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Adam Thomas. Germany and the Americas: Culture, Politics, and History. ABC-CLIO, 2005. � 1365 p.. 2005

From the medical discoveries of Dr. Johann Siegert, surgeon general to Simon Bolivar, to the amazing explorations of the early-19th-century German explorer Alexander von Humboldt, whose South American and Caribbean travels made him one of the most celebrated men in Europe, Germany and the Americas examines both the profound Germanic cultural and political legacy throughout the Americas and the lasting influence of American culture on the German-speaking world. Ever since Baron von Steuben helped create George Washington's army, German Americans have exhibited decisive leadership not only in the military, but also in politics, the arts, and business. Germany and the Americas charts the lasting links between the Germanic world and the nations of the Americas in a comprehensive survey featuring a chronology of key events spanning 400 years of transatlantic history.

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Advisory Board

James M. Bergquist, Vilanova University, Vilanova, PA

Dieter Buse, Laurentian University, Sudbury, Ontario, Canada Yves Laberge, Quebec City, Quebec, Canada

Michael Zeuske, Universitat zu Koln, Koln, North Rhine Westphalia, Germany

Series Editor's Preface

Editor's Preface

Topic Finder

DIPLOMATIC CONTACTS AND TRANSATLANTIC POLITICAL INFLUENCES

ECONOMIC DEVELOPMENTS

GERMAN IMMIGRANT COMMUNITIES BETWEEN INTEGRATION AND ASSIMILATION

INTERCULTURAL EXCHANGE

MILITARY CONFLICTS AND COLLABORATION

Chronology of Germany and the Americas

Introductory Essays

German-Language Migration to the Americas

North America

Dirk Hoerder

German-speaking men and women departed Europe for many parts of the world but in particularly large numbers for North America.

Origins and Diasporas:The Many German-Language Societies

North America: From Many-Cultured German Immigrants to German Americans

German Jewish Migration to the United States

Adi Gordon and Gil Ribak

The immigration of German-speaking Jews to North America began long before both the United States and Germany were born as independent countries.

Early Emigration from Central Europe to North America (1654-1820)

Emigration between the 1820s and World War I

Emigration from the Weimar Republic (1918-1932)

Emigration from the Third Reich (1933-1945)

South America

Dirk Hoerder

Sixteenth- and seventeenth-century Latin America was a destination for miners and sol�diers.

German Migration to Latin America (1918- 1933)

Stefan Rinke

After World War I, a wave of Germans emigrated to Latin America. Between 1919 and 1933 more than 140,000 people left for that continent.

Changes in Migration Patterns in the Twentieth Century

Dirk Hoerder

The decline of emigration in the 1890s reduced cultural transfer from Germany to the so�cieties in the Americas.

Adams, John Quincy b.July II, 1767; Braintree, Massachusetts d. February 23, 1848;Washington, D.C.

Addams, (Laura) Jane b. September 6, I860; Cedarville, Illinois d. May 21, 1935; Chicago, Illinois

Adelsverein (Society for the Protection of German Immigrants in Texas)

Adelung, JohannChristoph b.August 8, 1732; Spantekow, Prussia d. September 9, 1806; Dresden, Saxony

Admiral Graf Spee

Adorno,T heodor Wiesengrund b. September II, 1903; Frankfurt am Main, Prussia d.August 6, 1969;Visp,Wallis

African Americans

Altgeld, John Peter b. December 30, 1847; Nieder Selter (Taunus mountain range) d. March 8, 1902; Chicago, Illinois

American Churches in Germany

American CivilWar, Financial Support of Frankfurt Bankers for

American Civil War, German Participants in

American Occupation Zone

American Students at German Universities

Americanisms in the German Language

Americanization

Amerikad eutscher VOLKSBUND see German American Bund

Amerika Institut

Anneke, Mathilde Franziska b.April 3, 1817; Leveringhausen, Westphalia d. November 25, 1884; Milwaukee, Wisconsin

Anzeiger des Westens (Western Informer)

Assimilation of Germans in the United States

Assing, Ottilie b. February 11,1811; Hamburg d.August 12, 1884; Paris, France

Astor, John Jacob b.July 17, 1763;Walldorf, Palatinate d. March 29, 1848; New York, New York

Aufbau (Construction)

Ave-Lallemant, Robert Christian Berthold b.July 25, 1812; Lubeck, Holstein d. October 10, 1884; Lubeck

Baegert, Christoph Johannes Jakob b. December 22, 1717; Schlettstadt, Alsace d. September 29, 1772; Neustadt an der Weinstraβe, Palatinate

Bananasand Pineapples

Bancroft, George b. October 3, l800;Worcester, Massachusetts d. January 17, l89l;Washington, D.C.

