Subject Index

a-a-a disease, 786

abattoir fever, see Q fever

Account of the Bilious, Remitting Fever by

Benjamin Rush (1789), 663

An Account of the Foxglove by William

Withering (1785), 695 acquired immune deficiency syndrome

(AIDS), 2, 3, 6-7, 41, 46, 96, 185, 205, 298, 301, 366-7, 383-4, 452, 474-5, 490, 503, 530, 541, 547-51, 557, 589, 620, 699, 700, 711, 781, 783, 937, 938, 1052

and Candida albicans, 548

causative agent discovered, 547, 711 clinical manifestations and treatments, 548-9

definition, 547 distribution and incidence, 547-8 epidemiology and etiology, 547 first identified, 547

and hemophilia, 620

and histoplasmosis, 781, 783 history and geography, 549-50 in Africa, sub-Sahara, 2, 3, 298, 301,

452, 699

in the Americas

Latin America and the Caribbean, 503, 541

North, 530

in Asia

East

China, 366—7; Japan, 383-4 South, 474-5

in Australia and Oceania, 490 immunology, 548

and Karposfs sarcoma, 547

and pneumocystis pneumonia, 547, 937 and pneumonia, 938

and strongyloidiasis, 548

and toxoplasmosis, 548, 1052

and tuberculosis, 548

and typhoid fever, 1072 acrodermatitis chronica atrophicans

(ACA), see Lyme borreliosis acupuncture, 23, 24, 53, 58, 398, 401

acute anterior poliomyelitis, see poliomyelitis

acute cor pulmonale, see heart-related diseases

acute epiglottitis, see croup

acute otitis media (AOM), see mastoiditis Adams-Stokes disease, 92

addiction, 170-76, 206, 548, 796 and acquired immune deficiency syndrome, 548

alcohol, see alcoholism

“blue mass,” 173 cannabis, 175, 176 and clonidine, 173 cocaine, 170, 171, 173, 174, 175 and departments of health, 206 as disease, 172 and hepatitis B, 796 heroin, 175 history of, 170—6 and hypodermic syringe, 171, 175 international efforts to control, 170—6 passim

LSD, 170, 175

and methadone, 172, 173 morphine, 171, 172, 173, 175 opium, 170-1, 172, 173, 174, 175, 176 and patent medicine, 171 and scopalamine, 172

Shanghai Opium Commission and, 171 as sin, 172

tobacco, see tobaccosis

Towns-Lambert treatment for, 173

Adulteration of Food Act (Great Britain), 202

Advisory Committee of Experts (on cigarette smoking) (U.S., 1962), 179

aflatoxin, 737

Africa, north, see Middle East and North Africa, diseases of

Africa, sub-Sahara, diseases of before 1860: African trypanosomiasis, 293, 449, 552—61; ainhum, 297, 561; amebic dysentery, 295, 451; arthritis, 297; ascariasis, 295, 448; bacillary dysentery, 295; beriberi, 296; chickenpox, 296, 448, 449; cholera, 297, 448, 450; dengue, 293; dracunculiasis, 295, 448, 668; dysentery, 448; filariasis, 295, 450; gonorrhea, 297, 448, 449; hookworm disease, 295, 448, 450, 785, 787; kwashiorker, 295; leishmaniasis, 832-3; leprosy,

295, 296, 297, 448; loiasis, 295; malaria, 293, 296, 448, 450, 451; malaria, falciparum, 294, 299, 301, 302, 303, 448, 450; malaria, malariae, 294; malaria, vivax, 293, 294; marasmus, 295; measles, 296, 448, 449; night blindness, 297; onchocerciasis, 295, 297, 450; ophthalmia, 297; pellagra, 296, 297; pica, 297; pneumonia,

296, 448; protein-energy malnutrition, 295; rheumatism, 297; scabies, 297; schistosomiasis, 295, 448, 450; scurvy, 296; sickle-cell anemia, 294-5; sickle trait, 294-5; smallpox, 296, 448, 449, 450; syphilis, 296, 297, 448, 449; tapeworm, 295; trachoma, 448; trichuriasis, 295, 448; tuberculosis, 296, 448, 449; typhoid fever, 295; yaws, 295, 296, 297, 448, 1053-5 passim, 1099; yellow fever, 293, 295, 296, 448, 450, 1102-3

since 1860: acquired immune deficiency syndrome, 298,301,452,548, 549; African trypanosomiasis, 299,300,301,302,303,451, 452, 552-61; ainhum, 561; amebic dysentery, 569; blackwater fever, 302; brucellosis, 303; cholera, 303,304; Congo- Crimean hemorrhagic fever, 699,701,819; dengue, 663; diarrhea, 298, 299; diphtheria, 303, 452; dracunculiasis, 299,302, 303,687,688; Ebola virus disease, 298,699-702,819; echinococcosis, 706; filariasis, 302;

gonorrhea, 451; gout, 771; hepatitis, 299,303; hookworm disease, 299, 785,787; influenza, 303,451; Lassa fever, 298,594, 595,596,597,699, 701,81720; leishmaniasis, 302,303, 832-3; leprosy, 302,452; lupus erythematosus, 851; malaria, 298,299,301,302,303,452, 857-62; malaria, falciparum, 303,857-62 passim; Marburg virus disease, 298,817,862-4 passim; measles, 298,301,303, 452; meningitis, cerebrospinal, 299,303,450,451,452,878, 879; onchocerciasis, 302,452, 895-7 passim; ophthalmia, 904-5; pellagra, 918; pica, 928; plague, 303,451; pneumonia, 301,303,941; poliomyelitis, 303,452,948,949; proteinenergy malnutrition, 304,950, 954; rabies, 962,966; relapsing fever, 302, 968,969; RiftValley fever, 594,699,819; schistosomiasis, 299, 302,303, 452,993-7 passim; sexually transmitted diseases, 300,303, 451; sickle-cell anemia, 574, 1007-8; smallpox, 301,303, 451,452; tetanus, 303; tetanus, neonatal, 298,1047; tropical ulcer, 302; tuberculosis, 303,451, 1066; typhoid fever, 299,303, 1075; undulant fever, 303; whooping cough, 303; yaws, 299,301,302,452,1097; yellow fever, 298,302,1101-6 passim “African lethargy” (African

trypanosomiasis), 555

African swine fever, 587

African trypanosomiasis, 101, 293, 299,

300, 301, 302, 303, 449, 451,

452, 552-61, 711, 817, 996

and African settlement patterns, 293,

554

and African strategies against, 557-8 causative agents identified, 555-6, 711 clinical manifestations and pathology,

555

and colonial medicine, 5, 556-9, 996 control of, 301, 556—60 definition, 552 distribution and incidence, 554-5 and encephalitis, 711 epidemiology and etiology, 552-4 gambiense, 552-60 passim history and geography, 555-60 immunology, 555 rhodesiense, 552—60 vaccination, 555

Agchylostoma, see hookworm disease

AIDS, see acquired immune deficiency syndrome ainhum, 297, 540, 561

Airs, Waters, and Places (in the Hippocratic corpus), 11, 47

Albert Einstein University, see universities

Alcoholics Anonymous, 173 alcoholism, 72, 74, 154, 175, 206, 737, 918, 919

maternal, 154

and mental illness, 72, 74 and pellagra, 918, 919 “Aleppo boil” (leishmaniasis), 456, 833 alimentary toxic aleukia, 737 alkali poisoning (milk sickness), 880 alkaptonuria, 118-19, 154 All-India and Yunani Tibb Conference, 32 All-Indian Ayurvedic Congress, 32 allotriophagia (pica), 927 al-Mujiz by Ibn Nafis (thirteenth century), 29

Alzheimer’s disease (see also mental illness), 2, 3, 6, 123, 124, 561-8, 712,917 clinical manifestations and diagnosis, 562-3

definition, 561-2

and Down syndrome, 564 epidemiology and etiology, 563-4 history, 565-6 treatment, 564-5

Alzheimer’s Disease and Associated Disorders — An International Journal, 566

Alzheimer’s Disease and Related Disorders Association, 565 Amalgamated Clothing Workers, 191 amebiasis, see amebic dysentery amebic dysentery (see also bacillary dysentery; diarrheal diseases; dysentery), 6, 270, 295, 402, 412, 442, 451, 458, 467-8, 491, 498, 520, 568-71, 605, 696 causative agent discovered, 570 definition, 568, 696 diagnosis, clinical manifestations, and pathology, 569-70 differentiated from bacillary dysentery, 605

distribution and incidence, 569 epidemiology, 569 etiology, 568-9 history and geography, 570-1 in Africa, sub-Sahara, before 1860, 295,451

in the Americas, pre-Columbian, 520 in Asia

East: Korea, modern, 402

South

ancient, 412; modem, 467-8 Southeast: modem, 442 in Australia and Oceania, 491 in Europe: Middle Ages, 270 in Middle East and North Africa, 458 incubation period, 570 prevention, 570 amenorrhea, 158, 577

American Association for Labor Legislation, 188

American Association of Medical Superintendents of Asylums for the Insane, 66

American Cancer Society, 184

American Council on Science and Health, 185

American Dermatological Association, 776

American Diabetes Association, 671 American Heart Association, 95 “American Killer,” see hookworm disease American Legion, Pennsylvania Department, 829

American Medical Association (AMA), 66, 164-70 passim, 172 Committee on Quackery, 169

American Pediatric Society, 153, 813 American Psychiatric Association, 66, 79, 89

American Public Health Association, 210 Industrial Hygiene section, 189

American Red Cross, 923

Medical Research Committee, 1053 American Rheumatism Association, 599, 600

American spotted fever (Rocky Mountain spotted fever), 985

American Thoracic Society, 706 American trypanosomiasis, see Chagas’ disease

American Veterans Administration, 184 Americas, diseases of

pre-Columbian: amebic dysentery, 520; anemia, 313, 576; anthrax, 520; arthritis, 309-10, 530, 537, 538; ascariasis, 603; botulism, 520; Carri6n^,s disease, 4, 537-8, 631-5 passim; Chagas’ disease, 4, 98, 538, 636-8 passim; dental diseases, 311; diarrheal diseases, 538; encephalitis, 4, 521; enterobiasis, 712; goiter, 538; hepatitis, 498, 521; hookworm disease, 538, 787; leishmaniasis, 538, 832-3 passim; osteoarthritis, 309, 314, 907; pemphigus foliaceus, 538; pinta, 498, 521, 522, 537, 9323, 1053-5 passim; poliomyelitis, 521; rabies, 966; relapsing fever, 520; rheumatoid arthritis, 309, 310, 311, 537; rickets, 978; salmonella organisms, 520; syphilis, nonvenereal, 310, 511; syphilis, venereal, 5, 310-11, 498, 515, 521, 522, 537,1029,1053-5 passim; tapeworm, 520, 1036; trauma, 3089; trichuriasis, 538; tuberculosis, 4, 309, 311, 313, 314, 315, 497, 521, 537, 538, 539, 1062; tularemia, 520; typhus, 538; yaws, 310, 521, 522, 537 1492-1700: anthrax, 323, 324, 325;

bronchitis, 539; chickenpox, 323-4, 499, 523; diarrheal dis-

Americas, diseases of (cont.) eases, 323; diphtheria, 323,

499, 523; dracunculiasis, 500, 526, 687; dysentery, 526; ergotism, 719; filariasis, 450,

500, 727; hookworm disease, 500, 787; influenza, 323, 324, 498-9, 523; lead poisoning, 824-5; leishmaniasis, 832-3; leprosy, 500; maculo, 540; malaria, 322, 324, 325, 450, 499, 500, 523, 524, 526, 860; measles, 323, 324, 499, 523, 525, 539, 874; mumps, 324; onchocerciasis, 450, 500, 895; pinta, 932-3; plague, 324, 325, 499, 523, 525-6; pneumoconiosis, 539; pneumonia, 323, 324, 539; puerperal fever, 956; rabies, 966; rubella,

323, 324; scarlet fever, 324, 499, 523; schistosomiasis, 450, 526; silicosis, 539; smallpox, 201, 320, 322, 323, 324, 450, 499, 500, 523-5, 526, 539, 1009, 1010; syphilis, 322; tetanus, 50; tetanus, neonatal, 500; trachoma, 523; tuberculosis, 322, 523, 539; typhoid, 323, 499, 523, 1075; typhus, 323,

324, 325, 499, 523, 1082; whooping cough, 324, 499, 523; yaws, 450, 500, 501, 526, 1096, 1099; yellow fever, 323, 325, 450, 499, 500, 526, 540, 541, 1101-6 passim

since 1700, Latin America and the Caribbean: acquired immune deficiency syndrome, 503,541, 548, 550; ainhum, 540, 561; amebic dysentery, 569; anthrax, 582; Argentine hemorrhage fever, 595,596, 597-8; beriberi, 501,

541, 607, 608, 609; Bolivian hemorrhage fever, 595, 596, 597, 598,817; cancer, see cancer; Carri6n^,s disease, 631-5; Chagas’ disease, 4, 98, 538, 541,

542, 636-8; chickenpox, 541; cholera, 323,415,420,421, 501-2, 523, 524,527, 528, 541, 542,647; dengue, 503, 540, 541-2, 661, 663; diarrheal diseases, 320,330,541; diphtheria, 541; dracunculiasis, 500, 526,687; dropsy, 501; dysentery, 331,502, 530,540; filariasis, 501, 503,540, 727; goiter, 538, 752; gonorrhea, 758; heart-related diseases, see heart-related diseases; hepatitis, 542; histoplasmosis, 779, 782; hookworm disease, 205, 501,502, 785, 787; hypertension, 332, 501,532; influenza, 530,541,809; lead poisoning, 501,825; leishmaniasis, 832—3 passim; leprosy, 500, 501, 529, 584, 834; lupus erythematosus, 850, 851; maculo, 540; malaria, 320, 329,330,502,503,526,

539- 40,541,851-62 passim; malaria, falciparum, 500,503; measles, 331,539, 540,541, 874; meningitis, 320,331; mental illness, 532; mycetoma, 734; occupational diseases, 187-92 passim; onchocerciasis, 500,

540- 1, 895; ophthalmia, 540, 904-5; pellagra, 501,541,921; pica, 929,930; plague, 526,541, 542, 631; pneumonia, 330; pneumonia-diarrhea complex, 329,330; protein-energy malnutrition, 329,501,503,950, 952, 954; Q fever, 958-61 passim; rabies, 966; relapsing fever, 969; Rocky Mountain spotted fever, 982-6 passim; scarlet fever, 541,992; schistosomiasis, 503, 540,541,993-7 passim; scurvy, 541; smallpox, 500,502, 540,1010-13 passim; syphilis, 541; tetanus, 500-1, 502; tetanus, neonatal, 500,503,1048; toxoplasmosis, 1052; trichuriasis, 1055; tuberculosis, 329, 502, 541,1063,1064,1066; typhoid, 501, 502, 542,1071, 1072,1073,1076; typhus, 501, 541,1081,1082,1084; whooping cough, 541; yaws, 501,503, 541,1096-7,1099; yellow fever, 201,330,499, 500,501, 502, 503, 540,541-2,1101-6 passim

since 1700, North America: acquired immune deficiency syndrome, 530, 547-50 passim; Alzheimer’s disease, 562-6 passim; anorexia nervosa, 578, 57980; botulism, 624; cancer, see cancer; cholera, 527, 528, 6469 passim; dengue, 663; diphtheria, 682-3; dysentery, 331, 569; encephalitis lethargica, 710-12; ergotism, 719; filariasis, 724; goiter, 753-4; gonorrhea, 756-63 passim; gout, 767-9 passim; heart-related diseases, see heart-related diseases; herpes simplex, 776—8 passim; histoplasmosis, 779, 782; hookworm disease, 205, 785, 787; hypertension, 332, 532; influenza, 95, 530, 809, 810, 811; lead poisoning, 825, 826; Legionnaires disease, 827-31; lupus erythematosus, 851; Lyme borreliosis, 852—4 passim; malaria, 331, 332, 525, 526-7, 529, 856-62 passim, 874; measles, 320, 874; meningitis, 877, 878; mental illness, 532; milk sickness, 880-3; pellagra, 501, 530, 541; pica, 930-1; plague, 514, 5256, 531, 631; pneumonia, 95, 530, 940-1; pneumoniadiarrhea complex, 329, 332; poliomyelitis, 944-5, 947-8, 949; Q fever, 958, 960; relapsing fever, 969; Rocky Mountain spotted fever, 982-6 passim; rubella, 988; scarlet fever, 525, 991-2; smallpox, 201, 331, 524-5, 526, 1010-13 passim; tapeworm, 1036; tetanus, neonatal, 1047; toxoplasmosis, 1052; trichuriasis, 1055, 1058; tuberculosis, 331, 332, 528-9, 530, 1063, 1064; tularemia, 1068-70; typhoid, 1071, 1072, 1075, 1076; typhomalarial fever, 1077-80; typhus, 1082; varicella zoster, 1092; whooping cough, 303; yellow fever, 204, 205, 331, 526, 1101-6 passim

amylophagia (pica), 927 amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ATL), 917 Anatomiepathologique du corps humain by Jean Cruveilhier (1829-42), 585

Anatomy OfMelancholy by Robert Burton (1621), 62

anchylostomum, see hookworm disease Ancient Practice School (Japan), 58 Ancylostoma duodenale, see hookworm disease

ancylostomiasis, see hookworm disease anemia (see also chlorosis; hookworm dis

ease; leukemia), 144, 248, 2567, 258, 271, 313, 322, 405, 428, 460-1, 473, 492, 571-6, 631-5 passim, 639-41, 787, 820, 841, 928, 930, 931, 1036

and ascariasis, 571

and Carri6n^,s disease, 631—5 passim and chlorosis, see chlorosis definition, 571 and diarrhea, 573 and glucose 6-phosphate dehydrogenase deficiency, see favism; glucose 6-phosphate dehydrogenase deficiency history and geography, 572-6 in Africa, sub-Sahara, 574-5 in the Americas, pre-Columbian, 313, 575-6

in Asia

South, modern, 473

Southeast, 428

in Australia and Oceania, 492

in Europe pre-Roman world, 248, 256-7, 258 antiquity, 572-3 Middle Ages, 271 1700-1900, 572

in Middle East and North Africa, 460, 461, 572, 576

and hookworm, see hookworm disease hypochromic, 640 iatrogenic, 571

and inflammatory bowel disease, see inflammatory bowel disease

and iron deficiency, 428, 572-3, 576, 639-41, 928, 930, 931

and lead poisoning, 571, 820 pernicious, 572 and pica, 928, 930, 931 and scarlet fever, 991

and sickle-cell disorders, see sickle-cell anemia; sickle trait

and skeletal changes, 575-6 and tapeworm, 1036

and thalassemia, see thalassemia

and trichuriasis, 571

Anemia Commission of Puerto Rico, 787 angina maligna, 266

angina pectoris, see heart-related diseases angiosclerosis, see hypertension ankylosing spondylitis, 254, 601 ankylostoma/A nkylostoma, see hookworm disease

Annales (school), 376

Annales d’Hygiene Publique et Medecine L6gale (1829- ), 203

Annuaire Internationale de Statistique (1916-17, 1919-21), 209 Annual Medical Report of the Gold Coast, 954

Annual Summary, Morbidity and Mortality Reports by the United States Public Health Service (1983), 774

anorexia nervosa, 145, 283, 577-82, 640 clinical manifestations and pathology, 577

definition, 577 distribution and incidence, 577-8 etiology and epidemiology, 578-9 history and geography, 283, 579-81 anthracosis, see occupational diseases anthrax, 4,19,270,279,323,324,325,448, 457,520,582-4,718,760,1075 causative agent discovered, 19, 584, 760, 1075

clinical manifestations and pathology, 583

confused with ergotism, 718 definition, 582 distribution and incidence, 582-3 history and geography, 583-4 in Africa, sub-Sahara, modem, 582 in the Americas

pre-Columbian, 520 1492-1700, 323, 324, 325 since 1700, 582

in Asia, East: China, modem, 582 in Europe

Middle Ages, 270, 277, 279 twentieth century, 582-3 in Middle East and North Africa, 457 ancient, 583 modem, 582 immunology, 583 industrial type, 582 non-industrial type, 582 vaccination, 584

Anthrax Prevention Act (Great Britain, 1919), 582, 584

anthropometric history, see stature and health

Antibody Workshop, 137 antihemophilic factor (factor VIII), see bleeding disorders antizeists, 921

Antonine plagues, 37

Aperςu de la Demographie des Diυers Pays du Monde, 209 “aphthae” (thmsh), see fungus infections (mycoses)

“apoplectic attack,” see apoplexy; stroke apoplectic ictus, see apoplexy; stroke apoplexy (see also stroke), 263-4, 353, 584-7

history, 584-5

arboviruses (see also dengue; Japanese B encephalitis; yellow fever), 587-91, 594

clinical manifestations, 594 control, 594 definition, 587 epidemiology, 589-91 etiology, 587-9 morphology, 589 treatment, 594

arenaviruses (see also Lassa fever), 595-8 clinical features, diagnosis, treatment, and control, 597-8

definition, 595 epidemiology, 596-7 history, 595-6 morphology, 595

Argentine hemorrhagic fever (Junin), 595, 596, 597-8, 817 vaccination, 598

“Armenian sore” (syphilis), 339 Army Medical College at Netley (United Kingdom), 627, 1079 arteriosclerosis, and gangrene, 743-4 The Art of Farming (Korea, 1430), 392 arthritis deformans, see arthritis, rheumatoid

arthritis, rheumatoid (see also gout; Lyme borreliosis; osteoarthritis; rheumatic fever/rheumatic heart disease), 118, 252-4, 258, 283, 297, 309-10, 311, 380, 383, 384, 399, 483, 530, 537, 538, 599-602, 742-4 clinical manifestations and diagnosis, 600

definition, 599 distribution and incidence, 599-600 epidemiology and etiology, 600 and gangrene, 742-3

history and geography, 600-2

in Africa, sub-Sahara, before 1860, 297

in the Americas, pre-Columbian, 309-10, 530, 537, 538

in Asia, East: Japan, premodem, 380, 383, 384

in Australia and Oceania, ancient, 483

in Europe pre-Roman world, 252—4, 258 early modem, 283

as a new world disease, 310, 311, 602 treatment, 600

articulare chronique, see arthritis, rheumatoid

Art of Lovemaking by Ovid (first century), 926

asbestosis (white lung), see occupational diseases

ascariasis, 7, 252, 295, 351, 365, 380, 403, 442, 448, 457, 491, 571, 603, 938, 1058

and anemia, 571

clinical manifestations, 603 definition, 603 distribution and incidence, 603 history and geography

in Africa, sub-Sahara, before 1860, 7, 295, 448

in Asia

East

China: ancient, 351; modem, 365 Japan, premodern, 380 Korea, modem, 403

Southeast, modem, 442

in Australia and Oceania, 491 in Europe, pre-Roman world, 252 in Middle East and North Africa, 457 and pneumonia, 938

ascites, see dropsy aseptic meningitis, see meningitis Asia, East, diseases of

China

diseases of antiquity: apoplexy, 353; ascariasis, 351, 603; beriberi, 346, 347, 348, 606; bronchitis, 351; cancer, 351; catarrh, 347,

348, 350; cholera, 351; cirrhosis, 351, 353; diabetes, 353; diphtheria, 353; dysentery, 348; encephalitis, 348; en- terobius infection, 351; goiter,

349, 350, 750, 752, 754; heart- related diseases, 349, 353; Hodgkins disease, 349; influenza, 348; leprosy, 347, 838; malaria, 347-8, 861; measles, 873; meningitis, 348; osteomalacia, 347, 348, 349; pneumonia, 348, 351, 353; rabies,

350, 964; relapsing fever, 353; rickets, 347, 348, 349, 978; salmonella, 348; scabies, 346; scarlet fever, 348; schistosomiasis, 346, 350, 353; smallpox, 390, 478-9, 1009, 1010; tapeworm, 1035; tetanus, 347; trachoma, 350; tuberculosis, 348, 349,

351, 353, 1062, 1063; typhus, 347

premodem period: beriberi, 355, 358; cholera, 354, 356, 357; dengue, 355; diphtheria, 354, 355, 356; dysentery, 355, 356, 357, 358; enteritis, 356; gonorrhea, 356; influenza, 355; leprosy, 35960; malaria, 355, 356, 358, 359; meningitis, 355; plague, 355, 357, 358; pneumonia, 355,

Asia, East, diseases of (cont.)

356; scarlet fever, 354, 356; schistosomiasis, 355; smallpox, 354, 355, 359, 360, 479, 480, 481, 1010; syphilis, 355, 356; tuberculosis, 355, 358, 1063; typhoid fever, 354, 355; typhus, 355; typhus, murine, 1086 modern period: acquired immune deficiency syndrome, 366-7; amebic dysentery, 569; anthrax, 582; ascariasis, 365; cancer, 363, 364, 370-1; cholera, 356, 357, 367, 647; chronic obstructure lung disease (COLD), 370; clonorchiasis, 654; condyloma, 369; cor pulmonale, 370; dengue, 367; diphtheria, 356; dysentery, 356, 357; entiritis, 356; epidemic hemorrhagic fever, 367; filariasis, 365, 728; fluorine poisoning, 371; goiter, 371—2; gonorrhea, 356, 369; heart-related disease, 363, 364, 365, 370; hepatitis, 369-70; hookworm disease, 365, 785; hypertension, 370; influenza, 367; Japanese B encephalitis, 367; Kaschin-Beck disease, 372; Keshan disease, 372; leishmaniasis, 365; leprosy, 67-8; malaria, 356, 365-6; measles, 368; meningitis, 878; occupational diseases, 371; plague, 368; pneumonia, 356; poliomyelitis, 368; relapsing fever, 969; rheumatic heart disease, 370; rickets, 978; scarlet fever, 356; schistosomiasis, 366, 993—7 passim; sexually transmitted diseases, 369; smallpox, 368; stroke, 363, 370; syphilis, 356, 369; tetanus, neonatal, 368; trachoma, 368-9; tuberculosis, 369; typhoid, 369; typhus, murine, 1086

Japan

diseases of antiquity: beriberi, 374, 606; diabetes mellitus, 375; dysentery, 374; epilepsy, 375; erysipelas, 375; gonorrhea, 375; influenza, 375; leprosy, 375; malaria, 374; measles, 375; pinworms, 374; plague, 373, 375; rheumatoid arthritis, 374; roundworms, 374; scabies, 375; schizophrenia, 375; scrofula, 375; smallpox, 373, 375, 390, 479; soft chancre, 375; syphilis, 375; tapeworm, 374;

tuberculosis, 374 premodem period: ascariasis, 380; asthma, 380, 382, 384; beriberi, 379, 382, 384; bronchitis, 380, 382; cancer, 380, 384; chickenpox, 382, 383, 384; cholera, 380, 382, 384; cirrhosis, 382; clonorchiasis, 654; diabetes mellitus, 379, 382, 384; diphtheria, 380; dropsy, 380,

382, 384; dysentery, 377, 379, 380, 382, 383, 384; elephantiasis, 380; epilepsy, 380; erysipelas, 380; heart-related diseases, 379; hepatitis, 380, 382, 384; hookworm disease, 380; influenza, 377, 379, 382, 383, 384; leprosy, 380, 382,383, 384; malaria, 380, 382, 384; measles, 377, 379, 382, 383, 384; meningitis, 380; mental illness, 379; mumps, 377, 379, 384; nephritis, 380; osteomyelitis, 380; plague, 377-8, 383; pneumonia, 380, 384; rheumatoid arthritis, 380, 384; scabies, 380; smallpox, 376, 377, 378-9, 380, 381, 382, 383, 384, 480, 730, 1009; syphilis,

383, 384; tapeworm, 380; tuberculosis, 379, 382, 384,1063; typhoid, 1072; typhus, 384, 388; typhus, murine, 1086,1087; typhus, scrub, 1086-8 passim

early modern and modem periods: acquired immune deficiency syndrome, 383—4; anorexia nervosa, 578; beriberi, 388, 610, 737; botulism, 624; chickenpox, 387; cholera, 387, 647; cholera infantum, 388; diarrheal diseases, 387; diphtheria, 388; dysentery, 387; gonorrhea, 388; gout, 770; influenza, 387; Japanese B encephalitis, 811-13 passim; malaria, 388; measles, 386-7; plague, 388; scarlet fever, 388; schistosomiasis, 994-5; smallpox, 386,

387, 479, 480, 730, 1009; syphilis, 388; trachoma, 388; tuberculosis, 388, 1063; typhoid,

388, 1072; typhus, 388; typhus, murine, 1086, 1087; typhus, scmb, 388, 1086-8 passim

