Contents

List of figures xii

List of maps xiv

List of tables xv

List of contributors xvi

Preface xvii

i ■ Introduction ι

sanjay Subrahmanyam

PART ONE

GLOBAL MATRICES

2 ■ “Exhausting the Earth”: environment and history in the early modern world 29

ROBERT B.

3 ■ Globalization of disease, 1300 to 1900 54

JAMES l. A. WEBB, JR.

4 ■ Technological transitions 76 fRANCESCA BRAY

5 ■ Patterns of urbanization, 1400 to 1800 107 peter burke

6 ■ Gender and sexuality 133

MERRY E. WiESNER-HANKS

PART TWO

MACRO-REGIONS

7 ■ Eurasia after the Mongols 159

THOMAS T. ALLSEN

8 ■ Continuity and change in the Indian Ocean basin 182

JOS GOMMANS

9 ■ The Americas in the age of indigenous empires 210

MATTHEW RESTALL

10 ■ Africa in world history, 1400 to 1800 243

RAy A. kEA

PART THREE LARGE-SCALE POLITICAL FORMATIONS

Ii ■ The Iberian empires, 1400 to 1800 271

JORGE FLORES

12 ■ Imperial competition in Eurasia: Russia and China 297

LAURA HOSTETLER

13 ■ The Islamic empires of the early modern world 323

GIANCARLO CASALE

PART FOUR

CROSSROADS REGIONS

14 ■ Crossroads region: Central Asia 347

MORRIS ROSSABI

15 ■ Crossroads region: Southeast Asia 372

MICHAEL LAFFAN

16 ■ The Caribbean region: crucible for modern world history 393

ALAN L. kARRAS

17 ■ Crossroads region: the Mediterranean 415 HHPPO DE VIVO

PART MVE

OVERVIEW

18 ■ Political trajectories compared 447

JACK A. GOLDSTONE

Index 490

Figures

4.1 Overshot water wheel turning the cam-shaft of a stamping mill being used to turn the crush ore to begin the process of extracting metal from the ore won from a mine. From De re metallica by Agricola, pseudonym of Georg Bauer (Basle, 1556), woodcut (Universal History Archive / UIG / Bridgeman Images).

4.2 Triple-spindle wheel for processing cotton from the Nongshu (1783 edition) (courtesy of the Needham Research Institute). 87

4.3 Complete silk-reeling frame as illustrated in the Tiangong kaiwu of 1637 (1929 edition) (courtesy of the Needham Research Institute). 90

4.4 Chinese draw-loom with pattern tower as illustrated in the Tiangong kaiwu of 1637 (1929 edition) (courtesy of the Needham Research Institute). 91

4.5 China-stone was pulverised by water-driven trip-hammers before being made into bricks and transported to the potteries for processing. This painting is one of a set of twenty-four depicting the porcelain industry in China. Produced between 1770 and 1790 by an unknown artist, these images were typical of a genre depicting Chinese crafts or industries, produced specifically for a European clientele (Trustees of the Victoria and Albert Museum). 95

4.6 Early eighteenth-century Indian chintz (dyed cotton) fabric from the Coromandel Coast, part of a set of bed-hangings made for export (Trustees of the Victoria and Albert Museum). 99

4.7 English bed-hangings, crewel-work embroidery, 1680 to 1700. European dyers were not yet able to produce prints with the vivid colours and sharp patterns of Indian chintzes, but embroidery could be used to produce similar effects (Trustees of the Victoria and Albert Museum). 100

4.8 Toile de Jouy depicting manufacture work at the factory, after designs by Jean Baptiste Houet, 1784 (De Agostini Picture Library / G. Dagli Orti / Bridgeman Images). 102

9.1 Aztec Calendar, known as Stone of the Sun, from Tenochtitlan, now in the National Museum of Anthropology and History, Mexico City (De Agostini Picture Library / G. Dagli Orti / Bridgeman Images). 223

9.2 The execution of the Inca Tupac Amaru in 1571, by order of the Spanish Viceroy of Peru, lamented by watching Andean nobles. Facsimile of a drawing by Felipe Guaman Poma from his El Primer Nueva Coronica y Buen Gobierno (Universal Images Group / photograph by Werner Forman / Getty Images).

10.1 View of city of Benin with royal palace, Nigeria, engraving from Description of Africa, by Olfert Dapper (c. 1635-1689), 1686. (De Agostini Picture Library /

A. Dagli Orti / Bridgeman Images). 256

10.2 Husuni Kubwa, a palace and market built in the fourteenth century for the Sultan of Kilwa, on Kilwa Kisiwani, an island in present-day Nigeria (Ulrich Doering / Alamy). 258

12.1 Overview map of Siberia from Atlas of Siberia by Semyon U. Remezov (MS Russ 72 (6), Houghton Library, Harvard University). 305

12.2 Kangxi Map Atlas (Huangyu quanlan tu) 1721 (© The British Library Board). 308

12.3 “ Karte des Reisewegs der 1. Kamtschatkaexpedition von Tobolsk bis nach Kamtschatka mit ethnographischen Darstellungen." (1729) by Pjotr Awraamowitsch Tschaplin (Peter Chaplin). (Cod. Ms. Asch 246, Lower Saxonian State and University Library, Gottingen). 314

Maps

1.1 World map 1500 24

1.2 Map of the world c. 1800 25

3.1 Spread of Black Death through Afro-eurasia 62

5.1 Early modern Japan 112

5.2 Qing China 117

5.3 Europe in 1700 121

7.1 The expansion of Russia 167

7.2 The Qing Empire 170

8.1 Eastern hemisphere trading zones 185

9.1 MapofNativeAmericabefore 1492 213

9.2 The Maya area at the turn of the sixteenth century 217

9.3 The Inca Empire and road system 228

9.4 The Caribbean, Mexico and Central America in the early decades of the Spanish conquests 233

11.1 Iberian empires, 1598 274

13.1 Ottoman, Safavid and Mughal Empires 326

14.1 Central Asia in the seventeenth and eighteenth centuries 349

15.1 South and Southeast Asia 377

16.1 The Caribbean in 1800 402

17.1 Europe and the Mediterranean c. 1400 418

17.2 Europe and the Mediterranean c. 1750 420

18.1 The world in 1700 466

Tables

1.1 Estimate of world population, 1400-1800 14

1.2 An alternative estimate of world population, 1500-1820 15

2.1 Global land use (millions of ha) and world population (millions), 1400-1850 32