci, see Vinci, Leonardo da Leonides of Alexandria, 102 Leopold, king of Belgium, 557 Lepine, R., 668 Lereboullet, Dominique, 652 LeRoy Ladurie, Emmanuel, 285 Leslie, Charles, 34

Leube, W., 804

Leuckart, Karl Georg Friedrich Rudolf (1823-98): A Ger­man zoologist, Leuckart was a pioneer in parasitology and animal ecology who described the morphology and life history of Taenia echinococcus, as well as the rela­tionship between hydatid cysts and tapeworms in dogs. 896, 1057

Levan, A., 122 Lever, John, 706 Levin, E., 777 Levine, P., 572 Levret, Andre, 1048 Lewis, Meriwether, 320 Lewis, Sir Thomas (1881—1945): A pioneer in the use of the electrocardiogram, Lewis also did important work on blood vessels. 92, 695, 806

Lewis, Timothy Richards (1841—86): Lewis was a pioneer in the field of tropical medicine. He was the first to describe a trypanosome (T. Iewisi) in a mammal (1877) and, independent of Demarquay and Wucherer, discov­ered microfilariae, being the first to use the term (1872). 648, 727-8

Lhermitte, J., 585 Liao, Y.-C. J., 124 Libman, Emanuel, 849 Lieber, Charles S., 653 Lieberman, Leslie Sue, 6 Liebermeister, Karl von, 653 Liebig, Justus von (1803-73): A German chemist, Liebig introduced the concept of metabolism into physiology and divided foods into fats, carbohydrates, and pro­teins. 18, 152

Li Gao (Li Kao), 25, 57 Lilienfeld, A. M., 686 Lillard, Harvey, 164 Lillie, R. D., 595 Lim, W. N., 976

Lincoln, Abraham, 882

Lind, James (1716-94): A British naval surgeon, Lind is considered the founder of the study of naval hygiene in England. He is best remembered, however, for his clas­sic work on scurvy (1753), which urged the issue of citrus juice to seamen. Thanks in part to the work of Lind, scurvy was eventually eliminated from British naval vessels. 142, 645,1002

Lindstrom, J. M., 894 Linnaeus, see Linne Linne (Linnaeus), Carl von (1707-78): A Swedish bota­nist and taxonomist, Linne first studied botany and natural history, as well as medicine. He is known as the father of modern systematic botany. He estab­

lished a system of plant classification based on sexual characteristics, which utilized a binomial system of no­menclature (genus and species) still followed today. His attempt to classify diseases in the same manner, however, was almost useless. 16, 47, 148, 688 Linscoten, Jan Huygen van, 645 Lipschutz, Benjamin, 777 Li Shih-chen, 25

Lister, Lord Joseph (1827-1912): A British surgeon and biologist, Lister used carbolic acid as an antiseptic to reduce the high degree of sepsis following operations and thus became the founder of antiseptic surgery. He was elected a Fellow of the Royal Society (1860) and raised to the peerage (1897) in honor of his accomplish­ments. 103,127, 204, 302, 744, 869, 1005

Littman, M. L, 735, 935, 936 Littman, Robert J., 935, 936 Liu Tsung-huan, 56 Liu Wan-su, 25

Livingstone, David (1813-73): A Scottish explorer and physician, Livingstone became a medical missionary in Africa where he described relapsing fever that often results from a tick bite. He also studied the tsetse fly and sleeping sickness in cattle transmitted by its bite. 296, 297, 930

Livy (Titus Livius), 268

Locke, John, 61, 201

Lockhart-Mummery, H. E., 804, 806

Loeb, Leo, 103

Loffler, Friedrich August Johann (Loeffler) (1852—1915): A German bacteriologist, Lδffler^,s many discoveries in bacteriology include devising a new medium to culture the bacillus of diphtheria. In 1882 he discovered the causative agent of glanders and he also made an impor­tant contribution to virology with his demonstration that foot-and-mouth disease in cattle is caused by a filtrate virus. 266, 656, 681, 682, 1015

Lombroso, Cesare (1836-1909): An Italian criminologist and anthropologist, Lombroso is remembered for his notion of the “criminal type,” which he believed was the result of degeneration, and atavism. 70, 921 Longrigg, James, 936, 937 Longstaff, G. B., 973

Looss, Arthur (1861-1923): Looss discovered that hook­worms can penetrate human skin as he became in­fected himself. He was the foremost authority on hook­worm disease at the turn of the century and also on schistosomiasis. 787, 996

Lopez, Robert, 509 Lδsch, Fedor, 570 Loubere₁ S. de la, 429 Loudon, Irvine, 640, 721 Louis XV, king of France, IOll

Louis, Pierre Charles Alexandre (1787—1872): A French physician, Louis was the founder of clinical statistics whose methods were calculated to show the impor­tance or worthlessness of various medical treatments. Among the latter was the bloodletting panacea of F. J. B. Broussais. He also introduced the term typhoid fever and described the rose spots characteristic of the disease. Louis was the teacher of many American phy­sicians including W. W. Gerhard, Oliver Wendell Holmes, and H. I. Bowditch. 17, 708, 1075, 1078,1082 Louis XVI, king of France, IOll Lourie, Reginald S., 928

Lovejoy, C., 308 Low, George C., 729 Lowe, Peter, 748

Lowell, Percival, 401

Lower, Richard (1631—91): A British physician, Lower made the first successful direct blood transfusion from one animal to another. He is also credited with discov­ering the scroll-like structure of the heart muscle, as well as showing that the heartbeat is due to contrac­tion of muscular walls. He proved that the brightness of blood in the arteries is due to absorption of air. 15, 693, 694

Lucretius cams, Titus, 267, 823

Ludwig, Carl Friedrich Wilhelm (1816-95): A German physiologist, Ludwig’s research focused mostly on study of the physiology of the heart and circulation, although he also developed a theory of urinary secre­tion. As a professor at Leipzig he taught numerous American students, including W. H. Welch, who were instrumental in rejuvenating U.S. medicine. 92, 749 Lugol, Jean-G., A., 753

Lui Zong-yuan, 56 Lu-pu-wei, 978 Lurman, A., 795 Lusitanus, Zacutus, 103 Lutz, Adolfo, 733 Luzzi, Mondino de, 14 Lynch, J. M., 804 Lyons, Maryinez, 5

Maalin, Ali Maow, 1012 MacArthur, William, 935 MacCallan, A. F., 899

McClellan, George B., U.S. union general, 882 McClendon, J. F., 753

McCollum, Elmer V. (1879-1967): A leading figure in vi­tamin research in the United States, McCollum was involved in the discovery of vitamins A and D early in the twentieth century. His study of A History of Nutri­tion was published in 1957. 978, 1005

McCormick, Joseph B., 818

McCoy, G. W, 1070

McCready, Benjamin W, 204 McDade, Joseph, 829, 831 Macdonald, George, 858

Macdowall, Patrick, 664 Macewan, William, 717 McGinn, Sylvester,.695 McGrath, J., 258, 311

MacGregor, Patrick, 903 McIndoe, A. H., 653 MacKarell, Peter, 883 MacKellar, F. Landis, 211

Mackenzie, Sir James (1853—1925): A British physician and cardiologist, Mackenzie invented the phlebograph, a forerunner of the polygraph, to record heart action. His studies on irregularities of the heartbeat differenti­ated between common arrythmias and those that indi­cate heart disease. He is also known for pointing out the importance of digitalis as a heart medication. 92, 695

McKeown, Thomas, 285, 288, 291, 292, 304, 517

Mackey, J. P., 575

Mackie, Frederick Percival, 968

McKinly₁ C. A., 799 Mackinnon, J. E., 733

McKusick, V. A., 114, 1039, 1041 McLean, D. L., 653

Maclean, W C., 1079 MacLeod, Colin M., 941

McMichael, John, 695 McMillan, D. E., 670 Macnamara, C., 643, 645, 647 McNeill, William, 36, 37, 38, 284, 285, 288, 293, 357, 375,