Korea

diseases of antiquity: asthma, 391; beriberi, 391, 392; diabetes mellitus, 392; diarrheal diseases, 391; diphtheria, 391; dysentery, 391; epilepsy, 392; erysipelas, 391; gonorrhea, 391, 392; leprosy, 391; malaria, 391; measles, 391; mental illness, 392; paragonimiasis, 391; pneumonia, 391; rabies, 392; scabies, 391; smallpox, 390-1, 479; stroke, 392; tetanus, 392; tuberculosis, 391; typhoid fever, 391

premodem period: arthritis, 399; asthma, 396; beriberi, 398; cancer, 397, 399; chancroid, 396; chickenpox, 394; children’s diseases, 399; cirrhosis, 397; convulsions, 399; diabetes

mellitus, 397-8; diphtheria, 395, 399; dysentery, 394-5, 399; eclampsia, 399; emphysema, 396; epilepsy, 399; erysipelas, 398; gallstones, 397; gangrene, 398; gonorrhea, 396,397, 399; heart-related diseases, 396; influenza, 393; jaundice, 397; leprosy, 398; leptospirosis, 395; malaria, 399; measles, 394; meningitis, 393, 395; mental illness, 399; osteomalacia, 400; osteomyelitis, 399-400; paragonimiasis, 397; pneumonia, 396; rabies, 399; relapsing fever, 393; rickets, 400; roundworms, 397; rubella, 394; scabies, 398; scarlet fever, 394; smallpox, 393-4, 479; stroke, 398; syphilis, 395-6; tetanus, 399; trachoma, 399; tuberculosis, 396, 399; typhoid, 393; typhus, 393; whooping cough, 395; women’s diseases, 399 modern period: amebic dysentery, 402; anemia, 405, ascariasis, 403; asthma, 400; bacillary dysentery, 402, 407; beriberi, 405; cholera, 400, 401, 402, 407, 647; clonorchiasis, 465; dengue, 404; diphtheria, 401, 406, 407; dysentery, 401, 402; encephalitis, 406, 407; enterobiasis, 403; epilepsy, 400; filariasis, 404; gangrene, 401; gonorrhea, 405, 407; heart- related diseases, 400; hookworm disease, 403; influenza, 407; leprosy, 401, 405-6, 407; leptospirosis, 406; liver fluke, 403; malaria, 400, 401, 404, 407; measles, 404, 405; meningitis, 405, 406, 407; mumps, 406; ophthalmia, 405; osteomalacia, 405; paragonimiasis, 403; pellagra, 405; plague, 404-5; pneumonia, 403, 407; poliomyelitis, 406; rabies, 406-7; relapsing fever, 405, 407, 969; scabies, 401, 406; scarlet fever, 406; scurvy, 405; sexually transmitted diseases, 401, 405; smallpox, 400, 403—4, 405, 407; syphilis, 401, 405, 406, 407; tetanus, neonatal, 407; trachoma, 406; trench fever, 405; trichuriasis, 403; tuberculosis, 401, 403; typhoid fever, 401, 403, 407; typhus, 401, 405, 407, 1083; typhus, scrub, 405, 1086-8 passim; whooping cough, 395, 401, 406 Asia, South, diseases of antiquity: amebic dysenteιy, 412; cancer, 410, 411, 412; cholera, 412, 414, 642, 644; cirrhosis, 412; conjunctivitis, 411; diabetes

mellitus, 412; diphtheria, 410; dysentery, 412; dyspepsia, 412; filariasis, 412; goiter, 411; heart-related diseases, 411; leishmaniasis, 832; leprosy, 410; malaria, 410, 476-8; osteomyelitis, 410; peridon- titis, 411; pica, 930; pneumonia, 412; poliomyelitis, 949; puerperal fever, 410; rabies, 964; scabies, 410; scurvy, 411; smallpox, 1010; tapeworm, 1035; tetanus, 411; trachoma, 411; tuberculosis, 412, 1062-3; typhoid fever, 410, 1073, 1074; xerophthalmia, 411 premodern period: beriberi, 609; cholera, 334, 414-15, 416; diarrheal diseases, 414; dropsy, 414; dysentery, 334, 417; epilepsy, 414; erysipelas, 414; filariasis, 414; gonorrhea, 414; heart-related diseases, 414; hepatitis, 417; influenza, 417; leishmaniasis, 417, 832; leprosy, 414; malaria, 416-17; measles, 414; plague, 415-16; scrofula, 414; sexually transmitted diseases, 417; smallpox, 414; tuberculosis, 417; typhoid, 417; whooping cough, 414 modem period: acquired immune deficiency syndrome, 474-5; amebic dysentery, 467-8, 569, 570; anemia, 473; ascariasis, 603; bacillary dysentery, 4678; beriberi, 473, 607, 608, 610; cancer, 474; cholera, 414-15, 418, 419, 420-2, 423, 464, 465, 642, 643, 644-8 passim; diarrheal diseases, 422, 465, 467; diphtheria, 465, 467; dysentery, 422, 424; filariasis, 4723, 724, 725; gastroenteritis, 422, 424; goiter, 473, 474; hepatitis, 424, 464; hookworm disease, 785; influenza, 418, 419, 424; lathyrism, 473; leishmaniasis, 832-3; leprosy, 424, 470-2, 834; malaria, 418, 41920, 421, 422, 423-4, 465, 467, 468-70; measles, 465; mycetoma, 734; pica, 930; plague, 418, 419, 422, 423-4, 465; protein-energy malnutrition, 464, 473, 950, 954; pneumonia, 465; relapsing fever, 968; rickets, 473; smallpox, 418, 419-20, 421, 422, 423, 465; tetanus, neonatal, 424, 465; tuberculosis, 424, 465; typhoid fever, 422, 424, 464, 465, 1073; typhus, 1081, 1084; typhus, murine, 1086, 1087; typhus, scrub, 1086-8 passim; whooping cough, 424, 465; xerophthalmia, 473; yaws, 1097

Asia, Southeast, diseases of

antiquity and premodem period: amebic dysentery, 569; anemia, 428; beriberi, 427, 433; cancer, 437; cholera, 427, 428, 432, 434, 436; convulsions, 430; dengue, 433; diarrheal diseases, 429; dysentery, 427, 428; epilepsy, 430; filariasis, 727; goiter, 427; hookworm disease, 434; influenza, 433; leprosy, 427, 430, 432; malaria, 426, 427, 428, 433, 434; osteoarthritis, 428; osteomyelitis, 428; peridontal disease, 428; plague, 427, 432, 434; rickets, 433; smallpox,

427, 432, 434-5; syphilis, 434; tetanus, neonatal, 434; trachoma, 427; tuberculosis, 427,

428, 433, 437; typhoid fever, 427, 1073; typhus, 427; yaws, 434

modem period: amebic dysentery, 442; ascariasis, 442; bacillary dysentery, 442; beriberi, 442—3, 607, 608, 610; cancer, 443; cholera,

441, 442; cirrhosis, 443; clonorchiasis, 654; dengue,

442, 663; dysentery, 442; enterobiasis, 442; fasciolopsiasis, 442; filariasis, 442; giardiasis, 442; heart-related diseases, 442, 443; hemorrhagic fever, 442; hepatitis, 442; histoplasmosis, 779; hookworm disease, 442, 785; Japanese B encephalitis, 442; leprosy, 442; malaria, 440, 441, 442; paragonimiasis, 442; plague, 441, 442; pneumonia, 443; protein-energy malnutrition, 442, 950, 954; rabies, 442; relapsing fever, 968; salmonellosis, 442; schistosomiasis, 994; smallpox, 441, 442; strongyloidiasis, 442; trichuriasis, 442; tuberculosis, 443; typhoid fever, 442, 1073; typhus, 442; typhus, murine, 1086, 1087; typhus, scmb, 1086-8 passim; yaws, 442, 1097

Asian sudden unexplained death syndrome, see sudden unexplained death syndrome

Asiatic cholera, see cholera aspergillosis, see fungus infections (mycoses)

“aspiration pneumonia,” see pneumonia aspiritudo (trachoma), 901

Association of American Physicians, 573 asthma, 64, 264, 380, 382, 384, 391, 396, 403

astrological medicine, 28 athlete’s foot (tenia pedis), see fungus infections (mycoses) Augustinian Brotherhood, 12, 14 Australia and Oceania, diseases of: acquired immune deficiency syndrome, 490, 547, 548; amebic dysentery, 491, anemia, 492; arthritis, 483; ascariasis, 491; bacillary dysentery, 491; cancer, 484; chickenpox, 489; cholera, 491; dengue, 486, 661, 663; diabetes, 492; diarrheal diseases, 484, 491; diphtheria, 487; echinococcosis, 706; encephalitis lethargica, 710—12; enteritis neccroticans, 491; Alariasis, 483, 485-6, 493, 725, 727, 728; gastroenteritis, 490; goiter, 492; gonorrhea, 490; gout, 770-1 passim; heart- related disease, 484, 493; hepatitis, 489-90; hookworm disease, 491, 785; hypertension, 493; influenza, 809-11 passim; kuru, 493; leprosy, 488, 839; leptospirosis, 492; lupus erythematosus, 851; Lyme borreliosis, 852; malaria, 483, 484, 485, 493; measles, 488, 515, 874; mumps, 489; plague, 492, 631; pneumonia, 484, 487; poliomyelitis, 490, 945, 948; Q fever, 958-61 passim; Queensland tick-typhus fever, 985; rabies, 966; rheumatism, 483; rubella, 489; scarlet fever, 489, 992; schistosomiasis, 994; scrofula, 488; smallpox, 489, 1010; streptococcal diseases, 487; syphilis, 490; tetanus, 491; trench fever, 1053; tuberculosis, 487-8; typhoid fever, 491, 1072; typhus, murine, 1086; typhus, scrub, 1086—8 passim; whooping cough, 487; yaws, 483, 489, 490, 1097, 1098 Australian Committee on Maternal Mor

tality of 1917, 217

Australian National University, see universities autumnal fever, 1078 aυortement epizootique, see brucellosis Ayurvedic medicine, see medicine and medical history; Vedic religious tradition and medical treatises

bacillary dysentery (see also amebic dysentery; diarrheal diseases; dysentery), 295, 402, 407, 442, 458, 467-8, 491, 569, 570, 604-6, 679, 696

causative agent discovered, 606 control and treatment, 605 definition, 604, 696 diagnosis, clinical manifestations, and pathology, 605

distribution and incidence, 604-5 epidemiology and etiology, 604 history and geography, 605-6 in Africa, sub-Sahara, before 1860, 295

bacillary dysentery (cont.)

in Asia, East: Korea, modern, 402, 407

South, modern, 467-8 Southeast, modern, 442 in Australia and Oceania, 491 in Middle East and North Africa, 458 incubation period, 570, 605 prevention and treatment, 605 bacillus anthracisis, see anthrax bacterial endocarditis, see streptococcal diseases bacteridie, see anthrax “Baghdad boil” (leishmaniasis), 456 Bakers and Confectioners Union, 191 “Balkan grippe” (Q fever), 957 “Balkan influenza” (Q fever), 957 Bangungut, 1021 Bannwarth’s syndrome, 854 “Barbados distemper” (yellow fever), 1100 “Barbados leg” (filariasis), 500 Barlow’s disease (infantile scurvy), 1005 bartonelliasis, see Carri6n^,s disease bartonellosis, see Carri6n^,s disease Baueruietzel (mumps), 888 Bayer Company, 175 Bayer Laboratories, 996 bejel (nonvenereal syphilis), 1033, 1034 Belleville Dispensary (Paris), 152 Bellevue Hospital (New York), 971, 973 Bellevue Stratford Hotel (Philadelphia), 829

Bell Laboratories, 611 Benedictine Brotherhood, 12, 194 benign tertian malaria, see malaria beriberi, 6,142-3,153,296,346,347,348, 355,358,374,379,382,384, 388,391,392,398,405,427, 433,442-3,473,501,541,60612,689,690,691,737,1005 and alcoholism, 608 causes discovered, 610-1 clinical manifestations and pathology, 608-9

definition, 606 distribution and incidence, 608 epidemiology and etiology, 6, 142—3, 153, 606-7

history and geography, 142-3, 609-11 in Africa, sub-Sahara, before 1860, 296

in the Americas, since 1700: Latin America and the Caribbean, 501, 541, 607-8, 609 in Asia

East

China: ancient, 346, 347, 348; premodem, 355, 358 Japan: ancient, 374; early modem, 388, 609, 737; modem, 737 Korea: ancient, 391, 392; premodem, 398; modem Korea, 405 South

premodem, 609; modem, 473, 608, 610 Southeast

ancient and premodem, 427, 433; modem, 442—3, 608, 610

prevention, 611 and rice, 142, 607 Biblical and Talmudic literature and medicine, 46, 86, 583, 622, 688, 692, 759, 776, 838, 964, 1019, 1063, 1090, 1099 the Bicetre Hospital (Paris), 717 bicha, see yellow fever bicho (macula), 540 “big belly” (schistosomiasis), 992 Bilharzia, see schistosomiasis bilharziasis, see Schistosomiosis “Bills of Mortality” (Great Britain), 321 “Bills of Mortality” (London, 1532), 209 bisoochtau (cholera), 643 Black Death (see also plague), 7, 39, 176, 281-2, 357, 380, 423,612-15 attempts at control and prevention, 614-15

definition, 612

history and geography, 612-13 and influenza, 612 and smallpox, 612

transmission and mortality, 613-14 “black fever,” see leishmaniasis black lung disease, see occupational diseases

“black measles” (Rocky Mountain spotted fever), 984

Black Plague, see Black Death; plague black tongue (pellagra), 922, 923 black vomit, see schistosomiasis; yellow fever

blackwater fever, see malaria bladder stones, see urolithiasis “blains,” 1099 blastomycosis, 311 bleeding disorders, 6, 117, 618-23

and AIDS, see acquired immune deficiency syndrome

Christmas disease, 620 hemophilia, history of, 622—3 von Willebrand’s disease, 620-1 “bleeding fever” (yellow fever), HOO blennorrhea (gonococcal conjunctivitis), see gonorrhea; ophthalmia blindness (see also conjunctivitis;

onchocerciasis; ophthalmia; trachoma), 143, 334, 349,493 “bloody flux,” see amebic dysentery; bacillary dysentery; diarrheal diseases; dysentery

“blue disease” (Rocky Mountain spotted fever), 984

Board of Sick and Wounded Sailors (Great Britain), 1004

bocio, see goiter “boils of Guangdong” (syphilis), 356 A Boke, or Counseill Against the Disease Called the Sweate or Sweatyng Sicknesse by John Caius (1552), 1023

Bolivian Hemorrhagic Fever (Machupo), 595, 596, 597, 598, 817 Bombay Plague, 335

Book OfMedicine (Assyrian, c.

300 B.C.), 1090

“boomergang leg” (yaws), 1099

Boston Children’s Hospital, 848

Boston Dispensary, Venereal Disease Clinic, 776

Boston Medical and Surgical Journal, 178 botulism, 19, 520, 623-5, 711

causative agent discovered, 19, 624, 711 clinical manifestations and pathology, 623-4

and encephalitis, 711

etiology, 623

history and geography, 520, 624 Bouchard’s nodes, see osteoarthritis Boutonneuse fever, 456, 985 bovine tuberculosis, see tuberculosis Bowling Green State University, see universities

brandy liver (cirrhosis), 652

Brazilian Yellow Fever Service, 1106 breakbone fever (dengue), 661

Bright’s disease, see glomerulonephritis Brill’s disease (typhus), 1081 Brill-Zinsser disease (typhus), 1081 British Colonial Office, 787

British Foreign Office, 1907 Conference on Sleeping Sickness, 556

British Institute of Preventive Medicine (London) (see also Lister Institute), 128

British Journal of Children’s Disease (1917), 845

British Medical Association, 184, 971, 972 British Medical Journal, 672

British Mediterranean Fever Commission, 627

British Museum, 1057

British Plague Commission, 513

British Public Health Act (1875), 1075 bronchitis, 36, 149, 351, 380, 382, 539, 616, 707, 807

bronchocele, see goiter broncho-pneumonia, see pneumonia Brown Institution (London), 584 brown lung disease, see occupational diseases

Brucella abortus, see brucellosis

Brucella avis, see brucellosis

Brucella melitensis, see brucellosis brucellosis (Malta fever), 303,457,505, 625-8,702,817,818,833,1079 causative agent discovered, 505, 625, 626, 627, 1079

clinical manifestations and pathology, 626

distribution and incidence, 626 etiology and epidemiology, 625-6 history and geography, 626-8 immunology, 626

and typhomalarial fever, 1079 vaccination, 626

“brunonianism,” 86

bubas (syphilis/yaws), 537, 1099 bubo, see plague; syphilis, venereal buboes, see plague

bubonic plague, see Black Death; plague Buerger’s disease, 743

Bulaq press (Cairo), 32

Bup Sa Ban (“Prescriptions of the Masters of Silla”), 390

Bureau of Mines (United States), 190 Bureau of Science (Manilla), 610 Burkitt’s lymphoma, 109 “button-scurvy,” 1034 byssinosis (brown lung), see occupational diseases, brown lung

cachexia Africana (pica), 501, 927, 930 California Institute of Technology, see universities

CalvG-Perthes disease, 537 Cambridge University, see universities camp fever (epidemic typhus), 1080 Campylobacter enteritis, 604, 606, 677 cancer (see also Burkitt’s lymphoma;

Epstein-Barr virus; leukemia),

1, 3, 6, 36, 41, 45, 95, 102-10, 121, 145,146, 176-85 passim, 187, 190-1, 211, 213, 233, 248, 257, 258, 265, 283, 332, 334, 351, 370, 371, 380, 384, 397, 399, 410, 411, 412, 437, 443, 474, 484, 517, 547, 580, 585, 651, 652, 654, 697, 720, 737, 744, 751, 773, 794, 796, 802, 804, 1064 and aflatoxin, 737 in Arab medicine, 102 and asbestos, 105, 517 “autonomy,” 103 betel nut chewing and, 109, 474 “black bile” theory and, 102, 265 bladder, 105, 106, 109, 176, 351 “blastema,” 103 breast, 102, 104, 105, 106, 109, 399 and genetic predisposition, 106 cell theory and, 103 cervical, 107, 109, 176, 370 and herpes simplex, 773 and promiscuity, 107, 108 and race differences, 108 and changing concepts, 102-9 and charcoal, 109 confused historically with erysipelas and gangrene, 265 correctal, 103, 107, 109, 146, 370, 412,

697, 802, 804

data on cause of death by, 211 diagnosis

biochemistry, 104 endoscopy, 104 imaging, 104 and diet, 107, 145, 146, 371, 517 discovery Oflymphatic system and, 102 Epstein-Barr virus, 109 esophageal, 109,176, 370, 371 in females, the most common, 104, 370 and food

additives, 108

contaminants, 108 genetic resistance to, 109 and goiter, 751 and hepatitis B virus, 108 history and geography, 1, 3, 6, 36, 41, 45, 102-10, 121, 145, 146, 176, 178, 184, 257-8, 265, 283, 293, 332, 334, 351, 363, 364, 370-1, 380, 384, 397, 399, 410,411,

412, 437, 443, 474, 484, 517, 530, 547

in Africa, sub-Sahara, 107, 108,109 in the Americas

Latin America and the Caribbean, 107

North, 95, 102-10 passim, 332 in Asia ■

Central, 109

East, 108

China: ancient, 351; modern, 108, 363, 364, 370-1 Japan, 106,107,108; premodern, 380, 384

Korea, premodem, 397, 399 South, 108

ancient, 410,411,412; modem, 474

Southeast, 437, 443 ancient, 410, 411, 412 Southwest, 109

in Australia and Oceania, 109, 484 in Europe

Western antiquity, 265 early modem, 102, 283 modem, 105-8 passim, 517 in Middle East and North Africa, 102, 334

in modem world, 109, 517 in pre-history, 248, 257-8 kangri bum, 474 Kaposi’s sarcoma, 547 kidney, 105, 176 Iarynyx, 176, 184 leukemia, 104, 105, 108, 176 lip, 178 liver, 109,176, 370, 371, 397, 412, 651, 652, 654, 737, 794, 796 and liver fluke, 109 lung, 104,105,106,108,109,176,178, 179,183,184,185,191,370,371 classified as phthisis or consumption, 178

and death rates by sex, 106 and genetic predisposition, 106 lymph theory, 103 in males, the most common, 104 mastectomy, 102 melanoma, 107-8

and race differences, 107-8

metastasis, 102, 103, 109 microscopy, 103 mortality rates, 102-9 passim, 213 nasopharynx, 176, 178, 248, 258, 371 occupational, 103, 187, 190-1 oral, 109, 176, 178 pancreas, 105, 176, 412, 697 prostrate, 104,105, 109, 176 and age, 107 and promiscuity, 107 race-related survival differences, 105 radiation and, 108 radioactive substances and, 103 radon gas and, 108 remission, 103 Roman medicine for, 102 and salt, 108 sarcoma, 102, 103

Schistoma haematobium, 109

scrotal, 103, 178

skin, 107

stomach, 108, 176, 370, 371, 384, 397, 517, 697

thyroid, 108, 474 tobacco products, 105, 106, 108, 109, 146, 176-85 passim, 371, 517 trachea, 176 treatments, 109 ultraviolet light and, 103, 107-8, 109 and urbanism, 370

uterine, 105, 397 vimses, 103, 109 and X-rays, 103, 108

“Cancer of the Andes” (utd}, 538 cancroma, see cancer

Candida albicans, and AIDS, 548 candidiasis, see fungus infections (mycoses)

canine distemper, and measles, 873 Canon OfMedicine by Avicenna (c.

1000), 12, 747, 838

Caraka Samhita (c. 123), 601 carate (pinta), 932 carcinode, see cancer carcinoma, see cancer cardiac disease (ChD)₁ see heart-related diseases

Cardiovascular Diseases Subcommittee of the National Research Council (United States), 972

Caribbean, see Americas, diseases of Camegie Foundation, 205

Carri6n^,s disease, 4, 537-8, 631-5

and anemia, 631-5

clinical manifestations, 632 definition, 631

diagnosis and treatment, 634 epidemiology and etiology, 631-2 experimental transmission, 631-2 history and geography, 635 immunology, 632 pathology, 632-4 vaccination, 635

“Casal’s necklace” (pellagra), 919-20 Cases OfApoplexy and Lethargy with Observations upon the Comatose Diseases by John Cheyne (1812), 585

Catalogue of Arthropod-borne Viruses, 595

catarrh (see also influenza), 2, 283, 347-8, 350, 635-6 catarrhus, see catarrh

ccara (pinta), 537 Cecil’s Textbook of Medicine (1948 edition), 769

Census of India (1913), 470

Centers for Disease Control (CDC), see United States, Public Health Service

Central Institute of Research in Indiginous Systems of Medicine (India), 32 cephalic tetanus, see tetanus cerebral arteriosclerosis, see Alzheimer’s disease cerebrospinal fever, see meningitis cerebrospinal meningitis (see also meningitis; poliomyelitis), 2, 303, 448, 451, 452 cestode infections, 636 Chagas-Cruz disease, see Chagas’ disease Chagas’ disease, 4, 98, 538, 541, 542, 636— 8

clinical manifestations and pathology, 637

definition, 636-7

distribution and incidence, 636 history and geography, 637—8 chalicosis, see occupational diseases chancroid, 396, 405 charbon, see anthrax

Charity Hospital (New Orleans), 973 Charity Hospital (Paris), 152, 824, 827 Charmides by Plato (c. fourth century B.C.), 47

chaude pisse (gonorrhea), 759 Chen-chiu ta-ch’eng (“Complete Presentation of Needling and Cauterization”) by Yang Chi-chou (1601), 25

Chester Infirmary (London), 961 “Cheyne-Stokes respiration,” 585 Chhun Chhiu, 347 chickenpox, see varicella zoster Chikungunya fever, 663, 699 “childbed fever,” see erysipelas; puerperal fever; streptococcal diseases children and infants, diseases of, 25, 14756, 151-2, 154-5, 303 concepts and classifications of, 147—51 congenital, 153-4

deficiency diseases, 152-3 history and geography, 25, 147-54, 397 and hospitals, 149-50 infections, 154—5, 303 and nutrition, 151-2, 303

Children’s Bureau (Great Britain), 222 China: The Health Sector (1984), 363 China Imperial Maritime Customs Medical Reports, 728

chincough (whooping cough), 1094-6 passim

Chinese Communist Party, 997 “Chinese disease” (leprosy), 488 Chinese Hospital (Java), 435 Chinese Imperial Maritime Customs Medical Service, 728, 1079

Chinese liver fluke, see clonorchiasis Chinese medicine, see medicine and medical history

chiropractic, 2, 34, 164—70

and germ theory of disease, 167—8

and “heroic” medicine, 165 history, 164—70 legal recognition, 166-7, 169 Le Chirurgien dentiste, ou traits des dents by Pierre Fauchard (1728), 926 chlamydial infection, 898 chlamydia trachomatis, 756 chlorosis (see also anemia), 2, 82, 144, 340, 572, 573, 638-42

clinical manifestations, 638-9, 640 distribution and incidence, 640-1 etiology and treatment, 639-40 and female susceptability, 638-41 and green skin color, 144, 638,639, 640, 641

history, 640-1

and iron deficiency, 144, 572, 573, 639

and pica, 639 cholecystitis, 738 cholelithiasis, see gallstones cholera (Asiatic), 5, 6, 7, 14, 18,19, 30, 59, 127, 128, 151, 160, 176, 202, 297, 303-4, 323, 334,351, 354, 356, 357, 367, 380, 382, 384, 387, 400, 401, 402, 407, 412, 414-15, 416, 418, 419,420-2, 423, 427, 428, 432, 434, 436, 441, 442, 448, 450, 458, 464, 465, 491, 501-2, 523,524, 527, 529, 541, 542, 641-9, 677, 678, 679, 730, 1059

causative agent discovered, 19,527, 642, 647, 648

clinical manifestations and pathology, 644

definition, 642-3

El Tor strain, 458

epidemics and pandemics

1817-24 (first pandemic), 415, 646 East Africa, 297 Korea, 402

1827-40 (second pandemic), 415, 646 Afghanistan, 647

Canada, 646 Caribbean, 647 China, 647 East Africa, 297, 415 Great Britain, 202, 415, 646 Italy, 647 Latin America, 647 North America, 527 Northern Europe, 646 Portugal, 647 Russia, 646 Spain, 647 United States, 646

1844—55 (third pandemic), 415, 647 Brazil, 541 Europe, 647 North America, 527 Persia, 647 Turkey, 647 United States, 647

1858—9 (East Africa), 297

1863—74 (fourth pandemic), 415, 647 Great Britain, 202 North America, 527

1881—96 (fifth pandemic), 647

Korea, 402

1899—1923 (sixth pandemic), 647 Korea, 402

1946 (Korea), 407

1947 (Egypt), 458

1961 to mid-1970s (seventh pandemic) 642, 647

1961 epidemic and current distribution, 641, 643 1970s (Europe), 643

1990s (South America), 524 epidemiology and distribution, 643, 648 eitology, 643 and famine, 160, 420, 422 history and geography, 644—9 in Africa, sub-Sahara

before 1860, 14, 297, 448, 450 since 1860, 303-4

in the Americas, since 1700

Latin America and the Caribbean, 107, 323, 415, 420, 421, 501-2, 523, 524, 527, 528, 541, 542, 647

North America, 527, 528, 529, 647 in Asia

East

China: ancient, 351; premodem, as a new disease, 354, 356, 357, 402, 646; modem, 367

Japan: premodern, 380, 382, 384; early modern, as a new disease, 387

Korea, modem, as a new disease, 400, 401, 402, 407

South

ancient, 412, 414, 642; premodem, 334, 414-15, 416; sixteenth century, 334, 414-15, 645; eighteenth century, 415, 645; nineteenth century, 645, 646; modem, 418, 419, 420-2, 423, 441, 442, 464, 465, 647 Southeast, antiquity to early modem, 427, 428, 432, 434, 436 in Australia and Oceania, 491 in Middle East and North Africa, 458 nineteenth century, 646 immunology, 643—4 and Institute Pasteur d’Outre-Mer, 128 treatment for, 644, 648-9 vaccination, 401, 421-2, 452, 644 cholera asiatica, see cholera cholera asphyxia, see cholera cholera epidemica, see cholera cholera infantum, 151, 388 cholera morbus, 642 cholera nostras, 642 cholera spasmodica, see cholera chorea, see Huntington’s disease Chou H (“Records of Institutions of the Chou Dynasty”), 348 Christian science, 77 Christmas disease, see bleeding disorders Christmas factor (Factor IX), see bleeding disorders

chronic cavitary histoplasmosis, see histoplasmosis chronic cor pulmonale, see dropsy; heart- related diseases

chronic dust-induced respiratory disease (CDIRD; brown lung), see occupational diseases

chronic granulomatosus disease, 124 “The Chronicles of Japan,” see

Nihonshoki chronic nephritis, 697 chronic obstructure lung disease (COLD), 370 chronic rheumatic arthritis (rheumatoid arthritis), 600 Chu-ping yuan-hou Iun (“On the Origin and Sjτnptoms of All Diseases”) by Chao Yuan-fang (seventh century), 57 chyluria, see filariasis Ciba Symposium (1958), 706 cigarette smoking, see tobaccosis ciguatera poisoning, 493 cirrhosis, 2, 351, 353, 382, 412, 443, 64953, 689, 690, 738, 794-8 passim

and alcohol, 649-53 passim causes discovered, 653 classification, 649-50 definition, 649 distribution and incidence, 650 and dropsy, 689 epidemiology, 650-1 and hepatitis, 794-8 passim and liver cancer, 651 citta (pica), 927 Civilization and Its Discontents by Sigmund Freud (1929), 77 “clap,” see gonorrhea classical antiquity, diseases of, see Europe, diseases of, Western antiquity clay eating, see pica Cleveland Clinic, 850

Clinique Medicale de VHdtel-Dieu de Paris by A.

Trousseau (1865), 585 Cloister of Monte Cassino, 12 clonidine, 173 clonorchiasis, 109, 654 Cnidian school, 47 Coal Mine Health and Safety Act (1969), 191

coal workers pneumoconiosis (CWP; black lung), see occupational diseases Coca-Cola, 173

coccidioidomycosis, see fungus infections (mycoses)

“Cochin-China diarrhea,” see strongyloidiasis cold sores, see herpes simplex Cold Spring Harbor Symposium (1967), 134, 136, 137 colerica passio, see cholera colica pictonum (lead poisoning), 824 “colic of Devonshire” (lead poisoning), 824 “colic of Poitou” (lead poisoning), 824 colitis, see inflammatory bowel disease A Collection of Proper Methods (Chuanya) by Zhao Xuemin (1759), 360 College OfPhysicians (London), 91 College of Physicians and Surgeons (Columbia University), 817

Colonial medicine, see medicine and medical history, tropical color blindness, 117 Columbia University, see universities Commentaries on the History and Cure of Disease by William Heberden (1802), 906

Commission on Educational Standards (chiropractic), 168 Committee on Medical Research, see

United States, Committee on Medical Research

Common Lodging House Act (Great Britain), 202

The Condition of the Working Class in England in 1845 by Frederick Engels, 187

condyloma, 369 congenital rubella Sjmdrome (CRS), see rubella

congestive heart failure and dropsy, 68996 passim

Congo-Crimean hemorrhagic fever, 699, 701, 819

Congrds International des Gouttes de Lait (Paris, 1905), 152

Congress of Industrial Organizations (CIO), 192

conjunctivitis (see also blindness; ophthalmia; trachoma), 406, 411, 757, 775

Connecticut State Health Department, 854

Conn’s syndrome, 793 consumption, see tuberculosis “The Contagiousness of Puerperal Fever” by Oliver Wendell Holmes (1842), 720, 1014

Convention on Psychotropic Drugs (1971), 175

convulsions, 151, 399, 430 convulsive ergotism, see ergotism “coolie itch” (hookworm disease), 784 corneal herpes, 773, 775, 777 Cornell University, see universities coronary heart disease, see heart-related diseases

cor pulmonale, see heart-related diseases coto (goiter), 538

“coughing sickness” (influenza), 379 "Counterblaste to Tobacco” by James I (1604), 177

“country fever of Constantinople,” see brucellosis

coxsackievirus, and meningitis, 875 crab yaws, see yaws

“craw-craw,” see onchocerciasis

“creeping sickness,” see ergotism cretinism, see goiter

Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease, 563

“crib death,” see sudden infant death syndrome

Crohn’s colitis (Crohn’s disease), see inflammatory bowel disease

Crohn’s disease, see inflammatory bowel disease

Croonian lectures, 119

croup (see also diphtheria), 654-7 clinical manifestations, 655-6 definition, 654

and diphtheria, 654—6 passim epidemiology and etiology, 654-5 history, 656

cryptococcosis, see fungus infections (mycoses)

Curtis’s Works on Diseases of India (Edinburgh, 1807), 645

Cushing’s Sjmdrome, 793, 1089

cutaneous herpes (HSV-I), see herpes simplex

“Cutter Incident” of 1955, 943, 945 Cutter Laboratories, 943

Cyclopedia of the Diseases of Children by J.

M. Keating (1889), 153 cynanche maligna (diphtheria), 991 cystic fibrosis, 6, 124, 657-8, 814

cause identified, 658 clinical manifestations, 657-8 definition, 657

etiology, 657 history and geography, 658 cytomegalovirus infection, 548, 659—60, 938

and acquired immune deficiency syndrome, 548

causative agent discovered, 660 clinical manifestations and pathology, 659

definition, 659 distribution and incidence, 659-60 history and geography, 660 immunology, 660

and pneumonia, 938

DSM, see Diagnostic and Statistical Manual, Mental Disorders “DaCosta’s syndrome,” 94

“Dalziel’s disease” (Crohn’s disease), 806 “dandy fever,” see dengue

Dangerous Drugs Act of 1920 (United Kingdom), 174

Dangerous Trades by Thomas Oliver (1902), 189

Darwinism, 118, 138, 153, 318, 319, 322 De Abditis Nonnulus ac Mirandis

Morborum et Sanationum Causis by Antonio Benivieni (1507), 740

De Anima Brutorum by Thomas Willis (1672), 892

deer-fly fever (tularemia), 1068

Delaney Amendment to the U.S. Food, Drug, and Cosmetic Act, 108

Delhi boil (leishmaniasis), 833 delirium, see mental illness

Delta agent, see hepatitis, infectious De Medicina by Celsus (first century), 731, 1090

dementia, see Alzheimer’s disease; mental illness; Parkinson’s disease dementia praelox, 75

demography, see disease, human migration and history of; mortality

De Morbis Veneris by Jean Astruc (1736), 776, 1030-1

De Morbus Artificum Diatriba (“Diseases of Workers”) by Bemardino Ramazzini (1700), 187, 201

De Motu Cordis by William Harvey (1828), 692-3

dengue (see also arboviruses), 2, 4, 6, 39, 293, 355, 367, 376, 404, 433, 442, 486, 503, 540-1, 592, 593, 660-4, 699, IlOl

causative agent discovered, 664

dengue (cont.)

definition, 660—1 and dengue shock syndrome, 660, 662 distribution, 592 epidemics

1779 (Dutch East Indies), 661, 663

1780 (Philadelphia), 661, 663 1827-8 (Spanish West Indies), 661 1885-6 (Fiji), 486

1927-8 (Athens outbreak), 663 1939 (Cook Islands), 486 1943-4 (Fiji), 486 1977 (Puerto Rican outbreak), 663 1981 (Caribbean outbreak), 663 1981 (Cuban epidemic), 663 1981-2 (Australian epidemic, northern Queensland), 663

1984 (Clark Air Force Base, Philippines, outbreak), 662 1984-5 (Mozambique outbreak), 663 1986 (Rio de Janeiro outbreak), 663 etiology and epidemiology, 593 and hemorrhagic dengue, 660, 661, 662 history and geography in Africa, sub-Sahara, 4, 663, 699 before 1860, 2, 293

in the Americas, since 1700: Latin America and the Caribbean, 503, 540, 541, 661, 663 in Asia

East: China premodern, 355; modem, 367, 376

Southeast

ancient and early modem, 433; modem, 442, 443

in Australia and Oceania, 486, 661, 663

vaccination, 661

Department of Health (United Kingdom), 600

De Pica by M.

H. Boezo (1638), 927 depression, see mental illness

De Rachitide by Francis Glisson (1650), 152

dermatophytosis, see fungus infections (mycoses)

The Description of the York Retreat by Samuel Tuke (1813), 65

De Sedibus, et Causis Morborum, see On the Sites and Causes of Disease de Soto (Hemando) expedition, 320 devil’s fire (ergotism), 718 Devonshire Royal Hospital (England), 765 “dew poison” (hookworm disease), 784 Diabetes in America by The National Diabetic Group (1985), 673 diabetes insipidus, see diabetes mellitus diabetes mellitus, 6, 36, 97, 145, 169, 293, 353, 375, 379, 382, 384, 392, 397-8, 412, 492, 523, 580, 665-76, 766, 837 clinical manifestations, 672 definition, 665 distribution and incidence, 671—2 epidemiology and etiology, 666—71 genetic factors, 667-8 and gout, 766

history of the classification of, 665-6 history and geography, 672-4 mortality, 672 and obesity, 668, 669-70 and thrifty gene hypothesis, 674 Diabetes Mellitus in the Tropics by J. A. Tulloch (1962), 673

Diagnosis of Diseases of the Brain, Spinal Cord, Nerves and Their Appendages by J. Russell Reynolds (1866), 585

Diagnostic and Statistical Manual, Mental Disorders (DSM), 79, 80, 81, 82, 89, 577

diarrheal diseases (acute) (including infantile) (see also amebic dysentery; bacillary dysentery; dysentery; giardiasis; inflammatory bowel disease; lactose intolerance and malabsorption; protein-energy malnutrition), 95, 147, 151, 161, 212,213, 266-7, 297, 298, 299,303, 304, 320, 323, 330, 387, 391, 413, 422, 429, 456, 457, 461, 465, 467, 484, 491, 538, 541, 573, 675, 676-80, 745, 766,873, 930

clinical manifestations, 677-8 definition, 675 distribution and incidence, 676-7 etiology and epidemiology, 677 history, 679 immunology, 677 pathology, 678-9 and pica, 930 prevention and treatment, 679 dichuchwa, 1034 Dick test, 991, 992 diphtheria (see also croup), 19, 48,127, 128, 135, 137, 150, 154,155, 161, 164, 265-6, 270, 282, 291, 303, 320, 323, 353, 354, 355, 356, 380, 388, 391, 395, 399, 401, 406, 407, 410, 412, 452, 458, 465, 467, 487, 499, 523, 541, 654-6, 680-3, 879, 991, 1045

causative agent discovered, 19,150, 681, 682

clinical manifestations and pathology,

681 definition, 680

diagnosis and treatment, 681-2 distinguished from scarlet fever, 1015 distinguished as separate illness, 320,

682

distribution, incidence, and immunity, 680-1

epidemiology, 681 and famine, 161 history and geography, 682—3 in Africa, sub-Sahara, since 1860, 303, 452 in the Americas

1492-1700, 323, 499, 523, 541 since 1700, Latin America and the Caribbean, 541 in Australia and Oceania, 487 in Asia

East

China: ancient, 353; premodem, as a new disease, 354, 355, 356

Japan: premodem, 380; early modem, 388

Korea: ancient, 391; premodem,

395, 399; modem, 401, 406,

407

South

ancient, 410; modem, 465, 467 in Europe

Western antiquity, 265-6

Middle Ages, 270

Renaissance and early modem, 282 1700-1900, 291

in Middle East and North Africa, 458 and scarlet fever, 991

treatment, 127, 128, 135, 137, 154, 164, 681-3

vaccination, 127, 128, 129, 135,137,

452, 682-3, 879, 944 diphtheritis, see diphtheria “dirt eating” (pica), 930 “disease of acclimation” (yellow fever),

1101

disease and human progress and agricultural revolution, 279-93 pas

sim, 497-8

and animal husbandry, 247, 248, 250,

251, 293-5, 305, 505

and early agriculture, 36-7, 247—8,

250, 293-5, 311-13, 477, 522 primitive peoples and relative freedom

from disease, 248, 293-5, 305,

320, 448, 482-3, 497-8, 506-7, 521-2

and urbanism, 247-8, 272-3, 276, 284

5, 448, 477-8, 505

disease, human migration and history of in Africa, 300-1, 450-1

from, to the Americas, 317-26 passim, 450-1, 499-502, 523-6, 539-41

and the slave trade, 39, 295-6 trypanosomiasis in, 556, 557, 558 in America, North: United States,

amebic dysentery, 569 in Asia

from, to the Americas, 450, 497—8,

520-2

China, 37

China to Europe, 38

India

cholera and the British Army, 645

6,647 cholera and the Hindu pilgrimage, 421, 422, 645

in Australia and Oceania, 482-5 Pacific, 40-1

conjunctivitis and troop movement,

903-4

in Europe

the Crusades, 38, 272

and conjunctivitis, 902 from, to Africa, 447-52 passim from, to the Americas, 36-7, 39-40,

317-26 passim, 497-9, 500-2, passim, 523-9, 539-42 passim leprosy and the army of Alexander, 273-4

Rome, 37

and filariasis, 727

in Middle East and North Africa cholera and the Muslim pilgrimage, 467, 647

leprosy to North Africa, 459 malaria and the Muslim pilgrimage, 455

and multiple sclerosis, 884-5 and plague, 276, 612, 630-1 and syphilis, 286

Diseases III in the Hippocratic corpus, 1044

Diseases of the Brain and Nervous System by Richard Bright (1831), 585 Disease Surveillance Point (DSP) System, China, 370

“disease of the three d’s” (pellagra), 918 “disease of the Western barbarians” (cholera), 387

Dispensatory of the United States of America (1836), 766

disseminated histoplasmosis, see histoplasmosis diverticular disease, 36 Division of Child Hygiene (New York City), 204

Doctrine of Double Truth, 514 Dogmatists, 12

Domesday Book, 271 “dose,” see gonorrhea dothinenteritis, see typhoid Down’s syndrome, see Down syndrome Down syndrome (see also genetic diseases), 6,113, 121-3, 564, 683-6, 866

and Alzheimer’s disease, 564 clinical manifestations, 684-5 cytogenetics, 113, 121-3 definition, 683 distribution and incidence, 684 epidemiology and etiology, 684 history and geography, 121-3, 685-6 and mastoiditis, 866 and mother’s age, 684 dracontiasis, see dracunculiasis dracunculiasis (Guinea worm infection), 4, 6,14, 17, 295, 299, 302, 303, 448, 500, 526, 687-9 clinical manifestations and pathology, 688

definition, 687 distribution and incidence, 687 epidemiology and etiology, 687-8 history and geography, 688 dracunculosis, see dracunculiasis dropsy (see also beriberi; glomerulonephritis; heart- related diseases; hypertension), 47, 212, 334, 380, 382, 384, 414, 501, 689, 690-6 clinical manifestations and pathology, 690-1 definition, 689 distribution and incidence, 690 etiology and epidemiology, 689-90 history and geography, 691-6

“Dropsy Courting Consumption” (print by Thomas Rowlandson), 690 drug addiction, see addiction

Drug Supervisory Board (League of Nations, 1933-67), 175 Driisenfieber (infectious mononucleosis), 799

“dry bellyache” (lead poisoning), 501, 821, 825

dry beriberi, see beriberi

“dry colic” (lead poisoning), 824 dry gangrene, see gangrene “dry gripes” (lead poisoning), 825 Dublin Lying-In Hospital, 1048 Duchenne muscular dystrophy (DMD), see muscular dystrophy

Duffy blood group antigens (see also malaria, vivax), 448, 526, 858-9 dumdum fever (leishmaniasis), 833 Dutch East India Company, 435, 1002 dysentery (see also amebic dysentery; bacillary dysentery; diarrheal diseases), 6, 19, 48, 160, 266-7, 331, 334, 348, 355, 356, 357, 358, 374, 377, 379, 380, 382, 383, 384, 387, 391, 394-5, 399, 401, 402, 412, 414, 422, 424, 427, 428, 442, 448, 502, 526, 530, 540, 612, 696, 1064

and Black Death, 612 causative agents discovered, 19 and famine, 160 history and geography in Africa, sub-Sahara, before 1860, 448

in the Americas, since 1700, Latin America and the Caribbean, 331, 502, 530, 540 in Asia

East

China: ancient, 348; premodern, 355, 356, 357, 358

Japan: ancient, 374; premodern, 377, 379, 380, 382, 383, 384; early modern, 387

Korea: ancient, 391; premodem, 394-5, 399; modem, 401, 402 South

ancient, 412; premodem, 334, 414, 417; modem, 422, 424 India, since sixteenth century, 334 Southeast ancient and premodem, 427, 428; modem, 442 in Europe

Western antiquity, 266-7

Middle Ages, 612

in Middle East and North Africa, 334 dyspepsia (indigestion; peptic ulcer), 68, 88, 176, 412, 461, 696-8 clinical manifestations, 696 definition, 695 distribution and incidence, 696 etiology and epidemiology, 696

history and geography, 697-8 dyspnea, see dropsy; heart-related diseases dystrophia, 890

ear diseases, see mastoiditis earth eating, see pica East Africa Medical Survey, 996-7 eastern equine encephalitis, 593, 594 East India Company, see Dutch East India

Company

Eber’s Papyrus, 457, 688, 692, 776, 786,

925

Ebola virus disease, 2, 7, 298, 699-702, 819, 863, 864

clinical manifestations, 701

definition, 699 epidemiology, distribution, and inci

dence, 699-701

etiology, 701

outbreak in Virginia (1989), 699-700 pathology and diagnosis, 701-2 treatment and prevention, 702 vaccination, 702

echinococcosis (hydatidosis), 703-4 eclampsia (see also hypertension; toxemia

of pregnancy), 22, 220, 399, 412, 704-6

clinical manifestations, 704

confused with epilepsy, 705 definition, 704 distribution and incidence, 704 history and geography, 705

Economic and Social Council, see United

Nations, Economic and Social Council edema, see anorexia nervosa; beriberi;

dropsy; famine;

glomerulonephritis; heart- related diseases; hypertension; protein-energy malnutrition Edinburgh Medical Journal (1845), 847 Edinburgh, University of, see universities The Effects of Arts, Trades, and Profes

sions on Health and Longevity by Charles Turner Thackrah (1832), 187

Egyptiacum (diphtheria), 656 “Egyptian chlorosis” (hookworm disease),

785

“Egyptian ophthalmia” (trachoma), 459,

897, 903

“Egyptian ulcers,” 266 Elements of Medicine by John Brown

(1803), 86 elephantiasis (see also filariasis; leprosy),

334, 338, 380, 414, 725, 726, 727, 728

el peste (yellow fever), 1100 Emmanuel movement, 77 empeines (pinta), 932 emphysema, 2, 176, 183, 396, 706—8, 780 clinical manifestations, 707 definition, 706 distribution and incidence, 706-7 etiology and epidemiology, 707 history, 707-8

Empiricists, 12 enamel hypoplasia, 251, 255—6, 258 encephalitis Iethargica (see also Japanese B encephalitis), 348, 406, 407, 521, 590, 593-4, 708-12, 807, 873, 875, 915

and African trypanosomiasis, 711 and botulism, 711 causative agents discovered, 711-12 clinical manifestations and pathology, 708-9 epidemiology, 709-10 etiology, 710—1 history and geography, 710-12, 915 Europe (1917-26), 710, 915 Great Britain (1924), 712 Samoan Islands (1918—22), 710—12 United States (1918-26), 710-12 immunology, 711 and influenza, 6, 708-12, 807 and measles, 711, 873 and meningitis, 875 and mumps, 711 and rabies, 711 and Reye’s syndrome, 711 and syphilis, 711

Encyclopedia Brittanica (VllV), 63 Encyclopedia by Denis Diderot (1751), 201 endemic syphilis, see syphilis, nonvenereal

endemic typhus (typhus, murine), 1085 endocarditis, see heart-related diseases endoscopy-negative dyspepsia, 697 Enfants Malades (children’s hospital, Paris), 149

Enfants Trouv6s (ancient foundling hospital, Paris), 149

enfermedad de Robles (onchocerciasis), 895

English Bills of Mortality, 209 The English Malady by George Cheyne (1733), 63

“English sweate,” see sweating sickness enteric fever (typhoid fever), 1071 enteritis, 95, 356

enteritis necroticans (pigbel), 491 enterobiasis (see also pinworm infection), 351, 403, 442, 711-12 eosinophilic meningitis, 492 epidemic cholera, see cholera epidemic hemorrhagic fever, 367 epidemic meningitis, 395 epidemic parotitis, see mumps Epidemics (in the Hippocratic corpus), 11, 264, 267, 776, 888, 1014 epilepsy, 6, 64, 71, 75, 88, 264, 270, 334, 375, 380, 392, 399, 400, 414, 430, 704, 705, 713-17, 964 classification, clinical manifestations and pathology, 715-16 confused with eclampsia, 705 confused with rabies, 964 definition, 713 distribution and incidence, 714-15 and drug addiction, 715 etiology and epidemiology, 713-14 history and geography, 716-17 and lead poisoning, 715 and meningitis, 713 and mental illness, 71, 75

and nonprocreational sex, 88 Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) (see also infectious mononucleosis), 109, 779 erdessen (pica), 927 ergotism (see also erysipelas; fungus poisoning; gangrene; St.

Anthony’s fire), 267, 272,718-20, 736, 737, 742, 744, 935, 936, 989,1023 classification, 718 clinical manifestations and pathology, 718-19

confused with other diseases, 718, 720 definition, 718 etiology and epidemiology, 719 and gangrene, 718-20 passim, 742, 744 history and geography, 719

in Europe, Middle Ages, 270,272, 719 Plague of Athens as, 935, 936 sweating sickness as, 1023

“erosive joint disease,” 601-2 erysipelas (see also ergotism; puerperal fever; St. Anthony’s fire; scarlet fever; streptococcal diseases), 220, 267, 375, 380, 391,398, 414, 720-1, 742, 989, 1078 causative agents discovered, 720-1 confused with gangrene, 267, 720 decline, 220 and herpes, 267 history, 720-1 and puerperal fever, 220, 720 and St. Anthony’s fire, 720 and scarlet fever, 720 and streptococcus pyogenes, 220, 720 and wound infections, 720

erysipelas of the lung (pneumonia), 940 espundia (leishmaniasis), 832 Essai sur les maladies de Voreille interne by Jean Antoine Saissy (1829), 869

Essay on Human Understanding by John Locke (1690), 201 essential hypertension, see hypertension “estiva autumnal fever,” see malaria, falciparum

TheEtiology, Concept, and Prophylaxis of Childbed Fever by Philip Ignaz Semmelweis (1861), 720 “European pox” (syphilis), 339 Europe, diseases of

pre-Roman world: anemia, 256, 257, 258; ankylosing spondilitis, 254; arthritis, 252—4;

ascariasis, 252, 603; cancer, 257-8; dental diseases, 251, 255-6, 258; enamel hypoplasia, 251, 255-6, 258; fungal diseases, 247, 250, 251; goiter, 750; gout, 254; heart- related diseases, 517; hookworm disease, 786; leprosy, 251, 252, 254; liver fluke, 252; malaria, falciparum, 257; osteomyelitis, 251, 252, 258; periostitis, 251, 252, 258; pneumonia, 947; poliomyelitis, 252, 258; relapsing fever, 969; rheumatoid arthritis, 254; rickets, 979; schistosomiasis, 252; smallpox, 1009, 1010; spondylosis deformasis, 253; tapeworm, 252, 1036; thalassemia, 257; trauma, 248-50, 258; tuberculosis, 251, 252, 258; tumors, 258, 259; typhoid, 1075

Western antiquity: anthrax, 583; apoplexy, 263-4; asthma, 264; cancer, 265; diphtheria, 265-6; dropsy, 692; dysentery, 266-7; epilepsy, 264, 716-17; ergotism, 744; erysipelas, 265, 267, 720; favism, 722—4 passim; gangrene, 265; goiter, 750; gonorrhea, 262, 759; gout, 263; herpes simplex, 776; hookworm disease, 786; lead poisoning, 263, 820-7 passim; leprosy, 838; malaria, 267-9, 861, 873; malaria, falciparum, 269; mumps, 888; osteoarthritis, 908; pica, 929; plague, 264-5, 507, 509; Plague of Athens, 264, 507, 509, 934-7; Plague of Justinian, 510; pneumonia, 940; rabies, 964; relapsing fever, 979; scurvy, 263; smallpox, 1009; tetanus, 1044; tetanus, neonatal, 1048; tuberculosis, 1062-3; typhoid, 1075

Middle Ages: amebiasis, 270; anemia, 271; anthrax, 270, 277, 583; chickenpox, 512; diphtheria, 270; dropsy, 692; epilepsy, 270, 717; ergotism, 272; goiter, 750; gonorrhea, 270, 759-60; influenza, 273, 275, 278, 514, 612, 718, 719, 808; lead poisoning, 824; leprosy, 14, 273, 274, 278, 512, 514, 824, 836, 839; measles, 270; ophthalmia, 272; pica, 929; plague, 273, 274, 275-8, 347-50, 510, 512, 51314, 515, 612-15 passim, 62831 passim; pneumonia, 270; rabies, 964, 966; relapsing fever, 969; rickets, 271, 978, 979; St. Anthony’s fire, 989-90; scarlet fever, 270, 991; scrofula, 273, 998-1000; sweating sickness, 275,1023-4; scurvy, 272; smallpox, 270, 277, 512, 1010; trachoma, 270; tuberculosis, 252, 270, 273, 275, 278, 512, 515, 1063; typhus, 270, 277

Renaissance and early modern period: anorexia nervosa, 283; arthritis, 283; cancer, 283; diphtheria, 282; eclampsia, 705; ergotism, 719; favism, 722—4 passim; gonorrhea, 759; gout, 283; influenza, 275, 282, 283, 709, 809; leprosy, 516; malaria, 286, 516, 861, 873; measles, 282, 285; pellagra, 285; plague,

280—2, 282-6 passim, 513,

516; rabies, 964-5, 966; relapsing fever, 968-9; rheumatic fever, 283; rickets, 283, 979; scarlet fever, 283, 991; scurvy, 283, 285; smallpox, 282, 283, 2845, 286, 516; sweating sickness, 283, 1023; syphilis, 283, 284, 285—6, 515, 1029-31; tuberculosis, 283, 284, 285, 286, 516, 1063,1064; typhus, 283, 2856, 515, 1082; whooping cough, 282, 283, 1095; yaws, 1099; yellow fever, 286 modern period: acquired immune deficiency syndrome, 547, 548; Alzheimer’s disease, 565-6; amebic dysentery, 569; anorexia nervosa, 578, 579-80; anthrax, 582-4 passim; brucellosis, 505, 625-8; cancer, see cancer; cholera, 646-9 passim; dengue, 663; diphtheria, 291, 682; dropsy, 693-5 passim; eclampsia, 705; encephalitis lethargica, 710, 712; epilepsy, 717; ergotism, 719; erysipelas, 720-1; favism, 722-4 passim; goiter, 752;

gout, 767-9; gonorrhea, 758-9, 760; heart-related diseases see heart-related diseases; herpes simplex, 776-8 passim; hookworm disease, 786; influenza, 282, 709, 809, 810; lead poisoning, 821-2, 824; Legionnaire’s disease, 830, 831; leprosy, 839; leptospirosis, 840-2 passim; lupus erythematosus, 848-51 passim; Lyme borreliosis, 854; malaria, 855, 861; measles, 298; meningitis, 877, 878; mumps, 888; ophthalmia, 9024; pellagra, 918, 920-1;

plague, 288, 289, 630-1; pneumonia, 289; pneumoniadiarrhea complex, 288, 289, 291; poliomyelitis, 943, 944, 945, 947, 948; protein-energy malnutrition, 953; puerperal fever, 956; Q fever, 958-61 passim; rabies, 966; relapsing fever, 968-9; rickets, 979, 980; rubella, 988; scarlet fever, 289, 291, 991, 992; smallpox, 289, 291, 1010-13 passim; syphilis, 1031-2; tetanus, neonatal, 1048-9; toxoplasmosis, 1052; trench fever, 1053; tuberculosis, 289, 291, 517, 1064; typhoid, 289, 1071, 1072, 1073, 1075-6; typhus, 288, 289, 1082, 1083; weanling diarrhea, 290; whooping cough, 1095; yellow fever, 286, 1104 Evangel Hospital (Jos, Nigeria), 817 evil fire (ergotism), 718 Evolution Committee of the Royal Society, 118

Expanded Programme on Immunization (EPI), see World Health Organization, Expanded Programme on Immunization eye diseases, see blindness; conjunctivitis; ophthalmia

Factory Act of 1833 (Great Britain), 202 Factory and Workshops Act of 1895 (Great Britain), 584 “faeco-malarial fever,” 1079 falciparum malaria, see malaria, falciparum

famine, 157—63 passim, 280, 281, 288, 300-1, 382, 415, 420, 422, 969, 1003

African “hungry season,” 300-1 and behavioral diseases, 158-60 and cholera, 420, 422 detection, 162-3 and epidemics, 160 general starvation, 157-8 and hookworm disease, 160, 161 history and geography, 161-4

Bengal, 1943-4, 419, 420, 424 England, 1315-17, 38 Ethiopian, 1973-5, 162

Great Ethiopian, 1888-92,160 Great Famine of 1230 (Japan), 382 Great Famine of 1590 (India), 415 Ireland’s Great Hunger 1845-52, 161, 969, 1003

Madras, 1877-8, 422

Punjab, 1939, 159

Russian, 1919-22, 161

and infectious diseases, 160-1

and influenza, 160, 161

and measles, 160 and meningitis, 160 and mumps, 161 and pica, 929 and plague, 160 and population increase, 282 and protein-energy malnutrition, 950-5 passim

and relapsing fever, 161,162, 968, 969 and scurvy, 1003 and smallpox, 160, 420 and social disorder, 158-60 famine diarrhea, 158 famine fever, see relapsing fever; typhus, epidemic

Far Eastern Association of Tropical Medicine (Manila meeting, 1910), 436

fascioliasis, 721 fasciolopsiasis, 442, 722 “fava bean poisoning,” see favism favism (see also anemia; glucose 6- phosphate dehydrogenase deficiency; malaria), 6, 573, 722-4 clinical manifestations, 723 definition, 722

distribution and incidence, 722-3 etiology and epidemiology, 723 history and geography, 723—4 faυus, see fungus infections (mycoses) febre maculosa Brasileira (Rocky Mountain spotted fever), 985 febris ardens, see malaria

febris miliaria rubra (scarlet fever), 991 Federal Children’s Bureau (United

States), 204-5

fersa (measles), 873 “fetal alcohol syndrome,” 154 fibrinogen (Factor I), see bleeding disorders

fibrin-stabilizing factor (Factor XIII), see bleeding disorders

fibrocystic disease of the pancreas, see cystic fibrosis

fiebre de choix (Rocky Mountain spotted fever), 985

fiebre manchada (Rocky Mountain spotted fever), 985

“field fever” (leptospirosis), 840 Field Museum of Natural History, 930 figure boutonneuse (boutonneuse fever), 985

figure jaune (yellow fever), 1100 filariasis (Bancroftian) (see also elephantiasis; Loa Loa; onchocerciasis), 36, 295, 302, 334, 338, 404, 412, 442, 445, 450, 455, 472-3, 483, 485-6, 493, 500, 501, 503, 540, 72430

causative agent discovered, 727—9 clinical manifestations and pathology, 725-6

confused with leprosy, 726 definition, 724 distribution and incidence, 724-5 epidemiology and etiology, 725 history and geography, 726—30 in Africa, sub-Sahara before 1860, 295, 450, 727 since 1860, 302, 725 in the Americas

1492-1700, 450, 500, 727 since 1700, 501, 503, 540, 724, 727 in Asia

East

China: early modern, 727; modem, 36, 724, 725

Japan, modem, 724

Korea, modem, 445 South ancient, 412; early modem, 727; modem, 472-3, 724, 725 Southeast

ancient, 727; modem, 442 in Australia and Oceania, 483, 4856, 493

in Europe, Western antiquity, 726 in Middle East and North Afnca₁ 334, 338, 455

ancient, 726—7

treatment and control, 726

First International Congress of Immunology (Washington, D.C., 1971), 137

Fitz-Hugh-Curtis syndrome, 757 five-day fever (trench fever), 1052 Five-Phases School, 23, 24, 55, 57 flatworms, see cestode infections; echinococcosis; tapeworm infection

Aaviviruses, see dengue; Japanese B encephalitis; yellow fever flea-borne typhus fever, see typhus, murine

Fleckfieber (epidemic typhus), 1080 “flox” (smallpox), 321 flu, see influenza fluorine poisoning, 371 flux (bacillary dysentery), 605 Fogarty International Center, 653 fogo selυagem (pemphigus foliaceus), 538 Foochow Missionary Hospital Report (1909), 356