376, 377, 379, 382, 383, 448, 510, 873, 874 Madsen, Thorwald, 128, 129 Magellan, Fernando, 483, 1001 Magendie, Frangois (1783-1855): A French physician,

Magendie was a pioneer in experimental physiology and founded (1821) the Journal de Physiologie Experi­mentale. He is best known for discovering the function of the dorsal spinal nerve roots and for his description of the physiology of deglutition and vomiting. 48, 965 Maimonides (Ibn Maymun) (1135—1204): A famous Jew­ish physician and philosopher of the Middle Ages, Maimonides studied medicine, literature, and philoso­phy in Spain and, after fleeing Spain, practiced in Al­exandria. 13, 29

Mallon, Mary (“Typhoid Mary”), 49, 1076

Mallory, Frank B., 653

Malpighi, Marcello (1628-94): An Italian biologist and physician, Malpighi was the founder of histology and is also known as a great microscopist. His discovery of the capillaries brought about the completion of W. Har­vey’s work on circulation. He also discovered a deeper layer of epidermis (Malpighian layer) and adenoid tis­sue in the spleen (Malpighian corpuscles). 693, 694, 695, 748, 749

Malthus, Thomas Robert, 295 Manchester, K., 251, 252, 253 Mann, Harold, 930 Mann, J. I., 673

Manson, Sir Patrick (1844-1922): A British physician and parasitologist, Manson founded the London School OfTropical Medicine in 1898. In 1877, he showed that mosquitoes carried the Filaria bancrofti and was among the first to hypothesize that the mosquito was the agent causing the spread of malaria. 556, 570, 728-9

Mao Tse-tung (Mao Zedong), 362 Marey, Etienne-Jules, 92, 93 Margetts, E., 308

Maria-amma Devi, see Maria-tal Maria-tal, Hindu goddess, 414, 419 Marine, David, 753, 754 Marriott, W M., 1051 Marshak, R., 806 Marston, J. A., 627 Martialis₁ 268 Martial of Limoges, St., 719 Martin, A. J. P., 131 Martin, John E., 760 Martin of Tours, St., 719 Mary, Queen of Scots, 868 Marzari, Giovanni Battista, 921 Masland, Richard, 893 Mason, Verne R., 574 Mata, see Maria-tal Mather, Cotton, 1010, IOll Matsuda Michio, 376 Matthey, A., 877

Maupertius, Pierre Louis Moreau de, 116, 124 Mauriceau, Frangois, 706 Maxey, Kenneth F, 1085

Ma Yin-chu, 362 May, Jacques M., 473 May, W P., 602 Mayow, John, 15

Mayrhofer, Carl, 956, 957

Mazza, S., 1904 Mazzochi, Anthony, 191 Mechnikov, I. L, 127

Medalie, J. H., 669, 673

Medawar, Peter, 133

Medici, Catherine de, 177, 868 Medin, Karl Oscar, 942

Meerdervoort, Pompe van, 388

Mehmet IV, sultan of the Ottoman Empire, 340 Mieklejohn, C., 250, 251, 253

Meisel, Magdalene, 893

Meleney, E., 996

Mendel, Gregor (Gregory) Johann (1822-84): An Aus­trian biologist, Mendel studied physics, chemistry, zool­ogy, and botany at the University of Vienna. Doing botanical research on peas, he discovered dominant and recessive characteristics. It is this research that ultimately helped to establish genetics as a scientific discipline. 117, 118-19, 121, 124, 154

Mendeloff, B. M., 802

Meninger, Karl A., 712

Merbs, C., 309

Mercatus, Ludovicus, 692, 695 Mercer, A. J., 284

Mering, Josef von, 666 Mesmer, Franz Anton, 65

Mesue (Yuhanna ibn-Masawayh), 28 Metcalf, Barbara, 33

Meyer, M., 307, 308

Meyerhof, Max, 901, 903, 904 Mezeray, Franςois Eudes de, 719

Michaelis, Leonor, 130 Michelangelo (Michelagniolo Buonarroti), 515, 751 Miller, Jacques, 134, 135

Milanovic, M. J., 874 Milner, G. R., 309, 321

Min, queen of Korea, 404

Minamoto no Yoriie, 381

Minkowski, Oscar (1858—1931): Minkowski, a German physician, made significant advances in endocrine dis­orders and, along with Josef von Mering, showed in 1889 that diabetes was due to disease of the pancreas. 666, 765

Minot, George Richards, 572

Mitchell, Arthur, 685

Mitchell, Graham, 134

Mitchell, S. Weir, 73, 76

Mitra, Sarat Chandra, 930

Miyairi, Keinosuke, 996

Mock, H., 805

Mohammad, see Muhammed

Mpller-Christensen, V, 274

Moniz, see Egas Moniz Monod, Jacques, 941 Monro, Donald, 694, 695

Montagnier, Luc, 549

Montague, Lady Mary Wortley, IOll Montezuma, Aztec emperor, 933

Moore, N., 805

Moore, Stanford, 131, 132 Mooser, Herman, 1085 More, Sir Thomas, 1023 Moreau, Paul, 89

Morel, B. A., 69-70, 75

Morgagni, Giovanni Battista (1682—1771): An Italian anatomist and pathologist. Morgagni’s monumental work, On the Sites and Causes of Disease (1761), was one of the most important in the history of medicine, and he has been called the founder of modem patho­logical anatomy. 16, 26, 48, 64,148, 178, 585, 652, 740, 805, 868, 940, 1019, 1031

Morgan, T. H., 121 Morlock, G., 254 Morris, George K., 831 Morse, John L., 979 Morson, B. C., 806 Morton, N. E., 1039

Morton, Richard (1637—98): A British Anglican minis­ter turned physician, Morton left behind some excel­lent disease descriptions on pulmonary tuberculosis and malaria. Morton is considered to have been the first to think of singling out malaria from other fe­vers on the basis of whether cinchona bark was thera­peutic against them. He is believed to have penned the first account of anorexia nervosa in 1689. 579, 860, 1063-4

Morton, William Thomas Green, 869 Moschion (Muscio or Mustio), 1048 Moschowitz, E., 805

Moseley, Edwin, 881 Moses, 688, 1057

Moses Maimonides, see Maimonides

Moulin, Anne-Marie, 136, 137

Mouzas, Anastasia, 284

Moxon, W., 804

Mueller (Muller), Johannes Peter (1801-58): A German physiologist and microscopist, Mueller is known for confirming the “Bell-Magendie Law” (1831), enunciat­ing a law of specific nerve energies, and the discovery of the Mullerian Duct. He is perhaps best remem­bered, however, as a teacher. At Bonn and Berlin, he inspired and influenced many who became famous in medicine including R. L. K. Virchow. 17, 103, 749

Muhammad Tughlaq, 415

Muhammed, the prophet, 1057 Muhammed Akbar bin Mohammad Muqin Arzani, 414 Muhammed Ali, 30, 33

Mulder, Donald G., 976 Mundinus (Mondino de’Luzzi), 740 Munjong, king of Korea, 390

Murad, sultan of the Ottoman Empire, 177 Murad II, sultan of the Ottoman Empire, 338 Murchison, Charles, 1079

Murdock, George P, 162 Murphy, F. A., 818 Murray, C. D., 804

Murray, George R., 753 Muso Kokushi₁ 384 Myerowitz, R., 1038 Myers, Frederick W. H., 76-7 Myongjong, king of Korea, 394 Myrianthopoulos, N. C., 1038, 1039, 1040,1041

Nahmias, A. J., 775, 778

Nakai, H, 1038

Napoleon Bonaparte, see Bonaparte, Napoleon

Napoleon III, 203 Narvaez, Panfilo de, 324 Nasse₁ Christian F₁ 117 Nathan₁ R.₁ 416