Food and Agriculture Organization, see

United Nations, Food and Agricultural Organization Food and Nutrition Board of the National

Academy of Science’s National

Research Council, 611 Fournier’s gangrene, 744 Fourth Lateran Council (1215), 512 framboesia (yaws), 1096 Framingham (Mass.) Study, 96-7, 690, 738, 739, 767, 768, 789 French Academy of Medicine, 1004 French Academy of Sciences, 752 “French pox” (syphilis), 339, 1030 Freudian psychology, see mental illness “Friars of the Blue Tau,” 990 Friedlander’s pneumonia, see pneumonia Fu-jen Iiang fang (“Good Prescriptions for

Females”) by Ch’en Tzu-ming (1237), 25 functional dyspepsia, see dyspepsia “funeral pox” (smallpox), 378 fungus infections (mycoses), 247-50, 251, 259, 730-5, 875 aspergillosis and mucormycosis, 735 candidiasis (including thrush), 732 coccidioidomycosis, 732-3 cryptococcosis, 734 dependent mycoses, 735 histoplasmosis, see histoplasmosis introduction and classification, 730-1 mycetoma, 734 opportunistic and iatrogenic infections, 733-4

rhinosporidiosis, 735 ringworm (tinea; dermatophytosis), 731-2

Sporptrichosis, 733 systemic mycoses, 732 fungus poisoning (see also ergotism), 736

and alimentary toxic aleukia, 737

and beriberi, 737 definition, 736 and ergotism, 736, 737 and Kashin-Beck disease, 737 mycetism, 736-7 mycotoxicoses, 737 fural (cholera), 643

G6PD deficiency, see glucose 6-phosphate

dehydrogenase deficiency

gallstones (cholelithiasis), 36, 46, 397, 738-40, 1072

and cholesterol, 738-40 passim classification, 738 distribution and incidence, 738-40 epidemiology and etiology, 738-9 history and paleopathology, 739-40 and pancreatitis, 738 and sickle-cell disease, 738 and “thrifty gene” theory, 739 and typhoid fever, 1072 gangosa, see yaws gangrene, 6,102, 265, 398, 401, 741-5 clinical manifestations, 741-2 and ergotism, 718-20 passim, 742, 744 etiology, 742-4

and heart-related diseases, 743, 744 history and geography, 744 and Raynaud’s syndrome, 742-3 gangrenous ergotism, see ergotism gaol fever (epidemic typhus), 1080 garofillo, see diphtheria gas gangrene, see gangrene gastroenteritis, 422, 424, 490 Gaucher’s disease, 1036 Gay Men’s Health Crisis Agency, 549 gelbfieber (yellow fever), 1100 General Board of Health (Great Britain), 202

General Hospital (Manila), 974, 1021 General Mills, 611

genetic diseases (see also bleeding disorders; cystic fibrosis; Down syndrome; epilepsy; favism; Huntington’s disease; leukemia; multiple sclerosis; muscular dystrophy; Parkinson’s disease; sickle-cell anemia; Tay-Sachs disease), 1-2, 6, 113-24 definition, 113-14 history, 114-24

Mendelian Phenotypes Catalogue, 114 models of genetic transmission, 114—15 recombinant DNA technology, 113-24 passim

Geneva Opium Conferences, 175 genital herpes (HSV-2), see herpes simplex geophagia, see hookworm disease; pica geoρhagy (pica), 927

German measles, see rubella “germ of laziness” (hookworm disease), 786

giardiasis, 442, 677, 678, 679, 745 “gingivitis,” see peridontal disease “gin liver” (cirrhosis), 652 Gion Festival (Japan), 381 glandular fever (infectious mononucleosis), 799

“gleets,” 86

Global Commission for the Certification of Smallpox Eradication, 1012-13 glomerulonephritis (Bright’s disease) (see also streptococcal disease), 487, 689,694,695, 746-9

clinical manifestations and pathology, 747

definition, 746 distribution and incidence, 746 epidemiology, etiology, and immunology, 746-7

history and geography, 747-9 glucose 6-phosphate dehydrogenase deficiency (G6PD deficiency) (see also anemia; favism; malaria), 294, 573, 722-4, 859, 984 gnathostomiasis, 442 goiter, 144-5, 349, 350, 371-2, 411, 427, 473, 474, 492, 538, 750-6 and cancer, 751

classification and diagnosis, 750-1 confused with tuberculosis, 750-5 passim

and cretinism, 144, 145, 750-5 passim definition, 750-4 passim

distribution and incidence, 144, 750-5 passim

endemic, 144, 750-5 passim etiology, 144, 751

history and geography, 750-5 passim in the Americas

pre-Columbian, 538

modern

Brazil, 538; United States, 753-4 in Asia

East, China

ancient, 349, 754; modern, 371-2 South

ancient, 411; modern, 473, 474 Southeast, ancient and early modern, 427

in Australia and Oceania, 492

in Europe

Western antiquity, 750

Middle Ages, 754

early modern, 750, 751

since 1700, 752

and iodine, 144-5, 751-5 goitre, see goiter goitrogens, see goiter The Golden Cage: The Enigma of Anorexia Nervosa by Hilde Bruch (1978), 581

gonococcal conjunctivitis, see ophthalmia gonorrhea, 14, 38, 87, 262, 270, 297, 356, 369, 375, 388, 391, 392, 396, 397, 399, 405, 407, 414, 448, 449, 451, 460, 490, 756-63, 1031-2

causative agent discovered, 760, 1032 classification, immunology, and pathology, 757-8

clinical manifestations, 756-7 confused with syphilis, 750-60, 1031-2 definition, 756

distribution and incidence, 758—9 early etiological views, 87, 759-60 epidemiology, 760

etiology and diagnosis, 756 history and geography, 759-60 in Africa, sub-Sahara

before 1860, 297, 448, 449 since 1860, 451, 758 in the Americas

1492-1700, 39

since 1700

Latin America and the Caribbean, 758; North America, 756-63 passim in Asia

East

China: premodem, 356; modem, 369

Japan: ancient, 375; early modem, 388

Korea: ancient, 391, 392; premodem, 396, 397, 399; modem, 405, 407

South, premodem, 414 in Australia and Oceania, 490 in Europe

Western antiquity, 262, 759

Middle Ages, 270 early modem, 759 since 1700, 758-9, 760 in Middle East and North Africa, 460, 759

Gottingen University, see universities gout (see also arthritis, rheumatoid), 6, 47, 48, 86, 254, 263, 283, 76371, 821, 824, 906-9 passim clinical manifestations, 764 definition, 763 and diet, 764-71 passim epidemiology, 767-71 etiology, 763-4 history and geography, 764-71 passim in Africa, sub-Sahara, modem, 771 in the Americas, modem, 764-71 passim

in Asia, East

China, modem, 770-1

Japan, modem, 770

in Australia and Oceania, 770-1

in Europe

pre-Roman world, 254

Western antiquity, 263

Renaissance and early modem, 283 modem, 764-71 passim in Middle East and North Africa, 771 and hypertension, 766-7 and lead poisoning, 821, 824 and non-Caucasians, 767, 769-71 and osteoarthritis, 906—9 passim treatment, 766-7 goutte asthenique primitive (rheumatoid arthritis), 600 Gouttes de Lait, 152 gozzo, see goiter grand mal seizure, see epilepsy granular conjunctivitis (trachoma), 897 Great Famine of 1230 (Japan), 382 “The Great Fear” (France), 719 “Great Leap Forward” (China), 997 “Great Mortality” (Black Death; plague), 612

“Great Pestilence” (Black Death; plague),

612

“the great pox” (syphilis), 388 Green Revolution, 474 “green sickness,” see chlorosis Greenwich Naval Hospital (England), 665 grip, see influenza grippe, see influenza grosse υairolle (syphilis), 1030

“Groton witch,” 789

“ground itch” (hookworm disease), 784 Guillain-Barr⅛^,s syndrome, 711, 811 Guinea worm infection, see dracunculiasis Guy’s Hospital (London), 572, 640, 694,

748, 804, 893

gynaecophorus, see schistosomiasis

hachaiza, see cholera

Haffkine Institute (Bombay), 128, 137 Hageman factor (Factor XII), see bleeding

disorders

Haid measles, see measles haiza, see cholera Hall Institute (Melbourne), 134,135 Hamburg General Hospital (Germany),

777

Handbuch der historisch-geographischen Pathologie (1860-4) (“Handbook of Geographical and Historical Pathology”) by August Hirsch (1883-6), 1, 94, 144, 675, 719, 1050

Hansen’s disease, see leprosy hardening of the arteries (see also

Alzheimer’s disease; heart- related diseases), 565 Harrison Narcotic Act (United States)

(1914), 174

Harvard University, see universities harvest fever (leptospirosis), 840 hasbah (measles), 873 hatiweri, 501 heart attack, see heart-related diseases heart-related diseases (see also apoplexy;

diabetes; dropsy; hypertension; rheumatic fever/rheumatic heart disease; streptococcal diseases; stroke), 1, 3, 6, 36, 41, 50, 91-100, 103,104, 105,114, 145-6,176-85 passim, 187, 211, 213, 222, 248, 332, 333, 349, 353, 363, 364, 365, 370, 379, 396, 400, 411, 414, 443, 484, 493, 501, 517, 585, 609, 636-8 passim, 689-96 passim, 743, 849, 853, 958, 1014, 1028 and alcohol, 97, 689 beriberi heart failure, 609 campaign against, 95 cardiac disease (ChD), 94,103, 104,

105, 145, 146 cardiac dysrythmias, 93-100 passim,

517 catheterization techniques, 92-4 and Chagas’ disease, 636-8 passim changing concepts of, 94-100 and cholesterol, 97, 145, 517, 690, 691 and chronic Obstmctive lung disease,

370, 691 classification, 94-5 congestive heart failure, 689-96 passim coronary artery disease, 91-100 pas

sim, 176-85 passim, 743 cor pulmonale (pulmonary heart disease), 370, 691, 695, 696 data on cause of death, 211 and diabetes, see diabetes diagnosis

catheters, 92-3 echocardiogram, 98 electrocardiogram (EKG), 92—4 passim

imaging, 98 kymograph, 92 percussion, 91 polygraph, 92 pulse, 92—4 passim stethoscope, 92 dyspnea, 691, 692, 693, 694, 695 endocarditis, 95, 1014 endomyocardial fibrosis, 98 and Framingham Study, see Framingham Study and gangrene, 743 genetics, 114 history and geography

in Africa, sub-Sahara, 98

Nigeria, 98

Sudan, 98

Uganda, 98

in the Americas

Canada, 96

Caribbean, 501

South America, 98

United States

cases, 95—6; mortality, 95-6; rates declining, 95-6; rates increasing in twentieth century, 332, 333

in Asia

East

China: ancient, 349, 353; modem, 96, 363, 364, 365, 370 Japan: premodem, 379; and those of Japanese ancestry, 96, 97,98

Korea: premodem, 396; modem, 400

South

ancient, 411; premodem, 414 Southeast, modem, 443 in Australia and Oceania, 484, 493

New Zealand, 96

in Europe

Finland, 96, 97

Germany, 98

Great Britain, 97 modem, 517

Northern Ireland, 96 Poland, 96

Scotland, 96 Switzerland, 96 in Middle East and North Africa, Egypt, ancient, 517 and hypertension, see hypertension industrialization, 97 and Lyme borreliosis, 853 and lupus erythematosus, 849 myocardial infarction, 91-9 passim, 689, 690 and occupation, 187 peripartum cardiac failure, 98 and Q fever, 958 heart-related diseases (cont.) rheumatic fever and rheumatic heart disease, see rheumatic fever/ rheumatic heart disease risk factors, 96—7, 145-6, 690 Stokes-Adams disease, 92, 99 and streptococcal diseases, see streptococcal diseases

and syphilis, 1028

and tobacco products, 97, 176-85 passim, 370, 689 treatment for

artery bypass, 99 artificial hearts, 99 heart transplants, 99 pacemakers, 99 percutaneous transluminal coronary angioplasty (PTCA), 98, 99 tissue disolving agents, 98-9 valve replacement, 99

type A personality, 97 Heberden’s nodes, see osteoarthritis height, see stature and health Heine-Medin disease (poliomyelitis), 942 hemolytic anemia, see anemia; favism; glucose 6-phosphate dehydrogenase deficiency hemophilia, see bleeding disorders hemorrhagic dengue, see dengue hemorrhagic fever, 442 hepatitis, infectious, 4, 108, 299, 303, 369-70, 380, 382, 384, 417, 424, 442, 464, 489-90, 498, 521, 542, 589, 701, 794-8, 818, 875

definition and history, 794—5

hepatitis A, 795 hepatitis B, 796—7 hepatitis C, 797 hepatitis associated with Delta Agent, 797-9

hepatitis non-A, 798 hepatitis non-B, 798 history and geography in the Americas

pre-Columbian, 498, 521

since 1700, Latin America and the Caribbean, 542 in Asia

East

China, modern, 369-70

Japan, premodem, 380, 382, 384 South

premodem, 417; modem, 424, 464

Southesist, modem, 442 in Australia and Oceania, 489—90 and liver cancer, 108, 794 and meningitis, 875 vaccination, 795, 796, 797 herpes simplex, 87, 205, 319, 773—8, 900 causative agent discovered, 777-8 and cervical cancer, 773 definition, 773 distribution and incidence, 773—4 etiology and epidemiology, 773 genital, 205 history and geography, 776—8 immunology, 774-5 and meningitis, 875 and ophthalmia neonatorum, 900 pathology and clinical manifestations, 775-6

herpes virus (see also cytomegalovirus infection; Epstein-Barr vims; herpes simplex; infectious mononucleosis; varicella zoster), 779 herpes zoster (shingles), see varicella zoster

Hetae (ophthalmia), 900 Hhamikah (rubella), 988 “hidden fire” (ergotism), 718 Hindu medicine, see medicine and medical history, Indian high blood pressure, see hypertension Hippocratic corpus, 11, 12, 47—8, 262—9 passim, 638, 642, 692, 697, 716, 732, 776, 838, 888, 900, 908, 956, 1001, 1014, 1044 Hippocratic medicine, 11, 12, 47-8, 102, 193, 345, 648, 1003, 1004 “Hippocratic nails,” 940 histoplasmosis, 733, 779-83 and acquired immune deficiency syndrome, 781, 783 causative agents discovered, 782 clinical manifestations and pathology, 780-1

definition, 779 diagnosis, 781—2 distribution and incidence, 779 epidemiology and etiology, 779-80 history and geography, 782-8 immunology, 780

Historia Naturalis by Pliny (first century), 731, 926

Historia Naturalis Brasiliae by Willem Piso (1648), 1099

Historia Natural y Midica del Principado de Asturias by Gaspar Casal (1762), 920

History of Animals by Aristotle (fourth century), 964

A History of Disease in Japan by Matsuda Michio (1912), 376

History of Japanese Medicine (Nihon igaku shi) by Matsuda Michio (1904), 376

Hisotry of Koryo (Korea), 390, 391, 392 history of medicine, see medicine and medical history

History of Otolaryngology by S. Stevenson and D. Guthrie (1949), 868 His-Wemer disease (trench fever), 1053 Hodgkin’s disease, 349

and pneumocystis pneumonia, 937 “holy fire” (ergotism), 718 homeopathy, 33-4, 164, 168 Iiomocysteinuria, 123 homosexuality, 75, 81, 88, 89, 796 and acquired immune deficiency syndrome, see acquired immune deficiency syndrome

and hepatitis B, 796

as mental illness, 75, 81, 88, 89

“Honan fever” (typhus), 405

Hong Kong flu, see influenza “hookworm belt,” 785 hookworm disease, 4,6,7,160,161,205, 295,299,365,380,403,434, 442,448,450,457,460,461, 491,500,502,538,784-8,1016 causative agents discovered, 786-7 clinical manifestations and pathology, 785-6

definition, 784 distribution and incidence, 785 epidemiology and etiology, 784-5 eradication efforts, 205, 787-8 and famine, 160, 161 history and geography, 786-8 in Africa, sub-Sahara before 1860, 295, 448, 450 after 1860, 299, 785 in the Americas

pre-Columbian, 538, 787 1492-1700, 500, 787 since 1700

Latin America and the Caribbean, 205, 501, 502, 785, 787; North America, 205, 785, 787 in Asia East

China, modem, 365, 785, 786 Japan: premodem, 380; modem, 785.

Korea, modem, 403 Southeast

ancient and early modem, 434; modem, 442

in Australia and Oceania, 491, 785 in Europe, 785

in Middle East and North Africa, 457, 460,461

“hooping cough” (whooping cough), 1094 Hopital du Midi (Paris), 1031

Hopkin’s Laboratory (Cambridge), 1005 hospital gangrene, 743, 744

Hospital of the Incurably Ill (Paris), 717 “hospitalism,” 720 hospitals, see public health and sanitation The Household Physician by Ira Warren and E. A. Small (1873), 698 Hsi yuan Iu (“The Washing Away of Wrongs”) by Sung Tz’u (1247), 25

“Hua-bung,” see osteoarthritis Huai Nan Tzu (c. 130 B.C.), 54, 349 Huangdi neijing, see Huang-ti nei-ching Huang-ti nei-ching (“The Inner Classic of the Yellow Emperor” or “The Yellow Emperor’s Manual of Esoteric Medicine”) (see also Ling-shu; Nan-ching; Su-wen; Thai-su) (c. first century B.C.), 21, 22, 23, 24, 54, 55, 345, 346, 348, 349, 351-2, 353

Hudson Bay Company, 1003 human immunodeficiency virus (HΓV), see acquired immune deficiency syndrome

humoral theory, 11, 13, 28, 31, 45-52 passim, 147-8, 193, 262-70 passim, 275, 276, 283, 335

“Hun pox” (see also smallpox), 478 Huntington’s chorea, see Huntington’s disease

Huntington’s disease (HD), 6, 124, 148, 563, 788-9

huoluan, 355

Hyangyak chipsong pang (Compilation of native Korean prescriptions) (1433), 392—400 passim Hyang-yak kugup pang (“Emergency remedies of folk medicine) (Korea, 1236), 390, 391, 392, 395 hydatid cyst, see echinococcosis hydatidosis, see echinococcosis hydrocele, see filariasis hydrocephalus, see dropsy; meningitis; tuberculosis hydropathy, 165 hydrophobia, see rabies hydrops, see dropsy hydrothorax, 391, 689, 691, 692, 693 Hygiene by Galen (c. 200), 148, 193 Hygienic Laboratory (Washington, D.C.), 922

hypertension (see also dropsy; eclampsia; heart-related diseases; stroke), 36, 49, 50, 97, 146, 187, 332, 370, 493, 501, 532, 586, 68996 passim, 705-6, 766-7, 78994

clinical manifestations, 792 definition, 789-90 distribution and incidence, 790 epidemiology and etiology, 790-2 and gout, 766-7 history, 792—4 as occupational disease, 187 and sodium, 789-94 passim and stroke, 586

hyperthyroidism, see goiter hypocalcemic convulsions (tetany), 1051 hypochondriasis, see mental illness Iiypomagnesemic convulsions (tetany), 1051

hypothyroidism, see goiter hysteria, see mental illness hyza (cholera), 643

ichthiosismus, see botulism ictus, see apoplexy; stroke ideodynamism, 76 idiocy, see mental illness “idiopathic adentitis” (infectious mononucleosis), 799

Ignis Sacer (“holy fire”), see ergotism; erysipelas; St. Anthony’s fire I-hsueh yuan Iiu Iun (“On the Origins and History of Medicine”) by Hsu Ta-ch’un (1757), 26 ileocolitis (Crohn’s disease), 801 il-franji (syphilis), 460 ∏heus virus, 593

Iliad by (traditionally) Homer (c. ninth century B.C.), 264, 964 immunology and immune responses (see also vaccines, vaccination, and innoculation), 126—40, 154-5, 176, 248, 318

cells and serum, 127

cellular immunology, 133-4 chemistry of antibody globulins, 131-3 clonal selection theory, 137 history, 126-38, 154-5 and immune system, 134-7 international serology, 127-9 specificity, 129-31

Imperial Academy OfMedicine (China), 360

impetigo, see streptococcal diseases “The Incidence of Alkaptonuria: A Study in Chemical Individuality” by Sir Archibald E. Garrod (1902), 118

Index Medicus, 179

Indiana University, see universities The Indian Council of Medical Research, 473

Indian Medical Service (India), 734 Indian medicine, see medicine and medical history, Indian

Indian National Congress, 32 Indian tick-typhus (boutonneuse fever), 985

India Office (cooperation with Plague Research Commission) (1905-13), 416

indigestion, see dyspepsia industrial anthrax, see anthrax industrial medicine, see occupational diseases

infant botulism, see botulism infant feeding, 148, 149, 151-2 infanticide, 69, 160 infantile beriberi, see beriberi infantile paralysis, see poliomyelitis infantile scurvy, see scurvy infantile tetany, see tetany infant mortality, see mortality, infant infants, diseases of, see children and infants, diseases of infectious hepatitis, see hepatitis, infectious

infectious mononucleosis, 799 causative agents discovered, 799 definition, 799

distribution and incidence, 799 history and geography, 799 immunology, 799 pathology and clinical manifestations, 799

infectious parotitis, see mumps inflammation of the brain, see encephalitis Iethargica

inflammatory bowel disease, 677, 697, 801-6

Crohn’s disease

clinical manifestations, 801, 802 definition, 677, 697, 801 etiology, 802

genetic aspects of, 803 history, 805-6 treatment, 802 ulcerative colitis

clinical manifestations and pathology, 800-1

definition, 800

diagnosis, 800-1

epidemiology, distribution, and incidence, 802-3 etiology, 801

genetic aspects of, 803 history, 803—4 treatment, 801

influenza (see also catarrh; encephalitis lethargica), 4, 6, 7, 36, 38, 40, 95, 160, 161, 222, 273, 275, 278, 282, 283, 303, 318, 320, 323, 324, 348, 355, 367, 375, 377, 379, 382, 383, 384, 387, 393, 407, 414, 417, 418, 419, 424, 433, 451, 486-7, 498-9, 514, 523, 530, 541, 549, 594, 612, 699, 708-12 passim, 807-11, 935, 936, 938, 940, 1024 causative agents discovered, 711, 810 confused with other diseases, 320, 940 and encephalitis lethargica, 708-12, 807

distribution and incidence, 807-8 epidemics and pandemics

862-4, 872 (Japan), 379

920,923 (Japan), 379 1015 (Japan), 379 1150 (Japan), 382 1173 (Italy), 275 1228,1233, 1244, 1248, 1264 (Japan), 382-3

1323 (France and Italy), 275

1329,1345, 1365, 1371, 1378 (Japan), 383

1407-8 (Japan), 383 1411 (France), 275 1414 (France and Italy), 275

1427 (France and Italy), 275

1428 (Japan), 383 1475 (England), 275 1493 (Americas), 40, 498

1508, 1527, 1528 (England), 275 1510 (Europe), 809 1529 (Europe), 275 1535 (Japan), 383 1551 (England), 275 1556 (Japan), 383 1557-8 (Europe), 282, 809 1580 (Europe), 282, 709, 809 1627,1633 (Europe), 282 1658 (Europe), 709 1673-5 (Europe), 709 1711-12 (Europe), 709 1729-33 (Europe), 282, 709, 809 1761-2 (Europe), 709, 809 1767 (Europe), 709 1771 (Australia and Oceania), 486-7 1780-2 (Europe), 282, 709, 809 1788-9 (Europe), 809 1791-2, 1830 (Australia and Oceania), 486—7

1830-3 (Europe), 709, 809 1837, 1838, 1839, 1843 (Australia and Oceania), 486-7 1847-8 (Europe), 709, 809 1856-7, 1863, 1870, 1877, 1889, 1890 (Australia and Oceania), 4867

influenza (cont.)

1889-90 pandemic, 808 in Africa, 809 in the Americas, 809 in Asia, 809 in Australia and Oceania, 809 in Europe, 709, 809

1915, 1918-19 (Australia and Oceania), 486-7, 710-12

1918-19 pandemic, 807-10

in Africa, 451

in American, South, 541, 809

in Europe, 6, 318, 809—10

in India, 424

1920 pandemic,

in Europe, 810

in United States, 810

1927, 1935, 1937, 1956 (Australia and Oceania), 486-7

1957-8 pandemic, 810 1968 pandemic, 810 1976 (United States), 811

etiology and epidemiology, 808 and famine, 160, 161 first recognized epidemic, 275 history and geography, 808-10 in Africa, sub-Sahara, since 1860, 451 in the Americas

1492-1700,40,323,324,498-9,523 since 1700

Latin America and the Caribbean, 530, 541, 809; North America, 95, 809, 810, 811 in Asia

East

China: ancient, 348; premodern, 355; modern, 367

Japan: ancient (as a new disease), 375, 382; early modern, 382, 383, 387

Korea: premodern, 393; modern, 407

South premodem, 417; modern, 418, 419, 424

Southeast, ancient and early modem, 433

in Australia and Oceania, 40, 486-7 in Europe

Middle Ages, 273, 275, 278, 514, 612

Renaissance and early modern, 275, 282, 709, 809 since 1700, 282, 709, 809, 810 immunology, 808 as Plague of Athens, 935, 936 and pneumonia, 807, 938 prevention and control, 810—11 as sweating sickness in England, 275, 1024

vaccination, 810-11

An Inquiry into the Cause and Effects of Variolae Vaccinae, A Disease Discovered in Some of the Western Counties of England, Particularly Gloucestershire and Known by the Name of Cowpox by Edward Jenner (1798), 1012 insanity, see mental illness

Institute for Infectious Diseases (Tokyo), 1087

Institute of Medical Research (Kuala Lumpur), 436, 1087

Institutiones medicae by Herman Boerhaave (1728), 85

Institut fur Semmpriifung und Se- rumforschung (Berlin), 128

Institut Pasteur (Algeria), 128

Institut Pasteur (Nhatrang), 128

Institut Pasteur (France), 127-8,129, 879, 965, 966, 1005

Institut Pasteur (Saigon), 128, 436, 969

Institut Pasteur (Tunis), 128, 969,1083 intermittent fever, see malaria International Chiropractors Association, 168

International Commission of Zoological Nomenclature, 784, 993

International Conferences on the Standardization of Sera and Serological Tests, 129

International Congress of Gastroenterology (Brussels, 1935), 804

International Congress of Immunology First (Washington, D.C.), 137 Sixth (Toronto), 137

International Congress of Medicine (London, 1881), 988

International Ladies Garment Workers Union, 191

International List of Disease Classification, 222, 473

International Narcotic Control Board (INCB)₁ 175

International Opium Commission at Shanghai (1909), 174

International Opium Conference at the Hague (1911), 174

International Opium Convention (1912), 174

International Statistical Classification of Diseases and Causes of Death, 227

International Union of Immunological Societies, 137

International Union of Mine, Mill and Smelter Workers, 191

The Interpretation of Dreams by Sigmund Freud (1900), 77

INTERSALT Study, 790, 791 irkintja, 1034, 1098 iron deficiency anemia, see anemia;

chlorosis; hookworm disease

“ischemic heart disease,” see heart-related diseases

Ishinpo (Japan, 984), 374, 375, 390 Islamic medicine, see medicine and medical history, Islamic

Islamic world, diseases of, see Middle East and North Africa, diseases of

Italian eruptive fever (boutonneuse fever), 985

Jacksonian seizure, see epilepsy

Jakob-Creutzfeldt disease, 563

jail distemper (typhus), 1080

Japanese B encephalitis, 367, 442, 593-4, 811-13, 1101

causative agent discovered, 711, 811 clinical manifestations, 812 definition, 811 diagnosis, 812

epidemiology, 593-4, 811-12 pathology, 812

prevention and control, 812-13 vaccination, 812-13

Japanese encephalitis, see Japanese B encephalitis

Japanese flood fever (typhus, scrub), 1086 Japanese medicine, see medicine and medical history, Japanese

jayl fever (typhus, epidemic), 1080 Jejunoileitis (Crohn’s disease), 801 “Jericho boil” (see also leishmaniasis), 456 Johns Hopkins Hospital (Baltimore), 574, 765, 974

Johns Hopkins University, see universities

Johnston Atoll virus, 597

Journal of the American Medical Association (JAMA), 172, 806, 930 j-type diabetes, see diabetes mellitus Junin virus (Argentine hemorrhagic fever), 595, 596, 597-8, 817 juvenile Parkinson’s disease, 914

kakke (beriberi), 398, 606 kala-azar (leishmaniasis), 832 Kaposi’s sarcoma, 547 karmic disease, Buddhist concept of, 56 Kaschin-Beck (UROV) disease, 372, 737 Katarrhoos, see catarrh

“Katayama disease” (schistosomiasis),

992

Kentucky Frontier Nursing Service, 221, 222

“kerion of Celsus” (ringworm), 731 “Kerner’s disease,” see botulism Keshan disease, 145, 372 Ki denga pepo (dengue), 661 kidney stone disease, see urolithiasis “King’s Evil” (scrofula), 998 “King’s Touch,” 273, 998-1000 “kissing disease,” see infectious mononucleosis

Kitab al-Fusul by Maimonides (twelfth century), 29

Kitab al-Hawi by Rhazes (turn of the tenth century), 29

Kitab al-Malaki by Haly Abbas (tenth century), 29

Kitab al-Mansuri by Rhazes (turn of the tenth century), 29

Kitab al-Tasrif∖>y [Abul-Qasim] Albucasis, 29

Klebs-Loffler bacillus (diphtheria), 680 Kleinfelter’s syndrome, 122 Knights of St. John, 14 knokkel-koorts (dengue), 661

Koch Institute, 127 Koch-Weeks Conjuctivitis, see ophthalmia Kojiki (“The Ancient Chronicle”) (Japan, 712), 373, 374

Koplik’s spots, 872, 874

Koran (Qur’an) and medicine, 28-30 passim, 334-40 passim Korean medicine, see medicine and medical history, Korean Korean Repository of 1892, 401 Korsakoff’s psychosis, 609 Kropf, see goiter