Nathan-Larrier₁ L.₁ 1049

Navon₁ R., 1037

Neel, James Van Gundia (1915- ): A geneticist, Neel

has done groundbreaking work on the genetic basis of blood anomolies. In 1949 he presented evidence that sickle-cell anemia is inherited in a simple Mendelian manner. 113,120, 575, 667, 1040

Neergaard, K. von, 706 Negri, Adelchi, 966 Neill, Mather H., 1085 Neisser, Albert Ludwig (1855—1916): A German derma­

tologist, Neisser discovered the causal organism of gon­orrhea in 1879 and named it gonococcus. He also did important work on syphilis and leprosy. 760, 1032 Nelson, Horatio, 1004 Neumann, Ernst, 847 Neva, Franklin Allen, 988 Newell, K. W., 1049 Newman, George, 155 Newman, M. T., 523 Newsholme, Arthur, 225 Newton, Isaac, 16, 61 Nicander, 823 Nicholson, Maηorie, 286 Nicolaier (Nikolaier), Arthur (1862-1942): A German

physician, Nicolaier has been credited with the discov­ery of the tetanus bacillus in 1884 although he did not isolate the organism in a pure culture. 1044,1049 Nicolle, Charles Jules Henri (1866-1936): A French phy­sician and epidemiologist, Nicolle is best known for his demonstration in 1909 that typhus was transmitted by lice that also carry relapsing fever and trench fever. He was awarded the Nobel Prize in 1928. 969,1083 Nicot, Jean, 177 Niemann, Albert, 173 Ninsho, 382 Nitze, Max, 18 Noe, G., 729

Noguchi Hideyo (1876-1928): A Japanese-born bacteriolo­gist and pathologist, Noguchi studied medicine in Ja­pan, served in China as a quarantine doctor during an epidemic of bubonic plague, and later settled perma­nently in the United States. He developed the first pure cultures of Treponema pallidum as well as a num­ber of other cultures, and studied Oroya fever and the verruga peruana of Peru and Ecuador, demonstrating that they were caused by the same organism. Noguchi became a part of the Rockefeller-led effort to discover the causes of yellow fever and eradicate it. He died of the disease in Africa. 79, 635, 842,1032,1105 Norris, John, 612 Norwood, H., 526 Nossal, Gustav, 134 Nothnagel, H., 804 Notter, J. Lane, 1079 Nriagu, J., 824 Nuboer, F. J., 805 Nugent, John, 168 Nutton, Vivian, 196 Nyswander, Marie, 172

Oakley, K., 308 Obermeier, Otto, 968 O’Brien, J. S., 1037 Oedipus, 507 Ohara, Hachiro, 1070 Okada, S., 1037 Oliver, Thomas, 189, 190 Onan, 86 O’Neill, J., 896 Onjo, king of Paekche, 390 Oppenheimer, G. D., 805 Opuls, W., 732

Orellana, Francisco de, 536

Oribasius (325-403): One of the last of the great Greek compilers, Oribasius preserved the writings of count­less Greek physicians. His Synagoge is a 70-volume compilation of medical knowledge from Hippocrates to his own times. 12, 264—5, 267

Orta (Horta), Garcia da (c. 1490—1570): A Portuguese physician, Orta studied medicine at the universities of Salamanca and Acala de Henares and practiced briefly in Portugal before leaving for Portuguese territories in the Far East. He was the first European to describe cholera in modern times and, according to H. Harold Scott, the first European to leave behind works in tropical medicine. The Portuguese regard Orta as the father of tropical medicine. 415, 643, 645

Ortner, Donald J., 251, 252, 309, 602

O’Shaughnessy, W. B., 649

Osler, Sir William (1849—1919): A Canadian-born physi­cian and medical historian, Osler was an authority on the heart but was also responsible for advances in nu­merous other areas of medicine. His textbook on The Principles and Practice of Medicine (1892) was consid­ered the best work in English on medicine at the time. Osler was successively professor of medicine at McGill University, the University of Pennsylvania, Johns Hop­kins University, and Oxford University. He became a Fellow of the Royal Society in 1898. 179, 639, 712, 939, 1019, 1028, 1044, 1077

Otis, G. A., 178

Otto, John Conrad, 622

Ovid, 926

Owen, Norman, 427, 433

Owen, Ray, 133

Owen, Richard, 1057 Owen, Robert, 202

Pacini, Filippo, 643, 648

Padeh, B., 1037

Page, D. L., 935

Paget, Sir James (1814-99): An English surgeon and pa­thologist, Paget was associated with St. Bartholomew’s Hospital during most of his career and was surgeon extraordinary to Queen Victoria. He wrote a classical description of osteitis deformans, an illness now called “Paget’s disease” and discovered a cancerous disease of the nipple, now “Paget’s disease of the nipple.” 116, 178, 911, 1057

Painter, T. S., 122

Palm, Theobald A., 979

Palmer, Bartlett Joshua, 166-7

Palmer, C. E., 782

Palmer, Daniel David, 164,165, 166

Palmer, Richard, 196

Panum, Peter, 873-4

Paracelsus (Philippus Aureolus Theophrastus Bombastus von Hohenheim) (1493-1541): A Swiss physician and chemist, Paracelsus studied in Italy and may have re­ceived his medical degree there. He travelled inces­santly but authored many works on medicine, chemis­try, and natural philosophy. He attacked the overreliance of physicians on the works of the ancients and especially humoral theory while advocating chemi­cally prepared medicines instead of herbal remedies. 14, 47, 340, 692, 693, 694, 750

Paranhos, V, 833

Pare, Ambroise (c. 1510-90):,A French military surgeon, Pare introduced improved methods in treating gunshot wounds and amputation. Although a lowly barber-

Pare, Ambroise (cont.) surgeon, he rose to become the most famous physician in France while improving obstetrical methods and in­venting several surgical instruments. 14, 102, 153, 638,692, 744, 868, 926, 927, 965

Parish, Henry, 1045 Park, Mungo, 296, 297 Parker, Janet, 1012 Parker, Ralph R., 984, 1070 Parkinson, James, 915, 916 Parkman, P. D., 988 Parmly, Eleazar, 926 Parran, Thomas, 889 Parrona, Corrado, 786 Parrona, Ernesto, 786 Parsons, R. J., 782 Pasculle, A. William, 831 Pasteur, Louis (1822—95): A French chemist and microbi­ologist, Pasteur was one of the founders of germ theory, pioneered the use of vaccination, and showed that fermentation was the work of microorganisms. Although a chemist, he is one of the most important figures in the history of medicine. In 1863 he invented pasteurization, the process of preventing fermentation. 19, 127, 128, 154, 204, 302, 583, 584, 610, 629, 744, 869,881,941, 956,957, 963, 965, 1048

Patek, A. J., Jr., 622 Paterson, William, 664 Patrick, Adam, 1023 Patrick, J., 894

Patterson, Clair C., 821, 826 Patterson, K. David, 5, 282 Paul of Aegina (Paullus of Aegineta) (625-90): A Greek physician and surgeon who practiced at Alexandria, Paul of Aegina was the most important medical figure of his day and one of the last of the Greek compilers. 12, 263—8 passim, 823, 901

Pauli, Wolfgang, 129, 130, 131

Pauling, Linus Carl (1901- ): An American chemist

and physicist, Pauling received his Ph.D. from the Cali­fornia Institute of Technology in 1925. He became one of the most outstanding chemists of the twentieth cen­tury, receiving the Nobel Prize in chemistry (1954) and the Nobel Peace Prize (1962). He discovered the atomic structure of many proteins, and developed the concept of the molecular basis of disease. 121, 132, 133, 575, 1007

Pavlov, I. V., 79 Payer, Lynn, 94 Pearl, Raymond, 182, 184 Pearse, R. A., 1070

Peebles, Thomas C., 874 Peel, Sir Robert, 202 Pennington, C. L., 870 Penrose, L. S., 122

Pepys, Samuel, 990

Percival, Thomas (1740—1804): An English physician, Per­cival helped form a commission to enforce sanitation in Manchester where his famous Code of Ethics was published in 1803. Previously printed for private circu­lation, much of this code for the professional conduct of physicians was adopted by the British and American medical professions. Percival is also credited with in­troducing cod liver oil into therapeutics in England. 187, 202, 645

Pericles, 507

Perkins, D. H., 358 Perkins, Francis, 189

Perroncito, Edoardo, 787 Peterson, Elbert A., 132 Peterson, J. C., 782 Petit, Jean-Louis, 868 Peto, R., 106

Petrarch, Francesco, 279 Petrov, R. V., 134 Pfeiffer, Emil, 799

Pfeiffer, Richard F. J., 810 Pfister, H. W, 854

Phaire, Thomas, 148 Philip VI, king of France, 277 Pickering, George, 793

Pien Ch’io (Chhio) (c. sixth century B.C.): Pien Ch’io was a semilegendary itinerent Chinese physician some­times credited with a major early work on Chinese medicine. 21, 22, 23, 350

Pinault, Jody Rubin, 937

Pinel, Philippe (1745-1826): A French physician, Pinel was an advocate of more humane treatment for the mentally ill. He urged experimental study of mental disease and stressed the role of passions in mental illness. Pinel also established the practice of maintain­ing accurate case histories and founded the French school of psychiatry. 16, 62-3, 65

Pinneo, Lily, 817 Pintard, John, 203 Piorry, Pierre Adolphe, 17 Pirquet, Clemens von, 135 Piso, Carolus, 692, 694, 695 Piso, Willem (Guillaume Le Pois) (1611—78): A Dutch physician and botanist, Piso was a pioneer in tropical medicine and among the first to distinguish between syphilis and yaws. In Brazil during the Dutch occupa­tion, Piso learned of the value of ipecacuanha against amebic dysentery and introduced the drug to Europe. 1099

Pitt, G. N., 804

Pizarro, Francisco, 537 Pizarro, Pedro, 538 Pizziani, Marco, 1099 Placitelli, G., 804 Plank, C., 416

Plato, 47, 48, 61, 115, 266, 618

Platt, Robert, 793 Platter, Felix, 750

Pliny the Elder (Plinius Secundus, Gaius) (23-79): A Ro­man natural historian educated in Rome, Pliny was the author of several works. He is best known for his Natural History, a 37-book encyclopedia summarizing knowledge of astronomy, botany, medicine, pharmacol­ogy, and particularly zoology. 115, 187, 265, 267, 268, 616, 726, 731, 736, 823, 826, 861, 926, 929, 964, 1099

Plotz, Harry, 874

Plutarch, 726

Pois, Charles le, see Piso, Carolus

Politzer, Adam, 870 Pollender, Aloys, 584 Pollitzer, Robert, 644, 645, 647, 648 Pomerantz, Charles, 985

Po Niu₁ 349

Poole, J. C. F, 935, 936 Pope, Alexander, 286, 697 Porath, Jerker, 132 Pordage, S., 892

Porter, Alexander, 422 Porter, Rodney, 132 Posadas, Alejandro, 732

Poseidonius, 264 Poser, C. M., 885 Posey, D. A., 526 Postell, William, 530

Pott, Percival (1714-88): An English surgeon, Pott de­scribed a type of spinal curvature (Pott’s disease) that is now known to be tuberculosis of the spine, and he wrote a book on hernia, now a classic. Pott is perhaps best remembered for his description (the first) of an occupational cancer, that of the scrotum, that appeared in chimney sweeps. 103, 178

Power, George, 903 Praxagoras of Cos, 12

Preston, Samuel, 210, 211, 213

Preuss, Julius, 776

Prevost, Jean-Louis, 752 Prince, Morton, 76

Priscianus, Theodorus₁ 901

Pritchard, J. C., 67 Procopius, 455, 630 Proksch, J. K., 1030 Prophet, the, see Muhammed Provost, P. J., 795

Prowazek, Stanislaus von, 1083 Prusiner, S. B., 124

Purcell, R. A., 795 Pyle, Gerald, 530 Pyorala, K., 673 Pythagoras, 573

Quier, John, 874

Quincke, Heinrich Irenaeus (1842-1922): A German phy­sician in Kiel, Quincke described the blanching and flushing of fingernails in aortic insufficiency (Quincke’s sign) and a perceptible nail pulse (Quincke’s pulse). He also introduced lumbar puncture and observed an aneurysm of the heptic artery. Angioneurotic edema is named “Quincke’s disease” in his honor. 570, 879

Qusta ibn-Luqa al-Ba’labakki, 29

Rabe, Edward, 656 Rabins, Peter V., 565 Rahman, Fazlur, 28 Rake, Geoffrey, 874 Raleigh, Walter, 177 Ramazzini, Bernardino (1633-1714): Ramazzini wrote a classic study (1700) of the diseases of workers - including pneumoconiosis and other diseases of min­ers, silcosis in stonemasons, and lead poisoning in painters. His was the first important work on occupa­tional diseases. 187, 201

Ramenofsky, Ann, 4

Ramon, Gaston Leon (1886-1963): A French bacteriolo­gist, Ramon conducted research on the development of antitoxins for vaccination against diphtheria and teta­nus, and he developed the process by which several immunities were delivered in a single vaccination. 1045, 1049

Ramses V, Egyptian pharaoh, 1009 Rao, D. C., 1039

Raper, A. B., 1008 Rappaport, H., 806 Rasori, Giovanni, 940 Rat, J. Numa, 1099 Rathbun, T. A., 249, 250, 253, 256 Ratner, H. S., 849

Rattazzi, M. C., 1038

Ravenholt, R. T., 6, 710

Rayer, Pierre Franςois Olive (1793-1867): Among his many accomplishments, Rayer produced a classic sum­mary Ofliterature on dermatology (1826-67) and, with Casimir Davaine₁ discovered the anthrax baccillus in 1850. 584, 1093

Raynaud, Maurice, 744

Rechter₁ G. de, 653

Reed, Walter (1851-1902): An American physician and epidemiologist, Reed received his medical degree from the University of Virginia (1869) and joined the Army Medical Corps. He became famous heading the Yellow Fever Commission in Cuba that proved the disease to be transmitted by mosquitoes. 502, 589, 1079, 1105

Reid, Anthony, 425

Remak₁ Robert, 731

Reuter, Karl, 1032

Reverdin₁ Auguste, 751

Reverdin₁ Jacques-Louis, 751 Reymond, Emil DuBois₁ 17 Reynolds, J. Russell, 585

Reza Shah, 33

Rhazes (Abu Bakr Muhammad ibn Zakariya al-Razi) (c. 850-932): A Persian by birth, Rhazes was a famous physician of the Middle Ages and the first important Arab medical writer. In about 910, he penned the first clear medical description of smallpox. 13, 29, 30, 47, 102, 148, 282, 334, 413, 414, 459, 688, 727, 964, 1009, 1090

Rice, Thurman, 682

Richard III, king of England, 275

Richards, Dickinson, Jr., 93

Ricketts, Howard Taylor (1871-1910): An American pa­thologist and University of Chicago researcher, Rick­etts pioneered study of rickettsial diseases, which are named for him, and his work also contributed to the control of typhus epidemics. Ironically, Ricketts him­self died of typhus. 981, 984, 1083

Ricord₁ Philippe (1800-89): A French physician, Ricord received his medical training in Paris and later be­came official surgeon to Napoleon III. He established syphilis and gonorrhea as separate diseases and di­vided syphilis into its primary, secondary, and tertiary stages (1838). In addition he differentiated between hard and soft chancres. 760, 1031, 1032