K-type diabetes, see diabetes mellitus Kuliang chuan, 347 kuru, 113, 123-4, 493, 506 kwashiorkor, see protein-energy malnutrition

Laboratory of Microbiology and Pathology (Queensland, Australia) Health Department, 959-60 Laboratory for Tropical Medicine (Khartoum), 734

La Crosse virus, 593 lactase enzyme, see lactose intolerance and malabsorption lactose intolerance and malabsorption, 6, 295, 678, 813-17

and diarrhea, 678, 813-17 passim chemistry, digestion, and metabolism, 813-14

classification, 814

clinical manifestations, 814 history and geography, 814-16

in Africa, sub-Sahara, 295

in the Americas, 815-16

in Asia, 815

in Australia and Oceania, 815 lactose malabsorption, see lactose intolerance and malabsorption Laennec’s cirrhosis, see cirrhosis Lamarckism, 134, 153, 154 TheLancet, 118, 178, 728 langue blanche (hookworm), 784 laryngotracheal bronchitis, see croup laryngotracheitis, see croup Iaryngotracheobronchiopneumonitis, see croup Iaryngotracheobronchitis, see croup Lassa fever (see also arenaviruses), 2, 7, 298, 594, 595, 596, 597, 699, 701, 817-20

causative agents discovered, 831 characteristics of the virus, 818 clinical manifestations, morbidity, and mortality, 818 control, 819 diagnosis, 818-19 epidemiology, 819 history, 596, 817-18 simulates other diseases, 818 treatment, 819 virus morphology, size, and structure, 818 lathyrism, 473 LCM, see lymphocytic choriomeningitis Lead-Based Poisoning Prevention Act of 1971 (United States), 827 lead poisoning, 263, 501, 571, 820-7, 927, 930

clinical manifestations, 820-1 definition, 820

distribution and incidence, 821-2

and gout, 821, 824

history and geography, 263, 822-6 physiology, 820 and pica, 826, 927, 930 prevention and control, 826-7 and Roman Empire, 823-4, 826 League of Nations, 129, 175, 209, 402, 556

Advisory Committee on Traffic in

Opium and Other Dangerous

Drugs (1921-40), 175

Health Committee, 129

Health Organization, 556 International Statistical Institute, 209 Permanent Central Opium Board

(PCOB), 175

Permanent Commission on Biological

Standardization (PCBS), 129 League of Red Cross Societies, 1083 Legionellosis, see Legionnaire’s disease Legionnaire’s disease, 2, 827-31, 938, 939, 940 clinical manifestations and pathology,

829

definition, 827-8 distribution and incidence, 828 epidemiology and etiology, 828-9 history and geography, 829-31 immunology, 829 and pneumonia, 827-31 passim, 938,

939, 940

Leipsig Lying-In Hospital (Germany), 760 leishmaniasis, 302, 303, 365, 417, 456, 538, 635, 832-4 causative agents discovered, 833 clinical manifestations and pathology, 832-3

definition, 832 distribution and incidence, 832 epidemiology and etiology, 832 history and geography, 833 in Africa, sub-Sahara, since 1860,

302, 303, 832-3

in the Americas, pre-Columbian, 538,

635, 832-3

in Asia

East: China, modem, 365

South, premodem, 417, 832-3 in Middle East and North Africa, 456, 832-3

lemming fever (tularemia), 1068 Lendas da India by Gaspar Correia

(1543), 643

Leopoldine Academy of Sciences

(Breslau), 694, 695 lepra (leprosy), 838 “lepromatous” leprosy, see leprosy leprosaria, 18, 20, 21,197, 198, 273, 274,

338, 360, 405-6, 834, 838

in China, 360

in Europe, 273, 274, 834, 838

in Islamic world, 18, 20, 21, 338

in Korea, 405—6 leprosy (Hansen’s disease), 3, 6, 14, 19,

22, 25, 46, 196, 197, 248, 251

2, 258, 262, 273-5, 278, 295, 296, 297, 302, 334, 336-8, 347, 359-60, 367-8, 375, 380, 382,

383, 384, 391, 398, 401, 405-6,

407, 410, 414, 424, 427, 430, 432, 442, 448, 452, 459-60, 470-2, 488, 500, 501, 504, 505, 512, 514, 516, 520, 529, 538, 834-9, 905, 921, 933, 1054 causative agent discovered, 19, 836,

838, 839 clinical manifestations and pathology,

836-7

confused with other diseases, 726, 836

9 passim confused with pinta, 933 confused with syphilis, 1054 and the Cmsades, 46 definition, 834 distribution and incidence, 834-6 economic and social responses to, 337

8, 838-9 epidemiology, 836 etiology, 504, 505, 836 history and geography, 837-9 in Africa, sub-Sahara before 1860, 295, 296, 297, 448, 836 since 1860, 302, 452, 834, 836

in the Americas pre-Columbian, 538 1492-1700, 500 since 1700, Latin America and the

Caribbean, 500, 501, 529, 834 in Asia

East

China: ancient, 22, 347, 837, 838; premodern, 25, 197, 359—60; modem, 367-8

Japan: ancient, 375; premodern, 380, 382, 383, 384

Korea: ancient, 391; premodern, 398; modern, 401, 405-6, 407 South

ancient, 410; premodem, 414; modem, 424, 470-2, 834, 836 Southeast

ancient and early modem, 427, 430, 432; modem, 442, 834 in Australia and Oceania, 488, 836 in Europe, 3, 14, 196-7

Western antiquity, 838 pre-Roman world, 248, 251-2, 258 Middle Ages, 14,251-2,273,274,

275,278,512,514,834,838,839 Renaissance and early modem,

516, 834, 836

in Middle East and North Africa, 334, 336-8, 459-60, 838 immunology, 837 and measles, 873 and plague, 274, 278, 338, 514 and syphilis, 274 and tuberculosis, 252, 273, 836 leptospirosis, 399, 406, 492, 699, 702,

840-2

causal agent discovered, 840, 841—2 clinical manifestations, 841 definition, 840

etiology and epidemiology, 840 history and geography, 841-2 treatment, 841

“Lesniowski-Crohn’s disease” (Crohn’s disease), 806

Leukaemia Research Fund, 845 leukemia (.see also cancer), 6, 60, 843-8, 937

and automic radiation, 845 classification, 843 clinical manifestations and pathology, 846

definition, 843—4 distribution and incidence, 844 epidemiology, 845—6 etiology, 844-5 history and geography, 847—8 and pneumocystis pneumonia, 937 treatment, 846-7

Lexicon Medicum by Robert Hooper (1848), 636

Libman-Sachs endocarditis, 849 Library of Congress (United States), 209 Li Chi, 347

Ling-shu (see also Huang-ti nei-ching),

53, 54, 351

lion sickness see leprosy Iippitudo, see ophthalmia Lister Institute (London), 128, 134, 416, 610, 1005

Iithophagia (pica), 927

“little fire” (syphilis), 339

“Little Ice Age,” 514

liver fluke (see also fascioliasis), 109, 252, 403

Liverpool School of Tropical Medicine, 556, 557, 559

Liverpool School of Tropical Medicine Expedition to Senegambia (1901), 556

liver rot, see fascioliasis

Li-yang chi-yao (“Essentials of the Li- lesions”) by Hsiieh Chi (1529), 25

Loa Loa (Ioiasis) (see also filariasis), 295, 724

lobar pneumonia, see pneumonia lockjaw (tetanus), 1043, 1046 London Bills of Mortality

Report for 1634, 978

Report for 1701, 1095

London Mission Society, 485, 488

London School of Tropical Medicine, 436, 556, 922

louse-borne relapsing fever see relapsing fever

louse-borne typhus fever, see typhus, epidemic

low fever, see typhoid

lues hispanica (syphilis), 1030

lues venerea (syphilis), 1030, 1031

Lu-hih h^,un-chiu (Lu shih chhun chhiu), 56, 347, 348, 349

Lu-hsin ching (“Classic of the Fontanel”) (c. 907), 25

The Luminous Support on Eye-Diseases by Sadaqua ibn Ibrahim al- Sadhili (c. last half of fourteenth century), 902 lung cancer index, 184

Lung-shu p’u-sa yen Iu (Bodhisatta

Nagarjuna’s discourse on the eyes), 25

Lun Yu, 349

lupus erythematosus, 537, 743, 837, 84852

causative agents discovered, 849 definition, 848 drug induced, 850 epidemiology, distribution, and incidence, 850-1 history, 848—50 susceptibility, 850 systemic, and gangrene, 743 treatment and mortality, 850 lupus vulgaris (tuberculosis), 1062 Lushi Chunqui, 55 Lyme borreliosis (Lyme disease), 254, 852-4

causative agents discovered, 854 clinical manifestations, 853 definition, 852 epidemiology, 852 etiology, 853 history, 854

lymphocytic choriomeningitis (LCM) (see also arenaviruses), 595, 596, 597-8

Lyndon B. Johnson Tropical Medical Center (American Samoa), 710

maal (measles), 873

Machupo virus (Bolivian hemorrhagic fever), 595, 596, 597, 598 maculo, 540 madness, see mental illness Madura foot, see fungus infections (mycoses) magnetic healing, 165 Makura-no-Soshi (ancient Japan), 374 “Malabar leg” (see also filariasis), 472 maladie de Siam (yellow fever), 1100 maladie Syphilitique (syphilis), 1031 maladie v&n&ienne (syphilis), 1030 malaria, 5, 6, 19, 36, 39, 69, 72, 128,130, 160, 161, 176, 203, 204, 257, 267-9, 285, 286, 293, 294, 296, 298, 299, 301, 302, 303,320, 322, 324, 325, 329, 330,331, 332, 347-8, 355, 356, 358, 359, 365-6, 374, 380, 382, 384, 388, 391, 398, 399, 400, 401, 404, 407, 410, 416-17, 418, 419-20, 421, 422, 423-4, 426, 427, 428, 433, 434, 441, 442, 448,450, 451, 452, 454, 455, 465,467, 468-70, 483, 484, 493, 495, 499, 500, 502, 503, 516, 521, 523, 524, 525, 526, 527, 530, 539-40, 541, 556, 571, 575, 594, 635, 699—702 passim, 722-4, 785, 794, 817, 818, 832, 833, 845, 849, 855-62, 921, 955,1006-8, 1072, 1077-80 passim, 1100

and black resistance, 39, 294-5, 448, 450, 526, 858-9

and blackwater fever, 39, 302, 859-60 causative agents discovered, 19, 861, 1079

and chinchona bark, 860

clinical manifestations and pathology, 859-60

decline

in southern United States, 332

in Western Hemisphere, 204 definition, 855 distribution and incidence, 856-7 and DufTy blood group antigens, see Duffy blood group antigens epidemiology and control, 857-8 etiology, 855-6 and Europeans in Africa, 296, 450 falciparum (see also sickle-cell anemia; sickle trait), 6, 257, 269, 285, 294, 303, 448, 499, 500, 503, 526, 571, 575 and famine, 160, 161 and glucose 6-phosphate dehydrogenase, see glucose 6- phosphate dehydrogenase deficiency history and geography, 860-2

in Africa, sub-Sahara, 39, 699 before 1860, 285, 293, 294, 296, 448, 450, 451 since 1860, 294, 298, 299, 301, 302, 303, 448, 450, 452, 855-62 passim

in the Americas

1492-1700, 4, 39, 320, 322, 324, 325, 450, 499, 500, 523, 524, 526 since 1700

Latin America and the Caribbean, 320, 329, 330, 502, 503, 526, 539-40, 541, 856-62 passim; North America, 331, 332, 526-7, 856-62 passim in Asia

East

China: ancient, 347-8, 861; premodern, 355, 356, 358, 359; modem, 365-6, 857

Japan: ancient, 374; premodern, 380, 382, 384; early modem, 388

Korea: ancient, 391; premodem, 398, 399; modem, 400, 401, 404, 407

South

ancient, 410, 476-8, 861; premodem, 416—17; modem, 418, 419-20, 421, 422, 423-4, 465, 467, 468-70

Southeast

ancient and premodern, 426, 427, 428, 433, 434, 441, 861; modem, 440, 441, 442, 857

in Australia and Oceania, 483, 484, 485, 493, 857

in Europe

Western antiquity, 267-9, 861 pre-Roman world, 257 Renaissance and early modem, 286, 516, 855, 861

in Middle East and North Africa, 454, 455, 861, 921

iπununity, 858-9

and Institute Pasteur d’Outre-Mer, 128 malariae, 855, 856, 858, 859 origins, 855, 860 ovale, 855, 856, 858

and protein-energy malnutrition, 951-2 and sickle trait, see sickle-cell anemia; sickle trait

and typhoid fever, 1072

and typhomalarial fever, see typhomalarial fever vaccination, 862 vivax, 293, 294, 499, 526, 855-62 passim

Malaria Control Program (India), 468,

470

mal de la misere (pellagra), 918 mal de la rosa (pellagra), 918, 920 mal del sole (pellagra), 918 mal de pinto (pinta), 932 mal de Siam (yellow fever), 1100 mal d’estomac (pica), 501, 927, 930 mal des ardents (ergotism), 989 mal du Luanda (scurvy), 1000 malignant cholera, see cholera malignant neoplasms, see cancer malignant pustule, see anthrax malignant sore throat (diphtheria), 292, 680

malignant tertian malaria, see malaria malnutrition diabetes, see diabetes mellitus

Malta fever, see brucellosis Manchurian Plague Preventive Service, 368 mania, see mental illness manic depression, see mental illness Man, Medicine, and Environment by Ren6 Dubos (1968), 474

Mansuri Hospital, 29 Manyoshu (Japan, sixth century), 374 marasmus, see protein-energy malnutrition

Marburg virus disease, 7, 298, 699-702 passim, 819, 862-5

clinical manifestations and diagnosis, 864

etiology, 863—4 history, 862-3 mortality, 864 treatment and prophylaxis, 864 Marseilles exanthematic fever (bou- tonneuse fever), 985 masem (measles), 873 Massachusetts Bay Law of 1723, 825 Massachusetts General Hospital, 765 Massachusetts Institute of Technology, see universities mastoiditis, 348, 406, 865-71, 873 classification, 865-6

clinical manifestations, 867 definition, 865 distribution and incidence, 866 epidemiology, 866 etiology, 866—7

history and geography, 868-70

immunology, 867 pathology, 867-8 masturbation and mental illness, 70, 8590 passim masura, see measles maternal mortality, 214-24 passim Maternity Hospital (Basel), 217 Ma-wang-tui manuscripts (see also Huang-ti nei-ching; Nan ching; Shen-nung pen-ts’ao ching; Wu-shih-erh ping fang), 20-1, 22-3

Mayo Clinic (Rochester, Minn.), 580, 753, 764, 804, 849

McConnell Clark Foundation, 997 measles (see also rubella), 3, 4, 13,18, 29, 36, 37, 38, 40, 48,147, 148, 149, 154, 155, 160, 270, 282, 285, 289, 296, 298, 301, 303, 320, 323, 324, 331, 334, 368, 375, 377, 379, 382, 383, 384, 386-7, 391, 394, 404, 405, 414, 448, 449, 452, 459, 465, 488, 499, 506, 521, 523, 524, 525, 526, 539, 540, 541, 589, 594, 644, 808, 871-5, 887, 905, 935 causative agents discovered, 711 clinical manifestations and pathology,

872- 3

confused with smallpox, 323, 873 decline in eighteenth-century North America, 331 distinguished from scarlet fever, 48 distinguished from smallpox, 147,148, 379, 387

distribution and incidence, 872 epidemics and pandemics 161-2 (China), 873 165-80 (Roman Empire), 873 251-66 (Roman Empire), 873 310-12 (China), 873 998 (Japan), 379 1025 (Japan), 379 1077, 1093-4 (Japan), 382 1113, 1127, 1163 (Japan), 382 1206, 1224, 1227, 1256 (Japan), 382 1306-07, 1320, 1362, 1380 (Japan), 383

1405,1441, 1471,1484 (Japan), 383 1512 (Japan), 383 1530-1 (Peru), 539 1616 (Japan), 387 1635 (North America), 524 1649, 1690 (Japan), 387 1708, 1730, 1753, 1776 (Japan), 387 1803, 1824, 1836, 1862 (Japan), 387 etiology and epidemiology, 154, 871-2 and famine, 160 first description of, 148 history and geography, 148, 154, 155,

873- 4

in Africa, sub-Sahara before 1860, 296, 448, 449 since 1860, 298, 301, 303, 452 in the Americas,

1492-1700, 4, 40, 323, 324, 499, 523, 525, 874 since 1700

Latin America and the Caribbean, 331, 539, 841, 874; North America, 320, 874 in Asia

East

China, modern, 368

Japan: ancient (as a new disease), 375; premodem, 377, 379, 382, 383, 384; early modem, 386—7

Korea: ancient, 391; premodem, 394; modem, 404, 405 South, modem, 465

in Australia and Oceania, 488, 873, 874

in Europe

Roman Empire, 37, 873 Middle Ages, 270, 873 Renaissance and early modem, 282, 285, 873

1700-1900, 289, 873

in Middle East and North Africa, 334, 459, 873

immunology, 872 prevention and control, 874 and leprosy, 873 and meningitis, 875 origins, 873

as Plague of Athens, 935 and pneumonia, 873 vaccination, 155, 452, 872-4 passim Medicaid, 164, 169

Medical Repository of New York (1811), 882

Medical Research Advisory Committee (South Africa), 996

Medical Research Council (England), 94 Medical andSurgical History of the War of the Rebellionby J. J. Woodward and G. A. Otis (1875-88), 178 Medicare, 99, 164, 169

Medicina by Jean Franςois Ferael (1554), 759

A Medicinal Dictionary by Robert James (1745), 694

medicine and medical history (see also individual diseases)

Chinese, 20-6, 52-8, 359-60 Indian, 30-4, 408-12

Islamic, 12-13, 27-30, 30-4 passim, 195, 413-14

Japanese, 52-8 passim Korean, 52-8 passim tropical, 5, 299-304, 451-2, 556-7, 728-9

Western, 1, 2, 11-19, 30, 45-52 passim, 61-83 passim, 85-90, 91-4, 102-4, 126-40, 147-55, 187, 192-9

medicine of systematic correspondence, 21-7 passim

Mediterranean fever, see brucellosis Mediterranean spotted fever (bou- tonneuse fever), 985 megaloblastic anemia, see anemia melancholy, see mental illness Mehlnahrschaden (protein-energy malnutrition), 953 melitococcie, see brucellosis

The Memorandum-Book of a Tenth

Century Oculist (Tadhkirat al-

Kahhalin) by Ali ibn Isa (early eleventh century), 901-2 Mendelism, 113—24 passim, 130—1, 136,

137, 154, 155, 814, 816 meningitis, 2, 4, 15, 149, 150, 151, 160,

299, 303, 320, 331, 348, 355, 380, 393, 395, 405, 406, 407, 414, 448, 450, 451, 452, 459, 492, 505, 594, 841, 875-80, 942

cause discovered, 150, 879, 882 cerebrospinal, 2, 4, 15, 299, 303, 450,

451, 452, 875-80 passim clinical manifestations and pathology,

876

definition, 875

and encephalitis, 875 etiology and epidemiology, 875-6 and famine, 160

and fungi, 875

and hepatitis, 875

and herpes simplex, 875

and herpes zoster, 875

history and geography, 155, 877—80 in Africa, sub-Sahara, since 1860,

299, 303, 450, 451, 452, 876, 877, 878, 879, 880

in Asia

East

China: ancient, 348, 877; premodern, 355; modern, 878

Korea: premodem, 393, 395; modem, 405, 406, 407

South, premodem, 414 in Americas, since 1700, 320, 331, 876, 877, 878

in Australia and Oceania, 877 in Europe, modem, 876, 877, 878 in Middle East and North Africa, 459,

877

immunology, 876

and leptospirosis, 841

and measles, 875

and mumps, 875

and poliomyelitis, 875, 942

and rubella, 875

and tuberculosis, 149, 875 vaccination, 452, 879, 880 “meningitis epidemica,” see meningitis meningococcemia, see meningitis mental illness (see also Alzheimer’s dis

ease; epilepsy), 58, 85-90, 375, 379, 392, 399, 532

and the French school, 73—4

and Freudian psychology, 76-84 passim and the German school, 74-5 history and geography

Asia

Japan

ancient, 375; premodem, 379 Korea

ancient, 392; premodem, 399 the West

during the Enlightenment,

62-5

1800-1950, 65-79 since 1950, 79-83 and neurology in the United States, 713

and sexual deviance, 85-90

Merck and Company, 611 mesenteric fever, see typhoid mesles (measles), 873

Metropolitan Asylums’ Boards’ Eastern Hospital (London), 992 Metropolitan Asylums’ Boards’ Hospitals (London), 992, 1095

Metropolitan Board of Health (New York City), 204

Meuse fever (trench fever), 1052 microsporum, see fungus infections (mycoses)

Middle East and North Africa, diseases of: acquired immune deficiency syndrome, 548; amebic dysentery, 458; amebiasis, 16, 570; anemia, 460, 461; anthrax,

457, 582, 583; ascariasis, 457, 603; bacillary dysentery, 458; Boutonneuse fever, 456,985; brucellosis, 457; cancer, 334; chlorosis, 340; cholera, 458, 648—9 passim; conjunctivitis, 459; dengue, 455; diarrheal diseases, 456, 457, 461; diphtheria, 458; dracunculiasis, 687, 688; dropsy, 334, 692; echinococcosis, 703; epilepsy, 334; favism, 722-4 passim; filariasis, 334, 338, 455, 727; gonorrhea, 460, 759; gout, 771; herpes simplex, 776; hookworm disease, 457, 460,461, 786; lead poisoning, 822; leishmaniasis, 456, 832-3; leprosy, 334, 336-8, 459-60, 838; malaria, 454, 455, 861; measles, 334, 459; meningitis, 459; mycetoma, 734; onchocerciasis, 895; ophthalmia, 900-5 passim; paratyphoid infection, 458; pellagra, 461; plague, 334, 335-6, 339, 455, 459, 612-16, 630-1; pneumonia, 458,940; poliomyelitis, 947, 948; protein-energy malnutrition,

458, 460, 461, 954; Q fever, 457; rabies, 457, 964; relapsing fever, 456, 968, 969; rickets, 461, 979; rubella, 988; sandfly fever, 456; scabies, 459-60; scarlet fever, 991; schistosomiasis, 26, 334,454, 456-7, 993-7 passim; scurvy, 340, 461; smallpox, 334,458,

459, 1009, 1010; syphilis, 334, 338-40, 460; syphilis, nonvenereal, 334,1033-4; tapeworm, 457; trachoma, 459; trench fever, 1053; trichinosis, 457; tuberculosis, 458,1062; tularemia, 456; typhoid, 334, 458, 1073; typhus, 455-6,

1081, 1084; whooping cough,

338; xerophthalmia, 461 migration and disease, see disease, human migration and history of miliary tuberculosis, see tuberculosis “military ophthalmia,” see ophthalmia milk sickness (tremetol poisoning), 880-2 clinical manifestations, 881-2 definition, 881-2 distribution and incidence, 881 etiology and epidemiology, 881 history and geography, 882

Milzbrand, see anthrax Ming-Qing Almanacs, 356 Ministry of Agriculture (Great Britain),

626

Ministry of Public Health (China), 363,

367, 368, 369

The Modern Rise OfPopulation by

Thomas McKeown (1976), 288 molestia da terra, see yellow fever “mongolism” (Down syndrome), 683 moniliasis (candidiosis), see fungus infections (mycoses) monkeypox, 1008 monomania, see mental illness mono no aware, 381 mononucleosis, see infectious mononucleosis

Montana State Board of Health, 984 Monte Cassino Monastery, 12 Montpellier, University of, see universities Morbid Anatomy by Matthew Baillie

(1793), 707-8

Morbid Psychology and Its Relationship to the Philosophy of History by J.

J. Moreau de Tours (1859), 69 morbilli, see measles morbus Carceroum (epidemic, typhus), 1080

morbus Comitalis (epilepsy), 716 morbus gallicus (syphilis), 1025, 1029,

1030, 1031

morbus hungaricus (epidemic typhus),

1082

morbus venereus (syphilis), 1030 morbus virgineus (chlorosis), 638 mordexim (cholera), 643 mart de chien (cholera), 643 mortality (see also mortality, infant) and age-specific death rates, 230-8 passim

and agriculture, 270-3

and catastrophic disease encounters, his

tory and geography

in Africa, sub-Sahara Europeans and, 1103 and influenza, 1918, 451 Kenya and Tanganyika, meningitis (1913-19), 878

pre-twentieth century, 39, 296, 298,

450

and trypanosomiasis in the early twentieth century, 451, 556 West Africa, meningitis (1905-8, 1935-41), 879 in the Americas

before 1700

Amerindians after European contact, 4, 39-40, 317-26 passim, 328-9, 331, 498-9; Amerindians and smallpox, 1010

Brazil, and cholera 1855-6, 541 Caribbean

and cholera in nineteenth century, 501-2; and yellow fever in eighteenth century, 500, 1104

Cuba, and cholera 1833, 647

United States

and acquired immune deficiency syndrome, 547; and influenza (1918-19), 809; New Orleans and yellow fever (1853), 1104; and puerperal fever, 956 in Asia

East

China: fourteenth century, 357, 358; seventeenth century, 357, 358

Japan: age of plagues (7001050), 377-81 passim; Great Smallpox Epidemic (735-7), 377, 378, 380, 381; Great Famine of 1230, 382

Korea, nineteenth century cholera, 421; smallpox, 420

South, India

cholera in nineteenth century, 430; influenza in 1918-19, 424; malaria in nineteenth century, 423; malaria in twentieth century, 423; plague in nineteenth century, 423; plague in twentieth century, 423 in Australia and Oceania

Australian aborigines and smallpox, 1010

Western Samoa, influenza (191819), 487, 810

Pacific region, measles in nineteenth century, 874 in Europe

800-1300: 270-3

dysentery epidemic of 1779 (France), 605

ergotism in France (922), 719 influenza (1889-90)', 809 plague of 1347-53, 278, 357, 378, 380, 513, 613-14

plague (1630-1), 513 pre-twentieth century, 39, 296, 298, 450

puerperal fever (since 1700), 956 smallpox in eighteenth-century London, 284

typhus in Granada (1489-90), 1082 typhus in Naples (1528), 1082 in Middle East and North Africa

cholera in Mecca (1865), 647 plague of 1347-50, 335 plague (1846-53), 613-14 worldwide

encephalitis Iethargica (1918-26), 710

influenza, 809-10

neonatal tetanus, 1047

cause of death registration data, 20913,216

accuracy of, 212-13 completeness of, 211-12 compulsive registration: Brazil, 209;

Denmark, 209; Egypt, 209; Finland, 209; Great Britain, 209; Japan, 209; Mexico, 209; North America, 209; Norway, 209; Sweden, 209; United States crude mortality rates, 230—8 passim, 289, 330-3 passim, 329 eighteenth century: Brazil (San

Paulo), 329; FYench Canada, 331; New England, 331 nineteenth century: Balkans, 290;

Brazil (San Paulo), 329; Cuba (Havana), 329; Guatemala (San Pedro), 329; Italy, 290; Mexico (Mexico City), 329; South Asia, 418; United States (northern cities), 331; United States (southern cities), 331 twentieth century: Bangladesh, 465;

Bhutan, 465; China (1950), 362; Costa Rica, 231; India, 465; Nepal, 465; South Asia, 418, 465; Sri Lanka, 465; United States, 231, 232, 465 decline of

(800-1300), in Europe, 270-3 since seventeenth century, in Europe, 5, 214-15, 234, 248, 284-5, 287-93, 516, 517

since eighteenth century, in China, 358-9

in the Americas, 328-34; Caribbean, 502-3; Latin America, 328-31; North America, 331-3;

in South Asia, 418, 419 differences by sex

Middle Ages, in Europe, 271 modern, 236-7 and hygiene, 215 and infant/child care and feeding, 290-2 interpreting data of, 210-11 life tables, 230-8 passim and morbidity, 230-8 passim and nutrition, 270-3, 287-93 passim and Parkinson’s disease, 915 and plague, 282, 284, 285 and public health, 287-92 passim and scientific medicine, 287-93 passim and smallpox, 284-5 and urbanism, 328-34

The Mortality from Consumption in Dusty Trades by Frederick Hoffman (1908), 190

mortality, infant (see also children and infants, diseases of; mortality), 5, 147-55 passim, 214-15, 22430, 290-2, 298, 303 and alcohol, 229 causes, 147-55 passim, 225, 227-9, 290-2, 298, 303 determinants, 224—9 passim lactation practices, 224-9

low birth weight, 155, 229

and malnutrition, 155

and maternal malnutrition, 151

and modernization, 226-9

Prussia (nineteenth century), 290 Russia (nineteenth century), 290 and neonatal tetanus, 1046-9 puerperal sepis and streptococcus pyogenes, 220, 221 rates

historical, 224-5,231,234,280,290-2 eighteenth century

Europe, 201, 280; France, 152 nineteenth century

Africa, sub-Sahara, 297; Brazil (San Paulo), 329; Europe, 1501: England, 150, 151, 152; France, 150, 152; Germany, 150; Ireland, 150; Norway, 150; Sweden, 150; South Asia, 418; United States, 150: Massachusetts, 150

twentieth century, 224-9 passim

Africa, sub-Sahara, 226, 298; China (1950), 362; China (1985), 362

decline in, 151, 214-15, 225-6, 28792 passim, 328—33 passim

Africa: Ethiopia, 226, 298; Gambia, 298; Guinea, 226; Kenya, 298; Malawi, 298; Mozambique, 298; Nigeria, 298; Sierra Leone, 226

Bangladesh, 464

Barbados, 502—3

Caribbean region, 503 developing countries, 155 Europe, 225, 226

Denmark, 290; Finland, 226; France, 290; Great Britain, 151; Iceland, 226; Sweden, 226 Japan, 226 Mali, 226, 298

Nepal, 464 Pakistan, 464

South Asia, 418, 464 Third World, 155, 226 Tibet, 362

United States, 151, 225, 226 social class differences, 214—23 passim and socioeconomic status, 151, 224—9 passim

and sudden infant death syndrome, 624, 1017-20

and tetany, 1049-51 mortality, maternal, 214-24 passim and antiseptic techniques, 216-23 passim

causes: hemorrhage, 219-20; puerperal fever, 219, 220; septic abortion,

219, 220; toxemia, 220; other,

220, 221

decline in, 221-2 determinants, 219-21 hospitals versus home deliveries, 219— 23 passim

and obstetric care, 214-22 passim

and penicillin, 221

Mortality and Morbidity in the United States, Carl Erhardt and Joyce Berlin, eds. (1974), 210 morxi, see cholera

Mount Sinai Hospital (New York), 764, 771, 805

mucormycosis, see fungus infections (mycoses)

mucoviscidosis, see cystic fibrosis “mud fever” (leptospirosis), 840 Multinational Trends and Determinants in Cardiovascular disease (MONICA), see under World Health Organization multiple sclerosis, 6, 883-6 clinical manifestations, 884 definition, 883 distribution and incidence, 884 etiology and pathogenesis, 886 genetics, 885—6 geography and epidemiology, 884-5 history, 883 pathology, 883-4 racial differences, 883, 884, 885, 886 sex differences, 884

mumps, 4, 38, 46, 149, 154, 155, 161, 324, 377, 379, 384, 406, 489, 887-9 causative agents discovered, 711, 889 clinical manifestations and pathology, 888

distribution and incidence, 887 etiology and epidemiology, 887 and famine, 161 history and geography, 154, 888-9 in the Americas

1492-1700, 4, 324 since 1700, 888 in Asia, East: Japan, premodern, 377, 379, 384

Korea, modern, 406

in Australia and Oceania, 489

in Europe

Western antiquity, 888 early modern, 888 modern, 888

in Middle East and North Africa, 888 immunology, 887-8 and meningitis, 875 vaccine, 154, 155, 887-9 passim Municipal Corporation Act of 1835 (Great Britain), 202 murine typhus, see typhus, murine Murray Valley encephalitis, 593 muscular dystrophy, 6, 45, 124, 890—1 myasthenia gravis, 891—4 clinical manifestations, 892 definition, 891 diagnosis and pathology, 892 distribution and incidence, 891 etiology and immunology, 891-2 history, 892-4

mycetism, see fungus poisoning mycetoma (madura foot), see fungus infections (mycoses)

mycoses, see fungus infections (mycoses) mycotoxicosis, see ergotism; fungus poisoning

myeloid leukemia, 123

myocardial infarction, see heart-related diseases

myxedemia (hypothyroidism), 751

nagana (see African trypanosomiasis) Nan-ching, 21, 23, 24, 54, 55 Nanukayami (leptospirosis), 842 napraυiti, 164

National Academy of Science (United

States), 550, 611 National Archives and Records Center

(San Bruno, Calif.), 710 National Association for the Study of Tu

berculosis (United States), 190 National Cancer Control Office (China),

371

National Cancer Institute (United States),

383

National Canners Association, 624 National Chiropractic Association (NCA),

168

National Consumers League (United

States), 191

National Diabetes Data Group (United

States), 673

National Health Interview Survey, 235 National Health Service (Great Britain),

221

National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute

(United States), 706 National Institute for Medical Research

(England), 134 National Institute on Aging (United

States), 566

National Institute on Drug Abuse, Multi

Agency Working Group, 184 National Institute of Neurological and

Communicative Disorders and

Stroke, see United States, National Institutes of Health National Institute of Occupational Safety

and Health (NIOSH) (United States), 191

National Institutes of Health, see United

States, National Institutes of Health

National Leprosy Control Program (Nepal), 470

National Library of Medicine (United

States), 179

National Library of Scotland, 664.