Riggs, John, 926

Riley, James C., 288

Riley, W. A., 782

Rilliet₁ Frederic, 149

Rindfleisch₁ J., 883

Rivers, T. M., 1093

Rixford₁ E., 732 Robbins, F. C., 943

Robin, Charles, 648

Robin, M., 728

Robinson, D., 1037

Robischon₁ Paulette, 928

Robles, Rodolfo, 896

Rocha-Lima₁ Henrique da (1879-1956): A Brazilian physi­cian, in 1916 Rocha-Lima described the pathogens that cause typhus, which he named Rickettsia prowazekii after Howard Ricketts and Stanislaus von Prowazek₁ both typhus researchers who had died of the disease. 782, 1083

Roch OfLanguedoc (Patron Saint of Plague), 276 Rockefeller, John D., 787

Rodger, Frederick, 899 Roentgen, see Rontgen

Rogers, J., 602

Rogers, Sir Leonard (1868—1962): The British physician Rogers’s contributions to tropical medicine were many and varied. He demonstrated the use of emetine in the treatment of amebiasis and the Leishman-Donovan bodies in kala-azur. In addition he worked on discover­ing a pellagra-prevention factor and authored Fevers in the Tropics (1907), Cholera and Its Treatment (1911), and Recent Advances in Tropical Medicine (1929) among other works. 570, 649

Roholm, K., 653 Rohrer, Fritz, 708 Rokhlin, D. G., 908 Rokitansky, Karl (Carl) Freiherr von (1804-78): An Aus­trian physician, Rokitansky is reputed to have per­formed more than 30,000 autopsies. His three-volume Handbuch der pathologischen Anatomie (1842—6) be­came the foremost authority on pathological anatomy. 652,804

Rolfe, John, 177 Rolleston, H., 804 Rollo, John, 665 Roman, Juan, 817

Romanov, Michael, tsar of Russia, 177 Ronsse (Ronsseus), Beaudouin, 1004 Rontgen, Wilhelm, 18, 846

Roos, E., 570

Roosevelt, Franklin D., 205, 1083 Roosevelt, Theodore, 174, 204

Roselle, Harry, 928 Rosenbach, D., 1044 Rosenbach, Friedrich Julius, 720 Rosenbach, Ottomar, 50

Rosen von Rosenstein, Nils (1706-73): A Swedish physi­cian, Rosen is considered the founder of modern pediat­rics, especially interested in infant feeding. 748, 992, 1095

Rosett, Henry, 154

Ross, J. R., 806

Ross, Sir Ronald (1857-1932): A British scientist and phy­sician, Ross demonstrated in 1897 that mosquitoes were responsible for the transmission of the plasmodia of malaria and subsequently was placed in charge of the first great mosquito eradication effort. He was awarded the Nobel Prize in 1902 for his important discovery. 556, 589

Rosslin, Eucharius₁ 706

Roth, Martin, 565 Rothberger, C. J., 695 Rothschild, B. M., 254, 310, 602

Rousseau, George, 286 Rousseau, Jean Jacques, 86 Roussel, Theophile, 921

Roux, Pierre Paul Emile (1853-1933): A brilliant French physician with wide-ranging interests, Roux, working with E. Metchnikoff, transmitted syphilis to apes; with E. I. E. Nocaro, Roux discovered the causal organism of bovine pleuropneumonia; and with A. Yersin, he confirmed the work of Loeffler on diphtheria. He is best known for his efforts in the demonstration of fil­trate viruses. 127, 155, 682, 966

Rowe, John, 882

Rowlandson, Thomas, 690 Rubens, Peter Paul, 601

Ruddock, J. C., 930

Ruffer, Sir Marc Armand (1859-1917): Ruffer was a paleopathologist whose main years of work on Egypt unlocked numerous medical mysteries of that ancient world. 128, 456

Rufus OfEphesus (c. 100): A Greek physician and sur­geon, Rufus studied medicine at Alexandria and did experimental work on animals. He is best known for his writings about anatomy and physiology as well as on specific diseases such as cancer and plague. 264, 747, 1090

Ruge, P., 653

Rush, Benjamin (1746-1813): The most famous Ameri­can physician of his day (and signer of the Declaration of Independence), Rush published the first American text on chemistry, did pioneer work in physiology, and is considered the father of American psychiatry. He was a strong advocate of bloodletting and purging, which unfortunately influenced future generations. He was in Philadelphia during the yellow fever epidemic of 1793 and, in its aftermath, became the leader of American anticontagionists. 48, 87—8, 663, 940

Russell, Alexander, 336, 833 Russell, Patrick, 336, 456 Russell, Richard, 888

Rutty, John, 969 Ruysch, Frederik, 652

S. Bartolomeo, Paolino de, 415

Sabin, Albert Bruce (1906- ): A Russian-born physi­

cian and microbiologist, Sabin received his medical de­gree from New York University in 1931. He studied poliomyelitis, pneumococcus infection, and viral dis­eases of the nervous system. He is best known for his development of the oral polio vaccine. 664, 778, 943

Sabouraud, Raymond, 731

Sabra, A. L, 28

Sachs, Bernard, 1037 Sacks, Benjamin, 849 Sadaqa ibn Ibrahim al-Sadhili, 902 Sadovnick, Adel, 685

St. Hoyme, L. E., 521, 530 Saissy, Jean Antoine, 869 Saliceto of Bologna, Guglielmo de, 747 Salk, Jonas, 943 Salmon, D. E., 1076

Salomonsen, Carl, 128 Salway, P. L., 936 Sambon₁ Louis, 922, 996 Sanctorius of Padua, 15 Sandwith₁ Fleming, 921, 922 Sanne₁ A., 565

Sant’ Agnese₁ Paul di, 658 Sartorius, N., 475 Saundby₁ Robert, 672, 673 Saunders, E. R., 118 Saunders, H., 805 Saussure₁ Horatio-Benedict de, 751 Sauvages de la Croix, Franςois Boissier de (1706-67): Sauvages is known for his attempt to classify diseases using the botanical system of Linne. In a¹¹, he listed over 2,400 diseases. 16, 48, 1075, 1082

Saville, Paul D., 1051 Sawada Goichi₁ 380 Saynday₁35

Schaudinn₁ Fritz, 1032 Scheele, Karl Wilhelm, 764 Schenck, B. R., 733 Schiff, Moritz, 666 Schmidt, J. E., 1093 Schmorl₁ Georg, 978, 979 Schneck₁ L., 1037 Schneweiss₁ K. E., 778 Schoen, Robert, 210, 211

Schoeninger, M., 311 Schoenlein₁ J. L., 731 Schofield, F. D., 1049 Schofield, Roger, 216 Schotte, J. P., 1103 Schull, W. J., 113 Schulman, I, 622 Schultes, Johann, 991 Schwann, Theodor (1810-82): A German anatomist, Schwann studied under Johannes Mueller and taught at the University of Liege. He is most famous for his work on cell theory, announcing in 1839 that all living structures consisted of cells. His work helped to lay the foundations for modem histology. 17,103

Schwartze, Hermann Hugo Rudolf, 869 Schweinfurth, U., 473

Scipio, Africanus, the younger, 508 Scobie, Alex, 193

Scott, James Foster, 88 Scribonius Largus, 267 Seal, John, 648

Seguin, Edouard (1812-80): A French-bom psychiatrist, Seguin’s research centered on treatment of the insane and, after moving to the United States around 1850, he founded a school for “defectives.” 122

Sejong₁ king of Korea, 394

Sela, Michael, 132 Selikoff₁ Irving, 191 Selim I, 338

Semenza₁ G., 813

Semmelink₁ Jan, 644, 646

Semmelweis₁ Ignaz Philipp (1818-65): A Hungarian ob­stetrician, in 1847 Semmelweis concluded that puer­peral fever was spread by the contaminated hands of physicians, and he introduced the method of washing hands in a chlorine solution. In 1861 he published his classic work on child bed fever. Unfortunately few took him seriously at the time, and, in fact, this much ma­ligned pioneer of antisepsis in obstetrics was dismissed from his post at the University of Vienna. 720, 956, 957,1014

Semon₁ Felix, 751

Sen, B. C., 669

Sennert₁ Daniel (1572-1637): A German physician, Sennert received his degree from Wittenberg Univer­sity in 1601. He is credited with performing the first caesarian section and with providing the first scien­tific description of scarlet fever. 49, 103, 283, 991 Sequin, E., 685

Sertuener₁ F. W. A., 171 Shaffer, Morris, 874 Shakespeare, E. O., 1079 Shakespeare, William, 159 Shambaugh, George, Jr., 869, 870 Shankar, P. S., 923

Shapiro, R., 806 Sharlin₁ Allen, 284 Sharpe, William, 537 Shattuck, Lemuel, 204 Shaw, Bernard, 127 Shaw, Charlotte, 817 Shaw, R. F, 1041 Sheehan, P. M., 686 Shen-nung, 21, 24 Sherman, M., 1007 Shiga, Kiyoshi₁ 606 Shih Huang-t’i, 477 Shomu₁ emperor of Japan, 374, 381 Shope, Richard E., 810

Short, C. L., 254, 601 Short, Thomas, 209 Shows, T. B., 1038 Shrewsbury, J. F. D., 935 Shryock₁ Henry, 209 Shunyii I, 350—1,1090 Shuttleworth, G. E., 685 Sidenstricker₁ Virgil P, 574 Sidis₁ Boris, 76 Siegal₁ Jaco₁ 209 Sigaud₁ J. F. X., 905 Sigerist₁ Henry Ernest, 48 Silva, Piraje da, 996 Silva Lima, Jos6 Francisco da (1826-1910): A

Portuguese-born physician, Silva Lima spent most of his career at the medical clinic of the Caridade Hospi­tal in Bahia, Brazil, where he was director for 26 years. Along with John Patterson and Otto Wucherer₁ he founded the Gazeta Medica da Bahia and what came to be known as the Bahian school of tropical medicine. He did much brilliant work on yellow fever, filariasis, and ainhum and was the first to discover widespread beriberi in Brazil. 561, 637

Silverstein, Arthur, 127, 1045

Silwer₁ H., 668, 673 Simmonds, Morris, 580 Simmons, James S., 457, 664 Simoons, Frederick, 816 Simpson, J. A., 894

Simpson, Sir James Young (1811-70): A Scottish physi­cian, Simpson was professor of obstetrics at Edin­burgh, where he was one of the first in Europe to use ether and introduced chloroform (1847) as a less irritat­ing anesthetic. In addition Simpson pioneered in many important gynecological procedures, among them the use of the uterine sound. 706, 869

Sims, J. Marion, 1048 Sinton, J. A., 422 Siptah₁ pharaoh of Egypt, 252 Sitala₁ see Maria-tal Skegg₁ D. C. G., 885 Slade, Daniel D., 656 Slome₁ D., 1037 Small, A. E., 698 Smith, A. R₁ 1041 Smith, C. E., 804 Smith, Fred, 92 Smith, Job Lewis, 151 Smith, P, 255, 256 Smith, Southwood, 202 Smith, Theobald, 589 Smith, V, 309 Smith, W., 810 Smithers, D. W, 894 Snively₁ William, 882 Snorrason₁ E., 601 Snow, John (1813-58): An English anesthetist and epidemiologist, Snow was among the first to use ether and chloroform. He is most famous for his demonstra­tion in 1849 that cholera is a waterborne disease, which he proved conclusively in 1855 with his famous story and pattern of the Broad Street pump in London. 303, 647, 648

Sober, Herbert A., 132 Socrates, 47, 48, 929 Solomon, king of Israel, 1019 Sommers, S. C., 806 Sondock₁ king of Korea, 390 Song, king of Paekche₁ 390

Sonjong, king of Korea, 395 Soper, Fred, 594, 1106 Soper, George, 1076 Sophocles, 263, 268, 927 Soranus of Ephesus (c. 98—138): A Greek physician,

Soranus practiced medicine in Alexandria and Rome. He was an authority on obstetrics and gynecology in ancient times and much of his work on the subject retained its dominant influence into the Middle Ages. 147, 149, 263, 266, 978

Soskin, Samuel, 653 Southey, R., 696 Sparkes₁ R. S., 124 Speck, Reinhold, 5 Spencer, Herbert, 69, 71 Spencer, Roscoe R., 984,1070 Spieghel (Spigelius), Adriaan Vanden, 1075 Spies, Thomas D., 923 Spittel, R. L., 1099 Spriggs, E., 804 Sprunt, Thomas, 799 Spurzheim, Johann Caspar, 67

Squier, E., 307 Squire, William, 988 Ssu-ma Ch’ien, 22, 23 Stadie, William C., 941 Stahl, Georg Ernst (1660—1734): A German chemist as

well as physician, Stahl explained disease with his con­cept of the sensitive soul or anima. This animism viewed the body as composed of dead substances, which were animated by the soul during life, but re­turned to death when the soul departed. 16, 85 Stamey, T. A., 793 Stanley, H. M., 557 Stannard, David, 5 Starling, Emest Henry, 695 Starr, Albert, 976 Steele, G., 308 Steere, Allen C., 854 Stein, William H., 131, 132 Steinbock, R., 308 Stem, Michael, 674 Sternberg, George Miller, 1079.Stetson, R. H., 622 Stevenson, S., 868 Stewart, H. J., 695

Stewart, T. D., 308, 309, 521 Stiles, Charles W, 787 Still, Andrew Taylor, 164 Still, George Frederick, 148 Stirling, E. C., 1099 Stirling, J. L., 1037 Stockhausen, Samuel, 827 Stockman, Ralph, 639, 718 Stoker, M. G. P., 961 Stokes, Adrian, 1105 Stokes, William (1804-78): Stokes became one of the founders of clinical teaching at the Dublin School of Medicine. He was also one of the leading authorities on disease of the chest. Stokes-Adams disease bears his name along with that of another Dublin physician, Robert Adams. 92, 1078

Stoll, Maximilian, 992 Stolnitz, George, 288 Stone, Lawrence, 36 Straus, Hermann, 804 Straus, Nathan, 152, 204 Strauss, Maurice, 1023

Strong, Richard Pearson (1872—1948): An American phy­sician, Strong practiced tropical medicine in the Philip­pines from 1899 to 1901 and is the author of Diagno­sis, Prevention, and Treatment of Tropical Diseases. 635,782

Strouhal, E., 253 Stubbs, Hugh, 936 Sudhoff, Karl, 46 Suger of St. Denis, 512 Sui, 351

Sujin₁ emperor of Japan, 374 Sukchong₁ king of Korea, 394

Sulayman II, sultan of Ottoman Empire, 338 Sullivan, A. J., 804

Sung Ta-jen, 353 Sung Tz’u, 25 Susruta₁ 31, 416 Sutton, Daniel, 1011 Sutton, Robert, 1011 Sutton, W. S., 121-2 Suzuki, Masatsuga₁ 996 Svedberg₁ The, 131 Svennerholm₁ L., 1037 Swieten₁ Gerard L. B. van, 1004 Swift, Homer F., 971 Swingler₁ R. J., 885

Sydenham, Thomas (1624-89): An English physician, Sydenham emphasized clinical observation rather than theory, gave classic descriptions of gout, fevers, hysteria, and venereal disease, and distinguished scar­let fever from measles. His adoption of the use of cinchona bark against malaria was instrumental in promoting its widespread use. 15, 47-8, 144, 148—9, 283, 573, 601, 638, 642, 764, 804, 860, 873, 988, 990, 991, 992, 1015, 1094, 1095

Sylvius OfLeyden (Franςois de la Boe) (1614—72): An outstanding iatrochemist, Boe attempted to classify diseases according to their supposed alkaline or acidic nature. He established the first university chemical laboratory at Leyden. 15, 48, 636