National Malaria Eradication Campaign

(India, 1958), 423

National Quarantine and Sanitary Conventions of 1856-69 (United States), 204

National Research Council (United

States), 972

National School of Chiropractic (Chicago),

167

National Science Association of Brno

(Czechoslovakia), 117 National Tuberculosis Association, 95,

205

Natural History (Historia Naturalis) by

Pliny, 731, 926

Natural History of Barbados by Griffin

Hughes (1750), 1100 necator americanus, see hookworm disease necrotizing fasciitis (hospital gangrene), 743

Nei Ching, see Huang-ti nei-ching Neill-Mooser phenomenon, 1085 nematode infections (see also ascariasis;

dracunculiasis; enterobiasis; filariasis; onchocerciasis; strongyloidiasis; trichinosis; trichuriasis, 895 neonatal meningitis, see streptococcal diseases neonatal sepsis, see streptococcal diseases neonatal tetanus, see tetanus, neonatal neonatal tetany, see tetany neoplasm, see cancer Neopolitan fever, see brucellosis nephritis, 222, 380 nervous disease, see mental illness neurasthenia (see also mental illness), 71-2, 697-8 neurofibromatosis, 124 neurology, see mental illness neuroses, see mental illness New Fever of Crete, see brucellosis New York Department of Health, 1076 New York Hospital, 93, 1050 New York Neurological Institute, 586 New York Public Health Research Institute, 135 New York Times, 923 New York University, see universities Niemann-Pick disease, 1036 night blindness, see xerophthalmia Nihon igaku shi (“History of Japanese Medicine”) by Fujikawa Yu (1904), 376 Nihon shippei shi (“A History of Disease in Japan”) by Fujikawa Yu (1969; originally publ. 1912), 376 Nihonshoki (“The Chronicles of Japan”) (720), 373, 374 “nine-day-fits” (neonatal tetanus), 1046 nine-day measles, see measles njoυera (see also syphilis, nonvenereal), 1034 non-ulcerative dyspepsia, 697 nonvenereal syphilis, see syphilis, nonvenereal Norfolk and Norwich Hospital (England), 1089, 1091 North Africa, diseases of, see Middle East and North Africa, diseases of North Asian tick-typhus (Siberian ticktyphus), 985 Northwestern Mutual Life Insurance Company, 792 Norwalk virus, see diarrheal diseases Nosologia Methodica by Franςois Boissier de Sauvages (1768), 48 Nova Poentitentialis Quadragesima, nec non Purgatorium in morbum gallicum sive venereum by Jacques de Bethencourt (1527), 1030 Nue, 355

Nuisances Removal Act (Great Britain), 202

Nuri Hospital (Damascus), 29 nutritional diseases (see also anemia;

beriberi; chlorosis; goiter; pellagra; protein-energy malnutrition; rickets and osteomalacia; scurvy; tetany), 140-7 passim, 285

nutrition and nutritional chemistry (see also nutritional diseases), 1407, 978-80, 1088-91 calories, 141-2 and cancer, see cancer carbohydrates, 140-1 cholesterol and fats, 145-6 energy, 141 fiber, 146 and heart-related diseases, see heart- related diseases history of, 140-7 minerals, 143-5 protein, 140—1 and urolithiasis, 1088-91'passim vitamins, 142-3, 978-80 passim nymphomania, 89

Observations Made during the Epidemic of Measles on the Faroe Islands in the Year 1846 by Peter Panum (1940), 873

Observations on the Diseases of the Army in Jamaica by John Hunter (1788), 825

occupational diseases, 14, 187-92, 202, 371, 539, 616-18 anthracosis, 189

asbestos exposure, 189, 191 asbestosis (white lung), 187,191 black lung (coal workers’ pneumoconiosis), 187, 539, 616-17

brown lung (byssinosis), 187, 189, 616, 617

and cancer, see cancer

and dust, 187-92 passim, 616-17 hypertension, see hypertension lead (see also lead poisoning), 188, 189 leptospirosis, see leptospirosis mesothelioma, 191 and miscarriages, 191 and nuclear power industry, 191 phosphorus exposure, 189 “phossy jaw,” 188 and Q fever, see Q fever radium exposure, 189 “Rand miners’ phythisis,” 190 siderosis, 189

silicosis, 189, 190, 371, 539 and social reform, 187-92 passim, 202 and stress, 191

and tuberculosis, 188, 190, 371 Oceania, diseases of, see Australia and Oceania, diseases of ^uOfMeasles in the Year 1670” by Thomas Sydenham (1692), 873 Ohara’s disease (tularemia), 1068

Oil, Chemical, and Atomic Workers’ Union, 19

Onania; or the Heinous Sin of Self- Polution... anon. (c. 1700), 86 Onanism or a Treatise upon the Disorders OfMasturbation by Simon An- dr6 Tissot (1758) (English translation by A. Hume, 1776), 86

On Apioplexy by John Cooke (1820), 585 On Aqueducts by Frontinus (c. 100), 193 onchocerciasis, 5, 295, 297, 302, 450, 452, 500, 540-1, 724, 895-7, 905 causative agents discovered, 896-7 clinical manifestations, diagnosis, and treatment, 895-6 and colonial medicine, 5 definition, 895 distribution and incidence, 895 etiology and epidemiology, 896 history and geography, 896-7 in Africa, sub-Sahara, 295, 297, 302, 450, 452, 895-8

in Latin America and the Caribbean, 450, 500, 540, 541, 895, 896, 897

in Middle East and North Africa, 895, 896

“On the Contagiousness of Puerperal Fever” by Oliver Wendell Holmes (1842-3), 1014

On theDisease of English Children Which is Popularly Termed the R ickets by Daniel Whistler (1645), 978

On Fevers by Crasistratus (n.d.), 268

On Fevers by Diodes (n.d.), 268

On Gynecology by Soranus of Ephesus (c. 100), 147

“On the influence of trades, professions, and occupations in the United States in the production of disease” by Benjamin W. McCready (1837), 204

On Local Asphyxia and Symmetrical Gangrene of the Extremeties by Maurice Raynaud (1862), 744 “On Measles” by Thomas Sydenham (1692), 873

On Plague by Ibn al-Khatib (fourteenth century), 46

On the Sacred Disease in the Hippocratic Corpus (c. 400 B.C.), 716, 717

On the Seats and Causes of Disease, see On the Sites and Causes of Disease Investigated by Anatomy

On the Sites and Causes of Disease Investigated by Anatomy by Giovanni Battista Morgagni (1761), 26, 584-5, 740, 1019, 1031

On Vision in the Hippocratic corpus, 900 O’Nyong Nyong fever, 699 ophthalmia (see also blindness; conjunctivitis; trachoma), 6, 272, 297, 540, 897-905

clinical manifestations and pathology, 899-900

definition, 897-8 distribution and incidence, 898 etiology and epidemiology, 898 gonococcal, 900

history and geography, 900-5 neonatorum, 897—900 passim and slave trade, 904-5 and troop movements, 903-4 opisthotonos, see tetanus; tetanus, neonatal

oreillons (mumps), 888

“oriental sore” (leishmaniasis), 832 “Oroya fever,” see Carri6n^,s disease “orthopnoia,” see asthma

Oslo Study (of untreated syphilis) (1891— 1951), 1028

Ospedale Maggiore (Milan), 195 “osteitis deformans,” see arthritis, rheumatoid, Paget’s disease of bone osteoarthritis (degenerative joint disease), 252-4, 309, 314, 428, 537, 601, 737, 906-9

clinical manifestations, 908

definition, 906

distribution and incidence, 906—7 etiology and epidemiology, 907—8 and gout, 906-9 passim history and geography, 252—4, 908-9 osteomalacia, see osteoporosis; rickets and osteomalacia osteomyelitis, 252-4, 258, 322, 380, 399— 400, 410, 428 osteopathy, 164, 165, 168 osteoporosis, 577, 909-11

and anorexia nervosa, 577

definition, 909

epidemiology, distribution, and incidence, 910

etiology, 909-10

and genetic factors, 910

history, 910-11 otitis media, see mastoiditis ovarian dropsy, see dropsy overlaying (of infants), see sudden infant death syndrome

Oxford English Dictionary, 640 Oxford University, see universities oxyuriasis, see enterobiasis

paetun (tobacco), see tobaccosis Paget’s disease of bone, 911-13 clinical manifestations, 912-13 definition, 911

distribution and incidence, 911 epidemiology and etiology, 911-12 and heritability, 911-12 history and geography, 913 and juvenile Paget’s disease, 913 and slow virus theory, 912—13 Pahlevi texts, 27-8

Pahvant Valley plague (tularemia), 1068 Palace Medical Office (Korea), 392 Palmer School of Chiropractic (Davenport, Iowa), 166—70 passim Pan American Health Organization, 205 papatacci fever, see sandfly fever papophagia (pica), 927 Paraclesian scholars, 30 Paracoccidiodomycosis, see fungus infections (mycoses) paragonimiasis, 391, 397, 403, 442, 914 paralysis agitans (Parkinson’s disease), 916

parangi (yaws), 1099 paranoia, see mental illness paraplexia, see apoplexy paratyphoid (see also typhoid fever), 334, 369, 458

Paris Congress OfMedicine (1913), 804 Paris Medical School, 13, 16, 17

Parke, Davis and Company, 173 Parkinson’s disease, 6, 563, 710-12 passim, 807, 914-18 clinical manifestations, 915-16 definition, 914

distribution and incidence, 914 and encephalitis lethargica, 710-12 passim

epidemiology, 914-15 etiology, 915 history and geography, 916-17 juvenile form, 914 and mortality, 915 pathology, 915

parkinsonism, see Parkinson’s disease Parliamentary Reform Bill of 1832 (Great Britain), 202

parotitis, see mumps

Pasteur Institutes, see Institut Pasteur Pathological and Practical Research on Diseases of the Brain and Spinal Cord by John Abercrombie (1828), 585

“patriotic fever” (yellow fever), 1101 Patriotic Health Movement (China), 365

Pauper Apprentice Act of 1802 (Great Britain), 202

“peapickers disease” (leptospirosis), 840 pedal edema, see dropsy

Peking Union Medical College, 996 pellagra, 6, 153, 272, 285, 296, 297, 405, 461, 501, 530, 541, 837, 91824, 954, 1005

and alcohol, 918, 919

clinical manifestations and pathology, 919-20

definition, 918 distribution and incidence, 918 epidemiology and etiology, 6, 153, 285, 918-19

history and geography

in Africa, sub-Sahara, before 1860, 296, 297, 918, 921

in the Americcis, since 1700, 530, 541, 918, 921-3

in Asia

East, Korea, modern, 405

South, 918, 919, 923

in Europe, eighteenth and nineteenth centuries, 285, 918, 920-1

in Middle East and North Africa, 461, 918, 919, 921, 923 infantile, 954

and schistosomieιsis, 919

pellagra gloves, 919

PEM see protein-energy malnutrition pemphigus foliaceus, 538

pentosuria, 119

Pen-ts’ao kang mu (Materia medica arranged according to drug description and technical aspects) by Li Shi-shen (1596), 25 peptic ulcer, see dyspepsia periodontal disease, 428, 924-6

clinical manifestations and pathology,

925

definition, 924

distribution, incidence, and epidemiology, 924

etiology, 924

history and geography, 925-6 “periodondonitis,” see peridontal disease periostitis, 251, 252, 258, 322 peripleumonin (pneumonia), 940 peritonitis, 411, 570

Permanent Central Opium Board (PCOB), 175

Permanent Commission on Biological Standardization (Copenhagen), 129

pernicious anemia, see anemia pertussis, see whooping cough pestis pestilentia, see plague, bubonic petit mal seizure, see epilepsy pharyngitis, see streptococcal diseases Philippine General Hospital (Manila), 1021

phrenitis, 268 phrenology, 66 phthisis, see tuberculosis Physical Quality of Life Index, 235 pica, 297, 639, 826, 927-32

definition, 927

etiology, 928-9

and famine, 929

history and geography, 929-31 incidence, 927-8

and iron deficiency anemia, 928, 930, 931

and lead poisoning, 826, 927, 930 Pichinde virus, 595, 597 Pick’s disease, 563 “pig bel,” 491

Pilgrim’s Progress by John Bunyan (1678, 1684), 286

The Pillow Book by Sei Shonnagon (1000), 379

pinta (see also syphilis, nonvenereal; syphilis, venereal; the treponematoses; yaws), 5, 498, 521, 522, 537, 932-4, 1025-32 passim, 1033, 1034, 1053-5 passim

clinical manifestations and pathology, 933

confused with leprosy, 933

and cross immunity to other treponemal infections, 933 definition, 932 distribution and incidence, 932-3 epidemiology and etiology, 933 history and geography, 933 immunology, 933

pinworm infection (see also enterobiasis), 374, 397, 403

Pisse Prophets, 748

plague (see also Black Death), 3, 19, 36,

46, 128, 160, 176, 177, 197-9, 201, 238, 264-5, 273, 274, 275-8, 280-2, 282—6 passim, 288, 289, 303, 324, 325, 334, 335-6, 339, 355, 357, 358, 368, 373, 375, 377, 378, 383, 388, 404-5, 415-16, 418, 419, 422, 423-4, 427, 432, 434, 441, 442, 451, 455, 459, 465, 492, 499, 504, 505, 510, 512, 513-14, 515, 516, 521, 522, 523, 525-6, 541, 612-16, 628-31, 934-6 passim, 940, 981, 1010, 1100 bubonic (form), 276, 277, 335, 455, 612,

613, 628-31, 935, 936, 981, 1100

causative agent discovered, 19 and climatic conditions, 281, 282 clinical manifestations, 275, 629-30 decline of

in Europe, 278, 281, 288, 289, 335,

513-14, 515, 630-1

in Near East, 335 definition, 628 diseases lumped with, 277, 282 distribution and incidence, 628-31 economic and social consequences in Europe, 278,280 economic and social consequences in Islamic world, 336 epidemiology and etiology, 276-8 and famine, 160 history and geography, 197-9, 275-8, 630-1

in Africa, sub-Sahara, since 1860, 303, 451

in the Americas

1492-1700, 4, 324, 325, 499, 523,

525-6 since 1700 Latin America and the Caribbean, 541, 631; North America, 514, 526, 631

in Asia

East

China: to seventh century, 355; fourteenth century, 3, 276, 404; premodern, 355, 357, 358; modern, 368, 404, 405, 631

Japan: ancient, 373, 375; premodem (probable absence of), 377, 378, 383; modem, first reported epidemic (late 1800s), 388

Korea, modem (as a new disease), 404-5

South

premodem: 1415-16, 415; 1443, 415; 1548, 415; 1573, 415; 1618, 415

modem, 418, 419, 422, 423-4; 1812-61, 415; 1823, 1896, 416; 1846-1907, 335, 422, 631 Southeast

ancient and premodem, 427, 432, 434, 441; modem, 442 in Australia and Oceania, 492, 631 in Europe

Western antiquity, 264-5, 507, 509, 542 (Roman Empire), 276, 630, 544, 664, 682 (England), 276 1167, 1230, 1244 (Italy), 276 1320, 1333 (France and Spain), 276 1346-50, 38, 197-9, 246, 276-8, 335, 510, 512, 513-14, 515, 612-13, 630

1348-60 (England), 277, 612

1360s, 38, 277

1370s, 38, 277

1570s, 281

1590s, 281

1614 (England), 177

1630s, 281, 282, 513, 516 1660s (England), 281, 282 1720 (Marsailles and Provence), 281

in Middle East and North Africa

638-9 (Iraq and Syria), 335 661-749 (Egypt, Iraq, North Africa, and Syria), 335 1346-50s, 612-13, 630

1347 (Egypt), 335, 612-13

1348 (Syria), 335

1348-9 (Arabia), 335, 612-13

1349 (Baghdad), 612 premodem, 334, 335-6, 339, 455,

459

mid-1700s (Aleppo), 336 in Russia, 276, 289, 612 immunity, 629 and Institute Pasteur d’Outre-mer, 128 and iron, 275, 278 and leprosy, 274-5, 278, 338, 514 and salmonella infections, 278 and trade patterns, 281-2 and tuberculosis, 278 and tularemia, 278 and typhus, 278 Plague of Athens as, 264, 507, 509, 935, 936

Plague of Justinian as, 264, 276, 335, 455, 510, 630

pneumonic, 276, 277, 335, 455, 612, 613,629

and quarantine, 198, 201, 277, 281, 282, 288, 289, 630, 631

septicemic, 276, 277, 335, 455 Plague of Athens, 934-8

as epidemic typhus, 935 as ergotism, 935, 936 history, 934-5, 936-7 as influenza, 936 as measles, 935 as smallpox, 935

Plagues and Peoples by William H. McNeill (1976), 37, 376

Plague Research Commission (Bombay, 1905), 416

plasma thromboplastin antecedent, or PTA (Factor XI), see bleeding disorders

pleurisy, 47, 148, 391 pleuropneumonia, see pneumonia plica polonica (Polish plait), 340 plumbism, see lead poisoning pneumoconiosis, see occupational diseases Pneumocystis pneumonia, 937-8 and acquired immune deficiency syndrome, 547, 937 definition, 937

and Hodgkin’s disease, 937

and leukemia, 937

pneumonia (see also pneumocystis pneumonia; streptococcal diseases), 4, 19, 39, 47, 95, 148, 150, 151, 160, 270, 289, 296, 301, 303, 323, 324, 330, 348, 351, 353, 355, 356, 380, 384, 391, 396, 403, 407, 412, 443, 448, 458, 465, 484, 487, 530, 539, 594, 795, 807, 827-31 passim, 873, 938-42

and acquired immune deficiency syndrome, 939

and ascariasis, 938

bacterial, 938 causative agents discovered, 19, 150, 941

clinical manifestations, 939-40 confused with other diseases, 940 and cytomegalovirus infection, 938 definition, 938

etiology and epidemiology, 938-9 and famine, 160

history and geography, 151, 940-1

in Africa, sub-Sahara before 1860, 296, 448 since 1860, 301, 303, 941 in the Americas

1492-1700, 4, 39, 323, 324, 539 since 1700

Latin America and the Caribbean, 330; North America, 95, 530, 940-1

in Asia

East

China: ancient, 348, 351, 353; premodern, 355, 356

Japan, premodem, 380, 384 Korea: ancient, 391; premodem, 396; modem, 403, 407

South

ancient, 412; modem, 465 Southeast, modem, 443 in Australia and Oceania, 484, 487 in Europe

antiquity, 940 Middle Ages, 270 1700-1900, 289, 940-1 in Middle East and North Africa, 458, 940

and influenza, 807, 938

and Legionnaire’s disease, 827-31 passim, 938, 939, 940

and measles, 873

and Plague of Athens, 938, 939

and pneumocystis, 938

and protein-energy malnutrition, 951-2 and Q fever, 938, 941, 958 and rickettsial diseases, 938 and sickle-cell anemia, 939 and tuberculosis, 938

and tularemia, 938

vaccination, 941

and varicella, 938 pneumonia-diarrhea complex of infancy and childhood, 288, 289, 291, 329, 331 pneumonitis, see pneumonia podagra, see gout pokkur, 1022 polio, see poliomyelitis poliomyelitis, 2, 36, 252, 258, 303, 368, 406, 452, 490, 521, 875, 94250

clinical manifestations and pathology,

946- 7

definition, 942 distribution and incidence, 945-6 epidemiology, 944-5

etiology and immunology, 942—4 history and geography, 947-9 in Africa, sub-Sahara, since 1860, 303, 452, 948, 949 in the Americas

pre-Columbian, 521

since 1700, North America, 944-5,

947- 8, 949 in Asia

East

China, modem, 368

Korea, modem, 406

South, 949

in Australia and Oceania, 490, 945, 948

in Europe pre-Roman world, 252, 258, 947 modern, 943, 944, 945, 948

in Middle East and North Africa, 944, 947, 948

and meningitis, 875, 942

vaccination, 6, 155, 452, 943—4, 945,

948- 9

Polish fever (trench fever), 1052

Polish plait, 340 Pontiac fever, 827-31 Poor Law Amendment of 1834 (Great Britain), 202

Post Graduate Training Centre for Ayurveda, 32 postmenopausal osteoporosis, see osteoporosis post-streptococcal glomerulonephritis, see glomerulonephritis Pott’s disease, 458, 743 pourriture des h6spitaux (hospital gangrene), 743

Powassan virus encephalitis, 593 Practica puerorum by Rhazes (early tenth century), 148

Practical Observations on Aural Surgery and the Nature and Treatment of Diseases of the Ear by Sir William Wilde (1853), 869 Practice of Physick by Thomas Willis (1684), 892 preeclampsia, see eclampsia pre-Roman world, diseases of, see Europe, diseases of

Presbyterian Mission (Korea), 400 presclerosis, see hypertension “presenile dementia,” see Alzeheimer’s disease

primary degenerative dementia see Alzheimer’s disease

primary hypertension, see hypertension primary hypertensive cardiovascular disease, see hypertension primary pulmonary histoplasmosis, see histoplasmosis

primative rheumatism, see arthritis, rheumatoid

The Principles and Practice of Medicine by William Osler (1892), 179 proaccelerin (Factor V), see bleeding disorders

protein calorie malnutrition, see proteinenergy malnutrition protein-energy malnutrition (PEM), 6, 153, 158, 295, 304, 329, 442, 458, 460, 461, 464, 473, 501, 503, 950-5, 1050 clinical manifestations and pathology, 952-3

definition, 950-1 and diarrhea, 951-2 distribution, 954-5 etiology, 153, 158, 951—2 history and geography, 153, 953-4 in Africa, sub-Sahara before 1860, 295 since 1860, 304, 950, 954 in the Americas, since 1700, Latin America and the Caribbean, 329, 501, 503, 950, 952, 954 in Asia

South, modem, 464, 473, 950, 954 Southeast, modern, 442, 950, 954 in Middle East and North Africa, 458,

460, 461, 954

as kwashiorker, 153, 158, 295, 458, 460,

461, 950-5 passim

and malaria, 951-2

as marasmus, 153, 158, 295, 950-5 passim

and measles, 951-2

and pneumonia, 951-2 and tetany, 1050 and weaning, 153, 951-5 passim prothrombin (Factor II), see bleeding disorders

protozoal infections (see also African trypanosomiasis; amebic dysentery; Chagas’ disease; giardiasis; leishmaniasis; malaria; pneumocystis pneumonia; toxoplasmosis), 6, 955 Provveditori alia Sanita, 514 Prussian-German Customs Union (1834), 17

psychasthenia, 76 psychiatry, see mental illness Psychopathia Sexualis by Richard von KrafR-Ebing (1886), 89

“psychosis,” see mental illness Ptolemiac science, 28 public health, see public health and sanitation

Public Health Act of 1848 (Great Britain), 202

Public Health Act of 1875 (Great Britain), 1075

public health and sanitation, 12,13, 14, 192-206, 272, 273, 284, 333, 401-2, 407, 413, 435-6, 514, 516, 615, 630, 648

before 1700

in ancient societies, 192, 193,195

and baths, 193, 194, 273

and boards of health, 197, 198,199, 514

and burial of bodies, 197

definitions, 192

and drainage, 193

history and geography

in Europe

Greek, 193, 194

Roman, 193-4

Middle Ages, 194-5, 196,272 Renaissance, 195

in Middle East and North Africa, 196

and hospitals, 12, 13, 14, 195-9 passim, 413, 516

and hygiene laws, 192, 193, 194, 195

and lazarettos, see leprosaria

and leprosy, 196, 197

and plague, 197-9, 284, 514, 615, 630

and public physicians, 195-6

and quarantine, see quarantine

and waste disposal, 193-4, 196

and water, 193, 194, 272 since 1700

and acquired immune deficiency syndrome, 205

and boards of health, 201, 202,203

and cholera, 202, 203, 648

and diphtheria, 203

and factory inspectors, 202

and food regulations, 200

and health departments, 204, 205,

206

history and geography

in Africa, sub-Sahara, 205

in the Americas

Brazil, 205

British America, 200 Caribbean, 205

Latin America, 205

United States, 200, 202, 204, 205 in Asia

East, Korea, 401-2, 407

Southeast, 435-6

in Europe, 200, 201 France, 203, 204 Great Britain, 201, 202, 203

in Russia, 203

and hookworm, 205

and hospitals, 201, 202, 435-6

and infant mortality, 201, 203, 204

and legislation and social reform, 201, 202

and malaria, 203, 204

and measles, 203

and mortality decline, 333

and nutrition, 205

and “pesthouses,” 201

and plague, 201

and quarantine, see quarantine and quarantine officers, 201 and sanitation, 202, 204 and scarlet fever, 203 and school health programs, 205 and smallpox, 201, 204 and tuberculosis, 203, 204 and typhoid, 203 and typhus, 202, 203 and venereal disease, 205 and waste disposal, 200 and whooping cough, 203 and yellow fever, 201, 203, 204, 205 pudendagra (syphilis), 1030 puerperal fever (puerperal sepsis) (see also erysipelas; streptococcal diseases), 6, 15, 46, 219-23, 410, 955-7

causal agents discovered, 957

clinical manifestations and pathology,

956

death rates, 219, 956

definition, 219, 955 epidemiology and etiology, 955-6 history and geography, 956-7 and septic abortion distinguished, 219 and streptococcus pyogenes, 220, 955-6 Puerto Rico Anemia Commission, 502 puking disease (milk sickness), 880 pulmonary consumption (tuberculosis), 1062 pulmonary emphysema, see emphysema Pure Food and Drug Act of 1906 (United States), 174 the “purples,” see diphtheria; scarlet fever purpurea epidemica maligna (scarlet fever), 991 pustule maligne, see anthrax putrid malignant fever (typhoid fever), 1075 pyorrhea, see peridontal disease Pythogenic fever, see typhoid fever

Qanun by Avicenna (early eleventh century), 29

Q fever, 457, 829, 957-61

acute, 957-61 passim causal agents discovered, 960 chronic, 957-61 passim clinical manifestations, 959 definition, 957-8 distribution and incidence, 958 epidemiology and etiology, 958 history and geography, 959-61 immunology, 959 and pneumonia, 941, 958 vaccines, 959, 961 quaranfil virus, 597 quarantenaria, 14 quarantine, 14, 155, 197, 198, 199, 201, 203, 204, 288, 359-60, 401, 402, 407, 455, 514, 615, 630, 839

history and geography

in East Asia, 359-60, 401, 402, 407 in Europe, 14, 155, 197, 198, 199,

203, 288, 359, 514, 615, 630,

839

in Latin America and the Caribbean,

201

in North America, 201, 204

in Middle East and North Africa, 455 Queen’s Institute Midwives, 221 Queensland tick-typhus, 985 quintan fever (trench fever), 1052 Qur’an, see Koran and medicine

rabbit fever (tularemia), 1068 rabies, 6, 128, 350, 392, 399, 406-7, 442,

457, 711, 962-7

causative agent discovered, 711, 965-6 definition, 962

distribution and incidence, 962 epidemiology, 962-3 etiology, 962 history, 964-7

pathology and clinical manifesta

tions, 963-4

vaccination, 128, 963-7 passim rachitis (rickets), 978 radesyge, 1034 la rage (rabies), 962 “railway spine,” 69

Ramsey Hunt’s syndrome, 1093 “Rand Miners’ phthisis,” 190 “Rat Epidemic” (plague), 355 Rats, Lice, and History by Hans Zinsser

(1935), 285, 935 Raynaud’s syndrome, 742-3 “red diarrhea” (dysentery), 379 red measles, see measles “red pox” (measles), 379 “red-water” fever (schistosomiasis), 992 Regimen in Hippocratic corpus, 11 regional enteritis (Crohn’s disease), 801 Registrar’s office (Western Samoa), 710 Reither’s syndrome, 254 relapsing fever, 160, 161, 162, 302, 405, 407, 456, 520, 967-70 causative agent discovered, 968-9 clinical manifestations, 968 confused with malaria, 967 confused with typhoid, 968 confused with typhus, 967-8 definition, 967 distribution and incidence, 968 etiology and epidemiology, 967-8 and famine, 161, 162, 969 history and geography, 968-9 louse-bome, 967-70 passim tick-bome, 967-70 passim relapsing gangrene, see Raynaud’s syndrome

relief induced agonism, 160 renal stone disease, see urolithiasis “Report to the Evolution Committee of the Royal Society,” 118 Report of a General Plan for the Promotion of Public and Personal Health by Lemuel Shattuck (1850), 205

Report OfMorbidity and Mortality in the

United States (1984), 1092 Report on the Sanitary Conditions of the

Labouring Classes by Edwin Chadwick (1842), 202

Reye’s syndrome, 711 rheumatic fever/rheumatic heart disease (see also streptococcal diseases), 95, 150, 283, 370, 850, 970-7

causative agents discovered, 150, 970-1 decline of, 973-4

definition, 970

etiology and treatment, 970

geography, 974—6

history, 970-3

and surgical repair of heart valves, 976 rheumatic gout (rheumatoid, arthritis), 600

rheumatism (see also rheumatic fever/ rheumatic heart disease), 13, 297, 483

rheumatoid arthritis, see arthritis, rheumatoid

rhinosporidiosis, see fungus infections (mycoses)

rickets and osteomalacia, 6, 143, 152-3, 271, 283, 347, 348, 349, 400, 405, 433, 461, 473, 978-80, 1049, 1050, 1051

definition, 978

earliest mention, 152, 978 epidemiology, etiology, and distribution, 6, 153, 979-80

history and geography, 152-3, 978 in Asia

East

China, ancient, 347, 348, 349, 978

Korea, premodem, 400 South, modem, 473 Southeast, ancient and premodem, 433

in Europe pre-Roman world, 979 Middle Ages, 271, 978, 979 Renaissance and early modem, 283 since 1700, 152, 979, 980

in North America, since 1700, 152-3, 979, 980

paleopathology, 978-9

and pigment, 143, 979

and tetany, 1049,1050,1051

and vitamin D, 143, 978-80 passim rickettsial diseases (see also Q fever;

Rocky Mountain spotted fever; trench fever; typhus, epidemic; typhus, murine; typhus, scmb), 6, 520, 699, 818, 938, 981 causative agents discovered, 981 definition, 981 rickettsialpox, 985-6 Rift Valley fever, 594, 699, 819 “Riggs disease” (periodontal disease), 926 ringworm, see fungus infections (mycoses) τnsus sardonicus (tetanus), 1043 river blindness, see onchocerciasis “Rochdale Experiment,” 221, 222 Rocio virus, 593 Rockefeller Foundation, 6, 205, 502, 785, 787-8, 996, 997, 1105, 1106

and anti-hookworm campaign, 785, 787-8

Health Programs, 6

International Health Board, 502 International Health Division, 996, 1106

Sanitary Commission, 502, 787 and schistosomiasis control in St. Lucia, 997

Second Commission to West Africa, 1105

YellowFever Commission, 1105 Rockefeller Institute (New York), 130, 131, 135

Rock Fever of Gibraltar see brucellosis

Rocky Mountain Laboratory, 982

Rocky Mountain spotted fever, 981, 982-6 causative agents discovered, 981, 984-5 clinical manifestations, 984 definition, 982

distribution and incidence, 982-3 etiology and epidemiology, 982 history and geography, 984-5

other diseases of the spotted fever group, 985-6

susceptability of those with G6PD deficiency, 984

vaccination, 984

Roosevelt Hospital (New York), 971 rosagia (measles), 873

rossalia, see measles; scarlet fever

Rotary International, 949 rotavirus infection, 677

Rotheln (r∂telri) (rubella), 988

“rotten throat fever” (scarlet fever), 356 Rotunda Hospital (Dublin), 217

Royal College OfPhysicians (Edinburgh), 119, 685

Royal Commission on the Health of Towns (Great Britain), 202

Royal Infirmary at Edinburgh, 847

Royal Medical Chirurgical Society of London, 911

Royal Society (England), 416, 1004, 1005 expedition to Uganda (1902), 556

Royal Society of Edinburgh, 888

Royal Society of London, 133

Royal Society of Medicine, 804

“royal touch,” 998

ru’an (leprosy), 432

rubella (German measles) (see also measles), 3, 4, 154, 155, 323, 324, 394, 489, 875, 887, 986-9 causative agents discovered, 988 clinical manifestations and pathology, 987

confusion with measles and smallpox, 987-8

and congenital rubella syndrome (CRS), 987

distribution and incidence, 987 etiology and epidemiology, 986-7 history and geography, 987-8 immunology, 987

maternal, 154, 986 and meningitis, 875 vaccination, 155, 986-8 passim rubeoloa, see measles

Russian intermittent fever (trench fever), 1052

Russian spring - summer encephalitis, 593

sabre tibia (yaws), 1099 “sacred disease,” 716 “sacred fire,” see ergotism; erysipelas; gangrene; St. Anthony’s fire

safura (pica), 930

St. Andrews University, see universities St. Anthony’s fire (see also ergotism; erysipelas), 989-90

St. Bartholemew’s Hospital (London), 91, 118, 971, 1057

St. Elizabeth’s Hospital (Washington, D.C.), 830

St. Gall Monastary, 12

St. Gallen Monastery (Switzerland), 194 St. George’s Hospital (London), 131 St. Jorgens Leprosarium (Naestved, Denmark), 274

St. Louis encephalitis, 593

St. Mary OfBethlehem Hospital (Bedlam), 61

St. Mary’s Hospital (London), 127 Medical School, 132

“Saints Fire,” 718

St. Thomas Hospital (London), 748 St. Vitus’ Dance, 789, 970 Salem witchcraft affair, 719 Salerno University, see universities salmonellosis, see diarrheal diseases; typhoid

La Salpetribre (hospital), 73, 76, 88 Samguk Sagi (“History of the Three Kingdoms”), 389, 390

sandfly fever, 456

sang de rate (splenic fever), see apoplexy; stroke

Sanguinous apoplexy, see apoplexy; stroke Sanitary Act of 1866 (Great Britain), 202 The Sanitary Condition of the Laboring Population of New York City by John H. Griscom (1845), 204 “Sao Paulo typhus” (Rocky Mountain spotted fever), 985

sarcoma, see cancer

sarna, 541 “Saunders-Abercrombie-Crohn’s ileitis” (Crohn’s disease), 806

Save the Children Foundation, 949 scabies (see also onchocerciasis; ophthalmia), 297, 346, 375, 380, 391, 398, 401, 406, 410, 459-60

scarlatina, see scarlet fever scarlet fever (see also erysipelas; streptococcal diseases), 48, 148,150, 203, 220, 270, 283, 289, 291, 297, 323, 324, 348, 354, 356, 388, 394, 406, 489, 499, 521, 523, 525, 541, 720-1, 746-9, 971, 990-2,1015, 1093 causative organism discovered, 150, 720-1, 992

clinical manifestations, 991 decline of, in West, 220, 291, 721 definition, 990 description, 148, 991 and diphtheria, 991 distinguished from diphtheria, 1015 distinguished from measles, 48,991 distinguished from varicella zoster, 1093

distribution and incidence, 990 epidemiology and etiology, 990-1 and erysipelas, 720-1 and glumerulonephritis, 746-9 passim history and geography, 148, 720-1, 991-2

in the Americas

1492-1700, 4, 323, 324, 499, 523 since 1700

Latin America and the Caribbean, 541; North America, 991, 992

in Asia, East

China

ancient, 348; premodem, as a new disease, 354, 356 Japan, early modern, 388 Korea

premodem, 394; modem, 406 in Australia and Oceania, 489,992 in Europe

Middle Ages, 270, 991 Renaissance and early modem, 283, 991

1700-1900, 289, 297, 748, 991, 992 modem, 991

in Middle East and North Africa, 991 and streptococcus pyogenes, 220,720 “schick test,” 681, 682 “schisto,” see schistosomiasis schistosomiasis (bilharziasis), 5, 98,109,

252, 295, 299, 302, 303, 334,

346, 350, 353, 355, 366,448, 450, 451, 452, 454, 456-7, 460, 503, 526, 540, 541, 786, 817, 919, 992-7, 1088, 1090 and bladder cancer, 109 and bladder stone disease, 1088 causative agents discovered, 995-6 and colonial medicine, 5, 996-7 definition, 992 distribution and prevalence, 993-4 epidemiology, 994—5 etiology, 994 and heart disease, 98 history and geography, 995-7 in Africa, sub-Sahara

before 1860, 295, 448, 450 since 1860, 5, 299, 302, 303, 452, 993-7 passim in the Americas

1492-1700, 450, 526, 993 since 1700, Latin America and the

Caribbean, 503, 540, 541,9937 passim in Asia, China

ancient, 346, 350, 353 modem, 366, 993-7 passim premodem, 355

in Europe, pre-Roman world, 252

in Middle East and North Africa, 334, 454, 456-7, 993—7 passim immunology, 995 pathology, 995 and pellagra, 919 terminology, 992-3 vaccination, 997

schizophrenia, see mental illness School OfNative Doctors (Calcutta), 32 Schverbaujck (scurvy), 1000 Science and Civilisation in China J. Needham, Wang Ling, Hoping-yu, Lu Gwei-djen, et al., eds. (1954), 345, 352 scleroderma and gangrene, 743 Scopes trial, 165 Scorbuck (scurvy), 1000 scorbutus (scurvy), 1000 scrofula (see also goiter; tuberculosis), 273, 375, 414, 488, 836, 9981000

clinical manifestations, 999-1000 definition, 998

history and geography, 998-1000 scrofula Americana, 1000 scrofula fugax, 1000 scrofula mesenterica, 1000 scrofula vulgaris, 1000 scrofulous itch, 1000 scrophula, see scrofula scurvy, 6, 142,152,153, 263, 272, 283, 285, 297, 322, 334, 340, 405, 411, 461, 516, 541, 998, 10006, 1077

cause discovered, 1102—5 passim clinical manifestations, 1001 definition, 1000 distribution, 1000-1 epidemiology, 1000-1 etiology, 6, 142, 152, 1000-1 and germ theory, 1004-5 history and geography, 142, 152, 263, 272, 283, 285, 297, 340, 411, 461, 541, 998, 1001-5 infantile, 152-3, 1000-1 and vitamin C, 142, 1000-5 passim seatworm infection, see enterobiasis “secondary gout,” see gout secondary hypertension, see hypertension The Second International Conference on Causes of Sudden Death in Infants (Seattle, 1969), 1017 senile dementia, see Alzheimer’s disease senile osteoporosis, see osteoporosis senility, see Alzheimer’s disease serous apoplexy, see apoplexy; stroke sesdo, see malaria Seuchenhaftes verwerfen, see brucellosis Severance Union Medical College and Hospital, 400 sexual deviance as disease, 1, 85-90 passim

sexually transmitted diseases (STD) (see also acquired immune deficiency syndrome; gonorrhea; herpes simplex; syphilis), 5, 40, 300, 303, 369, 401, 405, 417, 451

“shaking palsy” (Parkinson’s disease), 916 Shanghai Opium Commission, 171 Shang-han Iun (“Treatise on Cold Afflictions”) by Chang Chi (end of second century), 53

Shan Hai Ching, 350 shank fever, see trench fever Shanti Project, 549 “shellshock,” 78

Shen-nung pen-ts’ao ching (“The Divine Husbandman’s Classic on Materia Medica”), 21, 24 Sheppard-Tower Act of 1921 (United States), 205

shigellosis, see bacillary dysentery; diarrheal diseases

Shih Chi (c. 90 B.C.), 345

Shih Ching (“Book of Odes”) (c. 800 B.C.), 345, 348, 349

Shih Ming, 52 shin fever, see trench fever shingles, 1092-4 passim

Shin Jip Ban (“Anthology of Paekche Prescriptions”), 390

ship fever (epidemic typhus), 1080 “shop typhus” (murine typhus), 1085 Shoshin-kakke (beriberi), 606, 737 Shu Ching (c. 1000 B.C.), 345 “sibbens,” 1034,1099

Siberian tick-typhus, 985 Siberian ulcer (tularemia), 1070 sickle-cell anemia (see also genetic diseases; malaria), 6,113, 114, 120-1, 294-5, 573-5, 724, 738, 859, 1006-8, 1038, 1072 cause discovered, 1007-8 clinical manifestations, 1007 definition, 1006 distribution and incidence, 1006 and gallstones, 738 history and geography, 120-1, 1007-8 and molecular model of human disease, 113

and pneumonia, 939 and typhoid fever, 1072 Sickle-Cell-Hemoglobinopathy Clinic (University of Ghana), 574 sickle trait, 294-5, 448, 573-5, 858-9, 1006-8 passim sick stomach (milk sickness), 880 siderosis, see occupational diseases SIDS, see sudden infant death syndrome the “silent killer” (hypertension), 792 sili∞sis, see occupational diseases Single Convention on Narcotics, 175 “sinking typhus” (meningitis), 877 “sitomania,” 579

Situation Analysis for China, UNICEF (1989), 366 skerljeυo, 1034

“sleeping distemper” (African trypanosomiasis), 555 sleeping sickness, see African trypanosomiasis

Sleeping Sickness Bureau (London), 556 “sloes” (milk sickness), 880 sloubutus, see scurvy

“slows” (milk sickness), 880

smallpox, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 13-18 passim, 29,

33, 36, 37, 38, 39, 40, 47, 48, 126, 148, 149, 151, 154, 160, 176, 201, 204, 205, 270, 277, 282, 283, 284-5, 286, 289, 291, 296, 301, 303, 319, 320, 321, 322, 323, 324, 331, 354, 355, 359, 360, 368, 373, 375, 376, 377, 378-9, 380, 381, 382, 383, 384, 386, 387, 390-1, 393-4, 400, 403-4, 405, 407, 414, 418, 419-20, 421, 422, 423, 427, 432, 434-5, 436, 441, 442, 448, 449, 450, 451, 452, 458, 459, 465, 478-9, 480, 481, 489, 498, 499, 500, 502, 504, 505, 506, 512, 515, 516, 519-32 passim, 524-5, 539, 540, 594, 644, 753, 785, 795, 808, 873, 883, 905, 935, 936, 1008-13, 1093 chronology,

B.C.

3000 (Egypt), 479

1600 (Egypt), 448 1157 (Egypt), 1009 400 or before (India), 479 400 or before (Greece), 479 250 (China), 478

A.D.

48 (China), 478

161-2 (China), 873

165-80 (Rome), 37, 873, 1009 310-12 (China), 873 495 (China), 355, 1009 570 (Ethiopia), 448 585 (Japan), 479 735 (Korea), 479 735-7 (Japan), 376-84 passim,

479,1009

790, 812-14, 853 (Japan), 378

915, 947, 974, 993-5 (Japan), 378 1020, 1036 (Japan), 378 1072, 1085, 1093-4 (Japan), 381 1113, 1126, 1143, 1161, 1175, 1177 (Japan), 381

1188, 1192 (Japan), 381

1206-7, 1225, 1235, 1243 (Japan),

381

1206-7,1225, 1235, 1243 (Japan),

381

1314, 1342, 1361, 1365, 1374 (Japan), 383

1452-3, 1477, 1495 (Japan), 383 1495 (Panama), 539 1514, 1518 (Hispaniola), 324, 499, 524

1519 (Cuba), 499

1519 (Americas), 1010

1520 (Mexico), 324

1523 (Japan), 383

1524 (Panama), 324

1525, 1531,1537 (Japan), 383

1554 (Chile), 539

1555 (Rio de Janeiro), 539 1589 (Africa, east coast), 449 1590s (Paraguay), 539 1633-4 (Plymouth, Mass.), 1009 1652 (South Africa), 449

1680s (Africa, Gold Coast), 449

1688 (Guana), 489

1702 (Boston), 525

1713 (South Africa), 449

1721 (Boston), 1011

1727, 1730, 1752 (Boston), 525

1755, 1767 (South Africa), 449

1772 (Boston), 525

1788 (Australia), 489

1789 (Australia), 1010

1834 (Gambier), 489

1837 (North America), 524

1841 (Tahiti), 489

1853—4 (Hawaii and Polanpei), 489

1865 (Papua), 489

1870-90 (New Guinea), 489

1879 (Fiji), 489

1978 (Birmingham, England), 1009 clinical manifestations and pathology,

1009

confused with measles, 323, 873 confused with rubella, 987-8 decline of, 204, 205 decrease of, in eighteenth century North America, 331 definition, 1008 distinguished from chickenpox, 284, 1093

distinguished from measles, 47, 148, 321, 379, 382, 1009-10 eradication of, 539, 1009-13 passim etiology and epidemiology, 504, 505, 506, 1008-9

and famine, 160

history and geography, 1009-13

in Africa, sub-Sahara,

before 1860, 296, 448, 449, 450

since 1860, 301, 303, 451, 452 in the Americas

1492-1700,4,5,39,40,201,320,322,

323,324,450,499,500,515, 523-5,526,539,1009,1010 since 1700

Latin America and the Caribbean, 502, 540; North America, 201, 331, 524-5, 1011 in Asia

East

China: ancient, 355, 390, 479, 873, 1009, 1010; premodern, 354, 355, 359, 360, 390, 479, 480, 481, 1010; modern, 368

Japan: ancient, 3, 373, 375, 390, 479; premodem, 376—84 passim, 479, 480; early modem, 386, 387, 480.

Korea: ancient, 390-1, 479; premodem, 393—4, 479; modem, 400, 403-4, 405, 407

South

ancient, 414, 1010; premodem, 414; modem, 418, 419-20, 421, 422, 423, 465

Southeast

ancient and premodem, 427, 432, 435-6, 441; modem, 442 in Australia and Oceania, 5, 40, 489,

1010

smallpox (cont.)

in Europe, 3, 6, 15 antiquity, 37, 873, 1009 pre-Roman world, 1009, 1010 Middle Ages, 270, 277, 512 Renaissance and early modem, 282, 283, 284-5, 286, 516 modem, 1009,1010-13 passim in Middle East and North Africa, 334, 448, 458, 459, 479, 873, 1009 immunology, 1009 increase in virulence, 282, 284 innoculation, 154 last recorded cases, 1012 and modem rise of population, 284 origins, 3, 1009

Plague of Athens as, 935 vaccination, 16, 33, 151, 154, 204, 205, 355, 401, 403, 414, 418, 420, 422, 434-5, 452, 516, 753, 795, 1011-13

and European mortality decline, 154, 284, 289, 291

and variolation, 15-16, 355, 359, 420, 435, 449, 516, 1010, 1011 smothering (of infants), see sudden infant death syndrome

“snail fever” (schistosomiasis), 992 social Constmction of disease, 45-52 passim

Societe Royale de Medecine (France), 965 sofersa (measles), 873 soft chancre, 375

“soldier’s heart,” 94

South African Institute for Medical Research, 996

South African tick-bite fever (Bou- tonneuse fever), 985

sowda (onchocerciasis), 895 “Spanish pox” (syphilis), 1099 sparaganosis, 442, 1035 spasmodic croup, see croup sphingolipidosis, see Tay-Sachs disease splenic apoplexy, see anthrax splenic fever, see anthrax spondylosis deformans, 253

Les Sporotrichoses by C. L. de Beurmann and H. Gougerot (1912), 733 sporotrichosis, see fungus infections (mycoses)

“spots” (measles), 873

“spotted fever,” see meningitis; Rocky Mountain spotted fever; typhus, epidemic

“spotted typhus” (Rocky Mountain spotted fever), 984

the “spring disease” (basanda roga) (smallpox), 419

Staff of Aesculapius, 688

Standard Cross-Cultural Sample (SCCS), 162

Standard Metropolitan Statistical Areas (SMSA), 762

starvation, see anorexia nervosa; famine; protein-energy malnutrition Statens SerumInstitutet (Copenhagen), 128 stature and health, 239-43 passim, 2912, 295

in the Americas and Europe, 240-2,

291-2

and biological standard of living, 239—

42 passim

and income, 239-42 and slaves, 240, 295 Stokes-Adams disease, 92, 99 “stomach evil” (pica), 930 “strain,” see gonorrhea “strangers’ fever” (yellow fever), 1101 streptococcal diseases (see also diphtheria;

erysipelas; gangrene; glomerulonephritis; puerperal fever; rheumatic fever/ rheumatic heart disease; scarlet fever), 282, 487, 690, 721, 935,1014-15 definition, 1014 history and geography, 1014-15 as Plague of Athens, 935 and streptococcal sore throat, 282 stroke (see also apoplexy; hypertension), 187, 212, 363, 370, 392, 398, 584-7

clinical manifestations, 586-7 definitions, 584, 585 distribution and incidence, 585-6 etiology and pathology, 586 and hypertension, 586 mortality, 586

as occupational disease, 187 risk factors, 586 strongyloidiasis, 442, 1016 “stroma,” see goiter; scrofula Stuart Factor (Factor X), see bleeding disorders

substance abuse, see addiction Sudan Interior Mission, 817 sudden infant death syndrome (SIDS),

624,1017-20

definition, 1017 distribution and incidence, 1017 epidemiology, 1017-18 etiology and pathology, 1018-19 history, 1019—20

and infant botulism, 624,1018 sudden unexplained death syndrome

(Asian), 1020-2

clinical manifestations and pathology, 1021

definition, 1020 distribution and incidence, 1020-1 epidemiology, 1021 etiology, 1021

history and geography, 1021-2 sudor anglicus (sweating sickness), 1023 SUDS, see sudden unexplained death syndrome

suffocation (of infants), see sudden infant death syndrome

“suffocative catarrh,” 692, 693, 694 Sukchong Sillock (Korea), 394 SUVA Medical School (Fiji), 489 Su-wen (see also Huang-ti nei-ching), 54, 351

swamp sickness, see leptospirosis; milk sickness

the “sweat,” see sweating sickness

sweating sickness, 2, 275, 283, 969, 10235

etiology, 1023-4

history and geography, 1023

as relapsing fever, 969 swelling sickness (mumps), 379 “swineherds disease” (leptospirosis), 840 Sydenham’s chorea, 789, 970 Sydney Hospital (Australia), 845 Synopsis of Cutaneous Disease by Thomas Bateman (1818), 776 syphilis, nonvenereal (see also pinta; syphilis, venereal; the treponematoses; yaws), 5, 310, 311, 511, 1025, 1033-4, 10535 passim

and cross immunity with other treponemal diseases, 1034 definition, 1033

etiology, epidemiology, and clinical manifestations, 1033 immunology and pathology, 1034 syphilis, venereal (see also pinta; syphilis, nonvenereal; the treponematoses; yaws), 5, 14, 18, 19, 30, 36, 48, 87, 144, 153, 164, 283, 284, 285-6, 296, 297, 310, 311, 318, 320, 321, 322, 334, 338-40, 355, 356, 369, 375, 383-4, 388, 395-6, 398, 405, 406, 407, 434, 448, 449, 460, 490, 498, 515, 521, 522, 537, 541, 549, 753, 837, 905, 921, 933, 945, 998, 1025-33, 1033, 1034, 1053-5 passim, 1098

causative agent discovered, 19, 711, 1032

clinical manifestations and pathology, 1028-9

confused with leprosy, 1054 confused with yaws, 1098 congenital, 945, 1025, 1029, 1032 definition, 1025 distinguished from gonorrhea, 1031, 1032

distribution and incidence, 1025 early etiological views, 87, 1030-2 endemic, see syphilis, nonvenereal etiology and epidemiology, 1025-8 history and geography, 998, 1029-32 in Africa, sub-Sahara, before 1860, 39, 296, 297, 448, 449 in the Americas

pre-Columbian, 5, 310-11, 498, 515, 521, 522, 537, 1029,10535

1492-1700, 322

since 1700, Latin America and the Caribbean, 541 in Asia

East

China: premodern (as a new disease), 355, 356; modern, 369 Japan: premodern (as a new disease), 375, 383, 384; early modem (as a new disease), 388 Korea: premodem (as a new disease), 395-6; modern, 405, 406, 407

Southeast, ancient and premodern, 434

in Australia and Oceania, 490

in Europe

Renaissance and early modem (1490s), 283, 284, 285-6, 515, 1029-31

since 1700, 1031-2

in Middle East and North Africa, 334, 338-40, 460, 921

and leprosy, 274

and male homosexuals, 1025

and mental illness, 79, 82

and mercury, 339

origins, 5, 286,1052-5

and prostitutes, 1025

and salvarsan, 164

social consequences, 286

Unitarian and non-Unitarian debate, 1027-8,1053-5

and yaws, 296

Syphilis, sive morbus gallicus by Girolamo Fracastoro (1530), 1025

Tacaribe virus, 595, 597, 817 taeniasis, see tapeworm

A Tale OfFlowering Fortunes (tenth and eleventh century, Japan), 379

The Tale of Genji, 379, 381

Talmud, see Biblical and Talmudic literature and medicine

Tao-te ching by Lao Tzu, 56 tapeworm infection (see also cestode infections; echinococcosis), 252, 295, 374, 380, 457, 492, 520, 10356

definition, 1035

diagnosis, treatment, and prevention, 1035

history, 1035

important species, 1035-6 tarbardillo (epidemic typhus), 1080 Task Force on Alzheimer’s disease, 566 Tay-Sachs disease, 6,1036—41 biochemistry, 1037-8

clinical manifestations and mortality, 1037

definition, 1036-7

the future of, 1041

genetic epidemiology, 1038-41 and genetic screening, 1041 history, 1037

molecular genetics, 1038 pathology, 1037

and protection against tuberculosis, 1039

“teething,” 147, 212

Les Teignes by Raimond Sabourraud (1910), 731

Ten-state Death Registration Area (United States), 210

Tentamen de Morbis ex Manusturpatione by Simon Andre Tissot (1758) (later editions called Onanisms), 86 tetani neonatoria (neonatal tetanus), 1046 tetanus, 64, 127, 155, 347, 392, 399, 411, 424, 434, 491, 501, 505, 688, 944, 1043-6, 1049

causative agent discovered, 1044-5,

1049

clinical manifestations and pathology, 1043-4 definition, 1043 and dracunculiasis, 688 etiology and epidemiology, 505,1043 history, 1044-6 treatment, 1044 vaccination, 127, 155, 944

tetanus, neonatal, 298, 303, 368, 392, 399, 407, 424, 434, 464, 465, 500, 503,1043,1044,1046-9 causative agent discovered, 1049 clinical manifestations, 1048 definition, 1046 distribution and incidence, 1047 epidemiology and etiology, 1047-8 history and geography, 1048-9 in Africa, sub-Sahara, 298, 303,1047 in the Americas

1492 -1700, 500 since 1700, Latin America and the Caribbean, 503,1047, 1049 in Asia

East

China, modem, 368

Korea: ancient, 392; premodem, 399

South, modem, 464, 465

India, 424 Southeast, ancient and premodem, 434

in Australia and Oceania, 1049 treatment, 1048 tetany, 399, 1049-51

clinical manifestations and pathology,

1050 definition, 1049

distribution and incidence, 1049-50 etiology, 1050 history, 1050

and protein-energy malnutrition, 1050 and rickets, 1049, 1050,1051

Teutonic Knights, 14

Texas redwater fever, 589

Textbook of the Science, Art, and Philosophy of Chiropractic by D. D. Palmer (1910), 165

Thaisu (see also Huang-ti nei-ching), 352 thalassemia, 257, 294, 428, 556, 571, 572, 575, 724

“thalidomide scandal,” 154 Thescoma, see schistosomiasis Third Lateran Council (1179), and leprosy, 274

This Long Disease, My Life by Maijorie Nicolson and George Rousseau (1968), 286

threadworm infection (trichuriasis), 1058 three-day measles, see rubella three-shih theory, 56

“thrifty gene” theory, 6, 673-4, 739 “throat distemper” (diphtheria), 680 thromboangiitis obliterans (Buerger’s disease), 743 thrombosis, see bleeding disorders thmsh, see fungus infections (mycoses) thymus dea⅛,ⁱsee sudden infant death syndrome

Tibb (medical) Conference, 32 tick-bome encephalitis, 593 tick-bome relapsing fever, see relapsing fever

tick-bome typhus (Rocky Mountain spotted fever), 985 “tick fever” (relapsing fever), 967 “tick spotted fever” (Rocky Mountain spotted fever), 985 tifo exantemdtico (epidemic typhus), 1080 Timaeus by Plato (c. fourth century B.C.), 48

tina (pinta), 932 “tires” (milk sickness), 880 tissue thromboplastin (Factor III), see bleeding disorders tobacco usage, ill effects of, see cancer; emphysema; heart-related diseases; tobaccosis tobaccosis (tobacco use and disease) (see also cancer; heart-related diseases), 2,176-86, 586 “Tobia petechial fever” (Rocky Mountain spotted fever), 985 togassa, 383 tokhmu (cholera), 643 Tongui pogam (“Exemplar of Korean Medicine”) (1610), 390, 393, 395, 396, 397, 398, 399 tonic-clonic seizure, see epilepsy tonsilitis, 266, 347, 380, 1014 tophaceous gout, see gout Towns Hospital, 173 toxemia of pregnancy (see also eclampsia; hypertension), 219-20, 222 Toxoplasma gondii, 548 toxoplasmosis, 492, 1051-2

and acquired immune deficiency syndrome, 548, 1052

clinical manifestations, 1051-2 definition, 1051 diagnosis, treatment, and prevention, 1052

distribution and incidence, 1052 trachoma (see also ophthalmia), 270, 350, 368-9, 388, 399, 406, 411, 427, 448, 459,498, 521, 523, 540 Tractatus de Corde by Richard Lower (1669), 693 Traite de Vorgane de Vouie by Joseph Du Vemey (1683), 868 Traite des maladies de Voreille et de Vaudition by Jean Marie Gaspard Itard (1821), 869 Traite de pathologic medicale by J. Lhermitte (1921), 585 Traite pratique sur les maladies Veneriennes by Philippe Ricord (1838), 1031 Transactions of the Society of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene (first issue, 1907), 556

traveler’s diarrhea (Montezuma’s revenge, la turista), 676-9 passim, 745

Treatise of the Acute Diseases of Infants

by Walter Harris (1698), 149 Treatise of the Asthma by John Floyer

(1698), 707

Treatise on the Diseases of the Chest by

Ren6 Laennec (1819), 708 Treatise on the Diseases of Infancy and

Childhood by Job Lewis Smith (1790), 151

Treatise on Indigestion by A. P. W. Philips

(1825), 697

Treatise on the Physical, Intellectual and Moral Degeneracy of the Human Race by B. A. Morel (1857), 69

A Treatise of the Scurvy by James Lind

(1753), 1002

A Treatise of the Seven Diseases by Aleixo de Abreu (1623), 540

Treatise on the Small Pox and Measles by

Rhazes (c. 910), 873, 1009-10 Treatise of the Spleen and Vapours by

Richmond Blackmore (1725), 63

Treatise on Warmth Epidemic Diseases by

Wu Youxing (1642), 354 Treatment of Diabetes Mellitus by E. P.