Szasz₁ Thomas, 60 Szent-Gyorgyi₁ Albert, 1005 Szmukler₁ George L, 578-9 Szmuness₁ Wolf, 796

Tachibana no Moroe₁ 380 Tainter₁ J., 309 Takaki₁ Baron Kanehiro₁ 610 Talbot, F. B., 660

Taliaferro, William, 133 Tallquist₁ Theodur W, 572

Talmage, David 133 Tamba Yasuyori₁ 374 Tandy, Elizabeth, 222

Tanquerel des Planches, L., 824, 827 Tantum₁ Digby, 578-9

Tanzi₁ R. E., 123 Tasaka₁ S., 988 Tatlock₁ Hugh, 831 Tatum, Edward L., 154 Tay₁ Warren, 1037 Taylor, A. F., 1041 Teleky₁ Ludwig, 188 Tello, J., 307

Temkin₁ 0wsei, 51 Terry, Luther, 179 Terry, Robert, 565 Teuscher₁ A., 673

Thackrah, Charles Turner, 187

Thai, August, 893

Thayer, James D., 760

Theiler, Max, 1106

Themistocles, 823

Theobald, Gretchen A., 309

Theodoric, emperor of Rome, 196

Theodoric of Cervia, 512

Theognis, 115

Thierry de Hfcry, 1030

Thifcry, Franςois, 920

Thomas, Wolferstan, 559

Thommasini, Giacomo, 940

Thomson, John, 685

Thould, A. K., 602

Thould, B. T., 602

Thu, 347

Thucydides, 507, 934—7 passim

Thurman, E., 114

Tillett, W S., 1093

Timaeus, 266

Timaeus, Ian, 298

Tipu Sahib, sultan of Mysore, 415

Tiselius, Ame, 131

Tissot, Simon Andre (1728-97): A hygienist at Lausanne, Tissot was an important figure in physiotherapy. In 1761 he wrote his tract Avis au people sur la sante for the public, which went through a number of editions and was translated into most European languages. 86-7, 89, 90, 199

Tjio, J. H., 122

Tobin, John O., 831

Todd, E. W, 971

Todd, John L., 556

Tolhurst, Jean C., 735 Tomlinson, Bernard, 565

Topping, Andrew, 221

Torti, Francesco, 860

Tours, J. J. Moureau de, 69

Toussaint, H., 584

Towns, Charles B., 172-3

Townsend, Charles, 631

Tozzi, Luca, 694

Trajan, emperor of Rome, 264

Traut, Eugene, 769

Trigger, B., 521

Triggs-Raine, B. L., 1038

Troltsch, Anton Friedrich von, 869

Tronchin, Thfcodore, 824

Trotter, Thomas, 65, 68

Troup, Janet, 817, 818

Trousseau, Armand (1801-67): A French clinician at the Hotel-Dieu of Paris, Trousseau had been a student of Pierre Bretonneau. He made a number of advances in the treatment and understanding of scarlet fever, diph­theria, typhoid, rheumatic fever, and tetany. 585, 720, 917, 1050

Trowell, H. C., 574, 669 Tsang Wen-chung, 349 Tschermak, Erich von, 117

Tshao₁ Prince of, 349

Tsou Yen, 352

Tswett, M., 131

Tucker, V. M., 1049

Tuke, Samuel, 65

Tulloch, J. A., 673, 674 Turner, K. R., 254

Tuross, N., 247

Tu Tung, 480

Tuzk-i-Jahangiri, 415

Twitchett, Denis, 355, 357, 378

Tyler, R., 415

“Typhoid Mary,” see Mallon, Mary

Tytler, Robert, 646 Tyzzer, E. E., 1093 Tzu-Chhiu, 349

Tzu-Chhuan, prince of China, 351

Tzu-Chung (Kung tzu Ying-chhi of Chhu), 349 Tzu Hsi, empress of China, 171

Uhlenhut, P., 840, 842 Ullmann₁ Manfred, 28, 32 Ulrichs, Karl Heinrich, 88

Underwood, H. G., 400 Underwood, Michael, 149 Unger, L. J., 978

Unna, Paul, 777

Upham, S., 324

Urban II, Pope, 512 Utermohle, C. S., 602 Utsinger, P. D., 599

Valli, Eusebio, 965 Valsalva, Antonio, 868 Van Heyningen, W. E., 648 Varandal, Jean, 638

Variot, Gaston, 152

Varro, 193

Vaughan, Victor, 151,1079

Veale, Henry, 988 Vedder₁ Edward B., 610 Velasco, Juan de, 537 Velschius, G. H., 688 Venerable Bede, see Bede Vergil, Polydore₁ 1023, 1024 Vesalius, Andreas (1514-64): A Flemish physician and anatomist, Vesalius was a professor of anatomy at the University of Padua. His De Humani Corporis Fabrica, published in 1543; is ranked as one of the most impor­tant studies in the history of medicine. 6, 14, 652, 750

Vessie, P. R., 789

Veuster, Father Damien de, 839

Vianna₁ Gaspar Olivera de, 833 Vierordt₁ Karl, 571

Vieussens, Raymond, 693 Vieusseux, Gaspard, 877 Villemin₁ Jean-Antoine₁ 1064 Villerme₁ Renfc Louis, 203

Vincent, H., 734

Vinci, Bartolommeo da, 116

Vinci, Leonardo da (1452-1519): An Italian artist and scientist, da Vinci made a significant contribution to physiologic anatomy with his brilliant anatomical drawings based on numerous dissections. 116, 515, 744, 750

Vinci, Pierino (Piero) da, 116

Virchow, Rudolph Ludwig Karl (1821-1902): A German pathologist, anthropologist, and statesman, Virchow spent most of his career at the University of Berlin. He was the first to recognize that cell theory extended to diseased tissue and demonstrated that every cell was the product of another cell. 17, 74, 103, 265, 310, 639, 735, 749, 752, 847, 848, 869, 1057, 1064, 1083

Virgil (Publicus Vergilius Maro), 267, 583 Vitruvius, 193, 723

Vitry, Jacques de, 751

Vivarelli, F., 575 Volhard, F., 749 Volk, B. W., 1037 Voltaire, Frangois Marie Arouet de, 86 Vries, Hugo de, 117,118

Waddy, B. B., 878, 897 Wagener, D., 1039 Wagner, Robert, 189 Wagner-Juaregg, Julius von, 79 Waksman₁ Byron, 135, 136 Wald, Lillian, 204

Waldeyer₁ Wilhelm, 103 Waldron, Tony, 826 Walker, Ernest L., 570 Walker, Mary, 893 Walpole, Horace, 855

Wang, 347

Wang Chi-min (K. C. Wong), 345

Wang Haogu (Wang Hao-ku), 25 Wang Ping, 352

Wani₁ H., 842 Ward, G., 845 Ward, James, 540 Ward, Robert, 988 Ware, John, 88 Warkany₁ Joseph, 153 Wamer₁ Francis, 970 Warner, Rebecca, 154 Warren, A. C., 123 Warren, Ira, 698 Warren, S., 806 Wasserman, August von, 1032 Wasson, R. G., 373 Waterhouse, Benjamin, 1012 Watson, C. J., 782 Watt, Robert, 1095 Watts, Susan, 687 Weaver, Robert, 830 Weber, G., 121

Weber, Klaus, 854 Wehrs, R. E., 870 Weibel₁ R. E., 889 Weichselbaum, Anton (1845-1920): An Austrian patholo­gist, Weichselbaum was a military surgeon and profes­sor of pathology at the University of Vienna. He con­ducted research on the bacteriology of tuberculosis but is best known for his discovery of meningococcus (1887), the causative agent of epidemic meningitis. 879, 941