Joslin, et al. (11 editions, first published 1916), 672, 673 trematode infections (see also echinococcosis; fascioliasis; fasciolopsiasis; paragonimiasis; schistosomiasis), 1052 trembles (milk sickness), 880 tremetol poisoning, see milk sickness trench fever (see also typhus), 405,1052-3 clinical manifestations, 1052-3 definition, 1052 etiology, 1052 history, 1052 trephination (trepanation), 248-9, 306-8 the treponematoses (see also pinta; syphilis, nonvenereal; syphilis, venereal; yaws), 4, 5, 309, 322, 537, 1053-4

Triangle Shirt-waist fire, 189 trichiasis, see ophthalmia trichinelliasis (trichinosis), 1055 trichiniasis (trichinosis), 1055 trichinosis, 457, 913, 1055-8 clinical manifestations and pathology, 1056

definition, 1055 distribution and incidence, 1055 epidemiology and etiology, 1055-6 immunology, 1056

history and geography, 1057—8 trichophagia (pica), 927 trichophyton, see fungus infections

(mycoses) trichuriasis, 7, 295, 403, 442, 448, 491,

538, 571, 1058 trismus, see tetanus; tetanus, neonatal trismus nascentium (neonatal tetanus),

1046

trisomy, see Down syndrome; genetic diseases

“tropical chlorosis,” see hookworm disease tropical diabetes, see diabetes mellitus Tropical Diseases Bulletin, 556 tropical medicine, see medicine and medical history, tropical tropical ulcer, 302 trypanosomiasis, see African trypanosomiasis trypanosomiasis cruzi, see Chagas’ disease tsaraath, see leprosy TSD, see Tay-Sachs disease Tso Chuan, 349, 350 Tsutsugamushi disease, see typhus, scrub tuberculoid leprosy, see leprosy tuberculosis (see also scrofula), 3,4, 5, 10, 11,12, 19, 36, 38, 39,40, 49, 95, 96, 127, 130, 135,148, 149, 150, 160, 176, 188, 203, 204, 214, 222, 251, 252, 258, 270, 273, 274, 275, 278, 283, 284, 285, 286, 289, 291, 296, 297, 303, 309,311,313, 314,315, 321, 322, 329, 331, 332, 348, 349, 351, 353, 369, 374, 379, 382, 384, 388, 391, 396, 397, 401, 403, 412, 417, 424, 427, 428, 433, 437, 443, 448, 449, 451, 458, 465, 487-8, 497, 502, 504, 505, 506, 512, 515, 517, 521, 523, 528-9, 530, 537, 538, 539, 541, 548, 580, 639, 836-9 passim, 849, 850, 875, 905, 938, 941, 1010, 1039, 1058, 1059-68

and acquired immune deficiency syndrome, 548

bovine, 273, 1059-66 passim causative agent discovered, 19,150, 188, 1064

clinical manifestations and pathology, 1061-2

confused with goiter, 750-5 decline in incidences of, 5, 95, 204, 291 definition, 1059 early views of etiology, 88, 1062-3 etiology and epidemiology, 504, 505, 506, 1059-61 and famine, 160 and gender, 1060 and genetics, 1060 history and geography, 1062-6 in Africa, sub-Sahara

before 1860, 296, 448, 449 since 1860, 303, 451, 1066 in the Americas

pre-Columbian, 4, 309, 311,313, 314, 315, 497, 1062 1492-1700, 39, 40, 322, 523, 528, 539 since 1700

Latin America and the Caribbean, 329, 502; North America, 331, 332, 529, 530, 1063,1064 in Asia East

China: ancient, 348, 349, 351,

353, 1062, 1063; premodern, 355, 358, 1063; modern, 369 Japan, 58; ancient, 374; premodern, 379, 382, 384, 1063; early modern to modern, 58, 388, 1063

Korea: ancient, 39; premodern, 396, 397; modem, 401, 403 South

ancient, 412, 1062, 1063; premodem, 417; modem, 424, 465 Southeast

ancient and premodem, 427, 428, 433, 437, 521, 537, 538, 539; modem, 443

in Australia and Oceania, 40, 487-8 in Europe

pre-Roman world, 251, 252, 258, 1062

antiquity, 1062—3 Middle Ages, 252, 270, 273, 274, 275, 278, 512, 515, 1063 Renaissance to early modem, 283, 284, 285, 286, 516, 1063, 1064 1700-1900, 289, 291, 517, 1064 in Middle East and North Africa, 458, 1062

immunology, 1062

of infancy and early childhood, 149, 286 and leprosy, 3, 252, 273, 836-9 passim and lupus, 848, 849, 850

as a major killer, 95, 214, 286, 1058 and meningitis, 149, 875 and nutrition, 1059-66 passim and occupational diseases, 188, 190, 371 and plague, 278

and pneumonia, 938

and Tay-Sachs disease, 1039

and urbanization, 5, 273, 286, 1059-66 passim

vaccination, 127

Tubingen University, see universities Tuke model of moral treatment, 65-6 Tulane University, see universities tularemia, 456, 520, 935, 938, 1068-71 causative agents discovered, 1070 clinical manifestations and pathology, 1069-70

definition, 1068 distribution and incidence, 1069 epidemiology and etiology, 1068-9 history and geography, 1070 and plague, 278

as Plague of Athens, 935

and pneumonia, 938

tumors, bone, 257, 258

tungiasis, 451

Turner’s syndrome, 122

Tuskegee Study (of untreated syphilis, (1932-72), 1028

type I diabetes, see diabetes mellitus type II diabetes, see diabetes mellitus typhoid fever, 6, 18, 19, 36, 49, 150,161, 203, 289, 291, 295, 299, 303, 323, 334, 354, 355, 369, 388, 391, 393, 401, 403, 407, 410, 417, 422, 424, 427, 442, 458, 464, 465, 491, 499, 501, 502, 505, 523, 542, 679, 699, 701, 817, 818,1071-7,1077-80 passim

carrier state, 49, 1076

causative agents discovered, 19, 150, 1075, 1076

clinical manifestations, 1073

confused with other diseases, 1073 control, 1074 decline of, in Europe, 289, 291, 1075 definition, 1071 diagnosis, 1073-4

distinguished from typhus, 1075 distribution and incidence, 1072-3 epidemiology, 1071-2 etiology, 505, 1071 and famine, 161

history and geography, 1075-6

in Africa, sub-Sahara

before 1860, 295

since 1860, 299, 303, 1075

in the Americas

1492-1700, 323, 499, 523, 1075 since 1700

Latin America and the Caribbean, 501, 502, 542

North America, 1071, 1072, 1076 in Asia

East

China: premodern, 354, 355; modern, 369

Japan: early modern, 388; modern, 1072

Korea: ancient, 391; premodern, 393; modern, 401, 403, 407 South

ancient, 410; premodem, 417 modern, 422, 424, 464, 465, 1074 Southeast

ancient and premodem, 427; modem, 442

in Australia and Oceania, 491, 1072 in Europe

pre-history, 1075

antiquity, 1075

since 1700, 1071, 1072, 1073, 1075

in Middle East and North Africa, 334, 458,1073

and malaria, 1072

and paratyphoid, 1071

pathology, 1073

and “typhoid Mary,” 49,1076

and typhomalarial fever, see typhomalarial fever vaccination, 401 typhomalarial fever, 2, 1077-80

clinical manifestations and pathology, 1077

distribution and incidence, 1077 epidemiology and etiology, 1077 history and geography, 1077-80 typhus, epidemic (see also typhus, murine; typhus, scmb), 4, 18, 36,160, 161, 202, 270, 277, 283, 285-6, 288, 289, 303, 323, 324, 325, 347, 355, 374, 384, 388, 393, 401, 405, 407, 427, 437, 442,

455-6, 492, 499, 501, 515, 538,

541, 969, 1078, 1080-4 causative agents discovered, 1081,1083 clinical manifestations and pathology,

1081

confused with typhoid, 1082-3 definition, 1080

distribution and incidence, 1081 etiology and epidemiology, 1080-1 and famine, 160, 161

history and geography, 1082-4

in Africa, sub-Sahara, since 1860, 303 in the Americas

pre-Columbian, 538, 1082 1492-1700, 4, 323, 324, 325, 499,

1082

since 1700

Latin America and the Carib

bean, 501, 541, 1081, 1084;

North America, 1082

in Asia

East

China: ancient, 347; premodern,

355

Japan: ancient, 374; premodem,

384

Korea: premodem, 393; modern,

401, 405, 407, 1083

South, modem, 1081, 1084 Southeast

ancient and premodem, 437; modern, 442

in Australia and Oceania, 492

in Europe

Renaissance and early modem,

270, 277, 283, 285-6, 515,

1082

1700-1900, 202, 288, 289, 969,

1083

in Middle East and North Africa,

455-6, 1081, 1084 immunology, 1081 typhus, murine (see also typhus, epi

demic), 1085, 1088 causative agents discovered, 1088 clinical manifestations, 1085 definition, 1085 epidemiology and etiology, 1085 history and geography, 1085

typhus, scrub (Tsutsugamushi), 388, 405,

492, 1086-8

clinical manifestations, 1087 definition, 1086

distribution and incidence, 1086 etiology and epidemiology, 1086-7 history and geography, 1087-8 typhus abdominalis (typhoid fever), 1080, 1082

typhus cerebralis (meningitis), 875 typhus exanthematicus (epidemic typhus),

1080,1082

typhus exanthimatique (epidemic typhus), 1080

typhus historique (epidemic typhus), 1080 typhus Santematico, see typhus, epidemic

ucinaria, see hookworm disease ucinarasis, see hookworm disease

Uibang yuch^,u>i (“Classified Collection of Medical Prescriptions,” 1445), 392

ulcerative colitis, see inflammatory bowel disease

Ulcus Syriacum (diphtheria), 656 uncinariasis, see hookworm disease undulant fever, see brucellosis unexpected nocturnal death syndrome, see sudden unexpected death syndrome

UNICEF, see United Nations, UNICEF United Mine Workers, 191

United Nations, 175, 330, 366, 368, 458, 611, 688, 949

Commission on Narcotic Dmgs, 175 Economic and Social Council, 175

Food and Agricultural Organization, 611

International Drinking Water Supply and Sanitation Decade (1980s), 688

UNICEF (United Nations International Children’s Emergency Fund), 366, 368, 458, 949

United States

Army, and Caribbean sanitary reforms, 502

Army Commission on Yellow Fever, 1105

Bureau of the Census, 209, 210, 529 Census OfMortality (decennial), 209, 212

Committee on Medical Research, 93 Constitution, 171

Department of Health and Human Services (previously Health, Education and Welfare), 191, 566

Department of Labor, 191 Environmental Protection Agency, 823 Food and Dmg Administration, 549, 737

Food, Dmg and Cosmetic Act (1958), 108 Library of Congress, 209

National Center for Health Statistics (USNCHS), 234, 951, 954

National Health Interview Survey, 235 National Institutes of Health, 169, 170, 774, 922, 960-1

National Institute of Neurological and Communicative Disorders and Stroke, 169

Office of Smoking and Health, 185 Program on Welfare of Homeless Children, 150

Public Health Service, 188, 189, 190, 210, 547, 549, 774, 818, 829, 830, 889, 918-19, 922, 958, 984, 985, 1021, 1070, 1081, 1083,1085

Centers for Disease Control (CDC), 547,549,818,829,830,958, 1021

Industrial Hygiene Section, 189 and pellagra, 918-19, 922 and tularemia, 1070 and typhus, 1081, 1083, 1085 Typhus Commission, 1083, 1087

Universal Chiropractors Association, 166 “universal plague” (Black Death; plague), 612

universities

Aberdeen, University of (Scotland), 727, 728

Albert Einstein University, 565 Australian National University, 133 Berlin, University of, 74, 88 Bologna, University of, 13, 140, 740 Bowling Green State University, 881 Breslau, University of, 760 California Institute of Technology, 136 Cambridge University, 133, 1005 Chicago, University of, 573, 805, 981, 984

Columbia University, 122, 205 Cornell University, 846

Medical School, 172 Edinburgh, University of, 87-8, 930 Florence, University of, 14 Ghana, University of, 574 Ghent, University of, 624 Gottingen University, 74, 131 Hamburg, University of, 580 Harvard University, 189, 205, 572, 765

Medical School, 984, 1080 School OfPublic Health, 988

Indiana University, 133

Johns Hopkins University, 205 Medical School, 172, 570, 753

Leeds, University of, 845 Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 205

Medical Science, University of (Bangkok), 442

Michigan, University of, 151, 205, 845 Minnesota, University of, 984 Montpellier, University of, 13 Naples, University of, 748 New York University, 189 Oxford University, 177

Padua, University of, 14, 740

Paris, University of, 13, 571

Peradenya, University of (Sri Lanka), 473

Pisa, University of, 14 Pittsburgh, University of, 1005 St. Andrews University (Scotland), 728

Salerno University, 13 Tubingen University, 74, 571 Tulane University, 205, 923 Turin, University of, 777, 787 University College (London), 695 Uppsala, University of, 131, 132, 138 Vanderbilt University, 695 Wisconsin, University of, 923 Yale University, 135, 189, 922 University Bacteriology Laboratory (Copenhagen), 128

University Hospital (Prague), 849

University Hospital (Durban, South Africa), 771

“unter fever,” see leptospirosis “unter itch,” see hookworm disease urban typhus (murine typhus), 1085 “urfa sore,” see leishmaniasis urinary bladder stone disease, see urolithiasis urolithiasis (renal and urinary bladder stone disease), 1088-92 definition, 1088 epidemiology and geographic distribution, 1089-91 etiology, 1088 history and paleopathology, 1090-1 Urov disease, see Kashin-Beck (UROV) disease

“The Use of Force” by William Carlos Williams (1933), 682

uta (leishmaniasis), 538, 833

Uyun al-Anba ft Tabaqat al-Atibba by Ibn Abi Usaybia (thirteenth century), 29

Vaccination Act of 1880 (India), 420 vaccines, vaccination, and innoculation (see also variolation)

African trypanosomiasis, 555 anthrax, 583, 584

Argentine hemorrhagic fever, 598 brucellosis, 626

Carri6n^,s disease, 635 cholera, 401, 421-2, 452, 644 dengue, 661

diphtheria, 127, 128, 129, 135, 137, 154, 164, 452, 682-3, 879, 944, 1045

ebola virus disease, 702 hepatitis, 795, 796, 797 influenza, 810-11

Japanese B encephalitis, 812-13 Jenner vaccine, 414, 418, 420 malaria, 862

measles, 155, 452, 872-4 passim meningitis, 452, 879, 880 mumps, 154, 155, 887-9 passim neonatal tetanus, 155, 1049 pneumonia, 941

poliomyelitis, 6, 155, 452, 943—4, 945, 948-9

Q fever, 959, 961

rabies, 128, 963-7 passim

Rocky Mountain spotted fever, 984 rubella, 155, 986-8 passim schistosomiasis, 947 smallpox, 16, 33, 151, 154, 204, 205, 355, 401, 403, 414, 418, 420, 422, 434-5, 452, 516, 753, 795, 1011-13

tetanus, 127, 155, 944, 1045-6 tuberculosis, 127, 1062 tularemia, 1060

typhoid fever, 401, 1074-5 typhus, 1083, 1084, 1088 varicella zoster, 1093 whooping cough, 944, 1045, 1095-6 yaws, 1099

yellow fever, 593, 594, 797, 1102, 1106 “valley fever” (coccidioidomycosis), 732 Vanderbilt University, see universities varicella zoster (chickenpox), 38, 284, 296, 319, 323-4, 382, 383, 384,387, 394, 448, 449, 489, 499, 512, 523, 541, 938, 1092-4 causative agent discovered, 1093 clinical manifestations and pathology, 1093

distinguished from scarlet fever, 1093 distinguished from smallpox, 284, 1093 epidemiology and incidence, 1092-3 history and geography, 1093-4 in Africa, sub-Sahara, before 1860, 296, 448, 449 in the Americas

1492-1700, 323-4, 499, 523 since 1700

Latin America and the Caribbean, 541; North America, 1092

in Asia, East

Japan premodern, 382, 383, 384; early modern, 387

Korea, premodern, 394

in Australia and Oceania, 489 in Europe, Middle Ages, 512 immunology, 1093 and pneumonia, 938 and shingles, 1092-3

variola major, see smallpox variola minor, see smallpox variolation

history and geography

in Africa, sub-Sahara, 449, 1011 in the Americas, since 1700, 1011 in Asia

East, China, 15, 355, 359, 1010, 1011

South, India (outlawed), 420 Southeast, 435

in Europe, 15-16, 516, 1010, 1011 in Middle East and North Africa, 1011

v.d., see sexually transmitted diseases

Vedic religious tradition and medical treatises, 30-4, 408-12, 416, 417, 734, 1090

venereal diseases, see sexually transmitted diseases

“venereal leprosy,” 1034

Venezuelan equine encephalitis, 593 verruga, see Carri6n^,s disease

“Verruga Peruana” (see Carri6n^,s disease) vesicular rickettsiosis (rickettsialpox), 986 Veterans Administration Hospitals, 850 Vienna Maternity Clinic, 956

“virgins disease,” see chlorosis virus amaril (yellow fever), 1100 “vitalism,” 85

Vital and Health Statistics Monograph Series of the American Public Health Association, 210 vitiligo (pinta), 932

vivax malaria, see malaria vomito negro (yellow fever), 1100 von Willebrand’s disease, see bleeding disorders

von Willebrand factor (vWF), see bleeding disorders

Walter and Eliza Hall Institute (Melbourne), 133

Walter Reed Army Institute of Research (Washington, D.C.), 988 Walter Reed Hospital, 644 Wassermann reaction, 1033 Wassersucht (dropsy), 692 “wasting sickness” (see also tuberculosis), 487

“water fever” (leptospirosis), 840 “water itch” (hookworm disease), 784 weaning diarrhea, 290

Weil-Felix reaction, 1081, 1087 Weil’s disease, see leptospirosis Wellcome Laboratories (England), 128 Wellcome Laboratory for Tropical Medicine (Khartoum), 734

Wernicke’s encephalopathy, 608, 609 West African Military Hospital, 574 western equine encephalitis, 593, 594 Western medicine, see medicine and medical history, Western

West Nile fever, 593, 699 “wet beriberi,” see beriberi wet gangrene, see gangrene whipworm infection (trichuriasis), 1058 “white man’s grave,” 39 white lung (asbestosis), see occupational diseases

The White Plague by Ren6 and Jean Du- bos (1952), 1063

“white plague” (tuberculosis), 528 “white throat disease” (diphtheria), 356 whooping cough, 36,154, 282, 283, 303, 320, 324, 338, 395, 401, 406,. 414, 424, 465, 487, 499, 523, 541, 1094-6

causative agent discovered, 1095 clinical manifestations, 1094 definition, 1094

distribution and incidence, 1094 etiology and epidemiology, 154, 1094 history and geography, 154, 1095-6 in Africa, sub-Sahara, since 1860, 303 in the Americas

1492-1700, 324, 499, 523 since 1700

Latin America and the Caribbean, 541

North America, 320 in Asia East, Korea premodem, 395; modem, 401, 406

South modem, 424, 465; premodern, 414

in Australia and Oceania, 487 in Europe

Renaissance and early modem, 282, 283, 1095 since 1700, 1095

in Middle East and North Africa, 338 vaccination, 944

Widal’s test (for typhoid fever), 1074 Wild Boy of Aveyron, 65 Williams-Waterman Fund for the Combat OfDietary disease, 611 Wilson’s disease, 563, 652 “Winterbottom’s sign,” 555

Wolhynian fever (trench fever), 1053 Women’s Christian Temperance Movement, 179

Women’s Hospital (Manhattan), 1076 Women’s Hospital (Sydney), 219 “woolsorter’s disease,” see anthrax Workers Health Bureau, 189 Workers Health Bureau of America, 191 World Bank, 362, 372

World Health Assembly (Nineteenth), 1012

World Health Organization, 6, 34, 45, 96, 103, 181, 185, 204, 205, 301, 420, 452, 455, 459, 468, 475, 541, 547, 550, 552, 554, 556, 585, 594, 603, 650, 653, 662-3, 673, 686, 724-5, 789, 790, 810-11, 817, 861-2, 871, 872, 874, 895, 896, 897, 949, 950, 954, 961, 964, 969, 988, 993, 994, 1012, 1047, 1049, 1096 and acquired immune deficiency syndrome, 547, 550

in Africa, 301

in India, 475

and Africa (campaigns against disease in), 452

and African trypanosomiasis, 552, 554 and ascariasis, 603

and cancer classification, 103, 181, 185 and cirrhosis (statistics on), 650, 653 and definition of health, 45 and dengue (diagnostic criteria for), 662-3

and diagnostic laboratories, 594 and Down syndrome, 686 and filariasis, 724-5 and heart-related disease, 96, 585 and “horizontal” health services, 556 and hypertension

definition of, 789 prevalance of, 790 and indigenous medical traditions, 34 and influenza, 810-11 and malaria control, 455, 862

in India, 468

and malaria eradication, 861-2 and neonatal tetanus, 1047, 1049 and onchocerciasis, 895, 896 and plague, 541 and poliomyelitis, 949, 950 and Q fever, 961 and rabies, 964 and recording of diseases, 817 regionalization scheme, 954 and relapsing fever, 969 and rubella, 988 and schistosomiasis, 994 and smallpox (eradication of), 6, 205, 301, 420, 459

and smoking and health, 181, 185, 204 and stroke (diagnostic criteria for), 585

study guide on bilharziasis, 993 and tuberculosis in the Middle East, 458 and yaws, 1096

World Health Organization

Expanded Programme on Immunization

(EPI), 871, 872, 874, 949 Expert Committee on Diabetes, 669, 673

Global Programme on AIDS, 550 Multinational Trends and Determinants in Cardiovascular Disease (MONICA), 96

Onchocerciasis Control Programme,

897

Smallpox Eradication Programme, 1012 Special Programme on Tropical disease, 552

wound botulism, see botulism Wright-Fleming Institute, 127 Wu-shih-erh ping fang (“Prescriptions

against or Recipes for Fifty- two Ailments”), 21, 52

xerophthalmia, 297, 411, 461, 473 X-ray negative dyspepsia, 697

Yale Arbovirus Research Unit (New

Haven, Conn.), 817 Yale University, see universities Yamai-no-Soshi (“Scrolls of Disease”)

(twelfth century), 374, 375 Yambuku Mission Hospital (Zaire), 699 yaws (see also pinta; syphilis,

nonvenereal; syphilis, venereal; the treponematoses), 3, 6, 295, 296, 297, 299, 301, 302, 310, 434, 442, 448, 450, 452, 483, 489, 490, 500, 501, 503, 521, 522, 526, 537, 541, 102532 passim, 1034, 1096-100 clinical manifestations and pathology,

1098

confused with syphilis, 3, 1098 control of, in Africa, 301 and cross protection with other treponemal diseases, 296, 1034, 1097

definition, 1096 distribution and incidence, 1096-7 etiology and epidemiology, 1097 history and geography, 1098—100 in Africa, sub-Sahara, 295, 296, 297,

299, 301, 302, 448, 450, 452, 1097,1099 in the Americas

pre-Columbian, 310, 521, 522, 537 1492-1700, 450, 500, 526, 1096,

1099

since 1700, Latin America and the Caribbean, 501, 503, 541, 1096-7, 1099 in Asia

South modern, 1097

Southeast

ancient and premodern, 434; modem, 442, 1097

in Australia and Oceania, 483, 489,

490, 1097, 1098

in Europe, Renaissance and early modem, 1099 immunology, 1098 and syphilis, 296

The Yellow Emperor’s Manual of Esoteric Medicine, see Huang-ti nei- ching

“yellow fever” (relapsing fever), 967, 969 yellow fever, 2, 4, 5, 6, 18, 36, 39, 161, 176, 201, 202, 204, 205, 276, 286, 293, 295, 296, 298, 301, 302, 319, 323, 325, 330, 331, 448, 450, 499, 500, 502, 503, 526, 540, 541, 556, 589-90, 592-3, 594, 662, 664, 699, 701, 794, 817, 818, 862, 981, 11007

absence of, in Asia, 4, 5, 593, 1101 and black resistance, 5, 296, 1102 causative agents discovered, 1105-6 clinical manifestations and pathology, 1102

confused with other diseases, 1102 debate over origin, 1102—3 decline in the Western Hemisphere, 204, 1101 definition, 1100 diagnosis, 1102

distribution and incidence, 592-3, 1101 epidemics, chronology

Brazil

1623: 540

1685-94: 540, 1103

1849: 540, 1103, 1104

British America, 201

New York (1668), 1103

Charleston (1690), 1103 Philadelphia (1690), 1103 Boston

1691: 1103; 1741, 1747: 1104;

1762: 1104; 1793, 1794, 1797: 1104

Caribbean

Barbados

1647: 499; 1908-09: 1105 Cuba

1649-55: 1103; 1695:1103; 1761:

1104

St. Lucia (1655), 1104

Cartegena (1741), 1104

St. Domingue (1793-96), 1104 Trinidad (1954), 503, HOl West Indies, 201

the United States

1850s: 204

New Orleans

1853: 1104; 1867: 1105; 1905:

1105

1873, Montgomery, 1105

1876, Savannah, 1105

1878, Memphis, 1105

eradication efforts, 6, 502

etiology and epidemiology, 593,1100-1 and Europeans in Africa, 296,1103 and famine, 161

history and geography, 1102-7

in Africa, sub-Sahara, 205 before 1860: 4, 6, 39, 293, 295, 296,

448, 450, 1102-3 since 1860: 298, 302, 699, 701,

1101-6 passim

Ethiopia (1961), 1101

in the Americas

1492-1700: 4, 39, 323, 325, 450, 499, 500, 526, 540, 1102-3 since 1700

Latin America and the Caribbean, 201, 330, 499, 503, 540, 541, 1101-6 passim; North America, 204, 205, 331, 526, 1101-6 passim

in Europe, eighteenth and nineteenth century, 276, 286, 1104 immunology, 1101-2

jungle yellow fever, 540, 593, 594, 1105-6

quarantine, 201

and slave trade, 201, 202, 1102-5 vaccination, 593, 594, 797

Yellow Fever Commission (Cuba), 502, 1105

yellow jack (yellow fever), 1100

Yen-hou mui cheng t’ung Iun (“Comprehensive Discourse on Vessel [Movements] Indicating [the Condition of] the Throat”) (c. 1278), 25

yin-yang school, 23-4, 55, 57, 58, 352 Yi-o Sillok (“True History of the Yi Dynasty”), 393, 394, 395, 398

York Road Lying-In Hospital (London), 217

Yueh Ling (see also Lu-hih h’un-chiu), 347, 348

Yunani medicine, 31-4 passim

Yunani Tibb College, 32

Zara’ath, see leprosy

Zeists, 921, 922

Ziegenpeter (mumps), 888 Zoological Society (London), 1057

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Source: Kiple Kenneth F. (Editor). The Cambridge World History of Human Disease. Cambridge University Press,1993. — 1200 p.. 1993

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