Weil, A., 840

Weil, Edmund, 1081

Weir, R. F., 804 Weiss, H., 1050 Welch, William H., 151 Weller, Thomas H., 943, 988 Wells, Charles, 254, 258, 806 Wells, William Charles (1757-1817): An American-born physician, Wells was a Royalist refugee who became a physician in St. Thomas Hospital, London. He gave the first scientific explanation of the phenomenon of dew and described the concept and significance of the dew point for which he was awarded the Rumford Medal of the Royal Society. He is also credited with providing the first clinical report on the cardiac compli­cations of rheumatism and with being the first to note blood and albumin in the urine of those suffering from “dropsy.” 748, 970

Wenckebach, Karel Frederik₁ 695 Wentworth, J., 708

West, K. M., 667, 669

West, J. P., 799

Westbrook, G. R., 1049 Westphal, Carl Friedrich Otto, 88 Wharfton, Thomas, 750

Wherry, W. B., 1070 Whipple, George H., 572 Whistler, Daniel, 978 White, Douglas R., 162 White, Harold, 247, 817 White, Paul Dudley, 695 Whitfield, S. G., 818 Whiting, Albert, 931 Whitney, W. F, 310

Whytt₁ Robert (1714-66): Whytt was a famous neurophysiologist at Edinburgh where he proved that the response of the pupils of the eyes to light was a reflex (Whytfs reflex). He also left behind the first full account of tuberculosis meningitis in children. He be­came a Fellow of the Royal Society and was awarded the new position of first physician to the king in Scot­land. 64, 149

Widal, Fernand (Georges Fernand Isidore) (1862-1929): Widal made a number of contributions to medical re­search. His fame today is most closely linked with his Serodiagnostic test development in 1896 to identify ty­phoid fever. 1074,1079

Wieland, T., 737

Wigglesworth, Edward, 210 Wilbraham, Anne, 152

Wilde, Sir William, 869 Wilder, Russell M., 611 Wilensky₁ A. O., 805

Wilhelm II, kaiser of Germany, 1065

Wilks, Sir Samuel (1824-1911): A British physician asso­ciated with Guy’s Hospital throughout his career, Wilks left behind a number of important descriptions of diseases. Those on Ostetitis deforms, alcoholic parapelegia, bacterial endocarditis, and visceral syphi­lis are considered to be classics. He also penned what seems to have been the first clear report of myasthemia gravis and drew much attention to Hodg­kin’s disease. 804, 805, 893

Willan₁ Robert (1757-1812): An English Quaker, Willan was the first English physician to classify dermatologi­cal diseases in a scientific manner. He died before the work could be completed but the effort was carried through by his pupil Thomas Bateman. Most of the nomenclature worked out by Willan is still in use to­day. In 1809, he became a member of the Royal Soci­ety. 776, 848

Willebrand, E. A. von, 622 William, bishop of Tyre, 337 William the Conqueror, 511 Williams, Cicely, 153, 954

Williams, Robert R., 610, 611

Williams, Watson, 936 Williams, William Carlos, 682 Williamson, Richard T., 673

Willis, Thomas (1621-75): An English physician, Willis was a careful clinical observer who provided the most complete description of the nervous system for his day. His classification of the cerebral nerves was particu­larly enduring (the circle of Willis). Willis was the first to distinguish the form of diabetes known as dia­betes mellitus and to note sugar in the urine of diabet­ics. He also left behind an excellent description of a number of diseases, such as puerperal and typhoid fe­ver. 61, 64, 665, 693, 877, 892, 893,1075, 1095 Wilmarth, A. W, 685 Wilson, M. G., 973, 976 Wimmer, August, 712 Wine, Laura, 817 Winfield, G. F., 356 Winslow, Charles-Edward, 197 Winterberg, H., 695 Winthrop, John, 1010 Wirz, K., 708 Wiseman, Richard, 999 Withering, William, 695, 988 Witt, L. J., 641 Wohl, Anthony Stephen, 151 Wolbach, S. Burt, 984 Wollaston, William H., 764 Wolsey, Thomas, English cardinal, 1023 Wong, K. C. (Wang Chi-min), 345 Wolters, Owen, 426 Wood, B., 609 Wood, Corinne S., 1054 Woodbury, Robert, 225 Wood-Jones, F., 249, 252 Woods, George W., 400, 401, 403, 404, 406, 407 Woodward, Joseph J. (1833-84): An American military physician, Woodward wrote Diarrhea and Dysentary, which has been called the greatest single monograph on the subject. 178,1077, 1079

Wright, Sir Almroth Edward (1861-1947): An English physician and pathologist, Wright conducted research on parasitic diseases and immunology and introduced vaccines for enteric tuberculosis and pneumonia. He is best known for making the first active innoculation against typhoid fever in 1896. 127, 941,1075 Wright, James Homer, 833

Wright, Sewall (1889-1988): An American geneticist, Wright’s studies led to the formulation of rules for in­breeding, crossbreeding, and selection in livestock im­provement. He was the discoverer of genetic drift, a process called the “Sewall Wright effect” that can lead to new species. 114, 1040

Wright, Thomas, 62 Wrigley, E. A., 209 Wucherer, Otto Eduard Heinrich (1820-73): A German

born in Portugal who spent most of his career in Bra­zil, Wucherer was a member of the trio (Wucherer₁ J. F. da Silva Lima, and C. C. Patterson) that has been called the Bahian school of tropical medicine, with their chief organ the Gazeta Medica da Bahia. He re­ported on many tropical illnesses but is best remem­bered for his confirmation of W Griesinger^,s conclu­sion that tropical anemia was caused by the hookworm and most especially for his spying the embryo form of the filarial worm, which now bears the name Wucheria bancrofti. 727-8

Wu Lien-te (Wu Lien-teh), 345 Wullstein, H., 870 Wunderlich, Karl, 1064 Wundt, Wilhelm, 74

Wu Tang, 57

Wu Youxing (Wu Yu-hsing), 57, 354

Wyatt, H. V., 6

Wylie, John, 936,1024

Wyss, O., 1093

Yahr, M. D., 915

Yamanoueno Okura, 374 Yamazaki Tasuku, 386 Yang Chhing, 350

Yang Chi-chou, 25 Yang-hsii, Lord of, 351 Yang Shang-shan, 352 Ye Gu, 356

Yersin, Alexandre EmilJean (1863—1943): A Swiss bacte­riologist, Yersin was connected with the Pasteur Insti­tute. There he conducted research with P. P. E. Roux on a diphtheria antitoxin. Later he discovered the plague baccilus pasteurella (yersina) pestis, and he was successful in innoculating animals with an antiplague vaccine. 127, 629, 682

Yi Jing, 429

Yi Songgye, King T’aejo of Korea, 392 Yomei₁ emperor of Japan, 390

Yongjo₁ king of Korea, 394 Yoritomo₁ 381

Yorke, James, 761 Yoshimasu Todo₁ 58 Young, William A., 1105 Yu, T. F., 764, 767

Yii Yiin-hsiu, 345, 349

Yuhanna ibn-masawayn, see Mesue

Zacharias, pope, 795

Zammit₁ Themistocles, 627 Zarafonetis₁ C. J., 782

Zeiger₁ R. S., 1041 Zeigler, M., 1039

Zenker, Friedrich Albert, 1057

Zhang Lu (Chang Lu), 56

Zhao Xuemin₁ 360

Zhu Xi, 360

Zilva₁ S. S., 1005 Zimmerman, L. E., 735 Zimmerman, T. S., 622

Zinke₁ Georg Gottfried, 965

Zinsser, Hans (1878-1949): An American bacteriologist and medical historian, Zinsser did much research on typhus, and advanced the notion that Brill’s disease was a recrudescence of epidemic typhus contracted much earlier. The disease was subsequently renamed “Brill-Zinsser disease.” Most medical historians are fa­miliar with Zinsser because of his marvelous study Rats, Lice and History (1935). 285, 323, 935, 1024, 1080,1081,1084

Ziporyn₁ Terra, 682 Zlotogora₁ J., 1039 Zoeller, Charles, 1045

Zollner₁ F., 870 Zulueta, J. de, 861 Zvaifler₁ N. J., 599