Barbie, Klaus b. October 25, 1913; Bad Godesberg (Rhineland), Prussia d. September 25, 1991; Lyon, France

Bartz, Fritz b.April 8, 1908;Themar,Thuringia d.June 2l, 1970; Spreitenbach, Switzerland

Baudissin,Adelbert Heinrich, Count b. January 25, 1820; Hovegaard, Denmark d. March 26, 1871;Wiesbaden, Prussia

Becker, Joao b. February 24, 1870; Sankt Wendel, Rhineland d.June 15, 1946; Porto Alegre, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil

Becker, Philip b.April 25, 1830; Oberotterbach on the Rhine d. July 4, 1898; Buffalo, New York

Beckmann, Max b. February 12, 1884; Leipzig, Saxony d. December 27, 1950; New York, New York

Berger,Victor L. b. February 28, I860; Nieder-Rehbach, Transylvania d.August 7, 1929; Milwaukee,Wisconsin

Berliner Journal

Berlin/Kitchener, Ontario

Bernoulli, Carl Gustav b. January 24, 1834; Basel, Switzerland d. May 18, 1878; San Francisco, California

Bernstorff, Johann Heinrich Andreas Hermann Albrecht, Countvon b. November II, 1862; London, England d. October 6, 1939; Geneva, Switzerland

Bismarck's Anti-Socialist Law (1878-1890)

Bloch, Felix b. October 23, 1905; Zurich, Switzerland d. September 10, 1983; Zurich, Switzerland

B'nai B'rith (Sons of the Covenant)

Bodmer, Karl b. February II, 1809; Zurich, Switzerland d. October 30, 1893; Paris, France

Bonhoeffer, Dietrich b. February 4, 1906; Breslau (Silesia), Prussia d.April 9, 1945; Flossenburg, Bavaria

Bosse, Georg von b. November 3, 1862; Helmstedt, Duchy of Brunswick d.April 21, 1943; Rahns, Pennsylvania

Boveri, Margaret b.August 14, 1900;Wurzburg, Bavaria d.July 6, 1975;West Berlin

Brackebusch, Ludwig b. March 4, 1849; Northeim, Prussia d.June 2, 1906; Hanover

Brandt,Willy b. December 18, 1913; Lubeck d. October 8, 1992; Unkel, North Rhine Westfalia

Braun,Wernher von b. March 23, 1912;Wirsitz (Posen), Prussia d.June 16, 1977;Alexandria,Virginia

Brazil, Religion in

Brecht, Bertolt b. February 10, l898;Augsburg, Bavaria d.August 14, 1956; East Berlin

Bruning, Heinrich b. November 26, 1895; Munster (Westfalen), Prussia d. March 30, 1970; Norwich,Vermont

Bund Deutscher Frauenvereine (Federation of German Women�s Clubs)

Burgess, John William b.August 26, 1844; Cornersville, Tennessee d. January 13, 1931; Newport, Rhode Island

Burmeister, Carl Hermann Conrad b. January 15, 1807; Stralsund (Pomerania), Prussia b. May 2, 1892; Buenos Aires

Business, U.S.-Third Reich

Cahensly, Peter Paul b. October 28, 1838; Limburg an der Lahn, Hesse d. December 25, 1923; Koblenz, Prussia

Canada, Germans in (during World Wars I and II)

Canadian Military Forces in West Germany

Carranza,Venustiano b. December 29, 1859; Cuatro Cienegas, Coahuila d. May 20, 1920; San Antonio, Tlaxcalantongo

Casablanca Conference/ Unconditional Surrender

Catholic Women�s Union

Chamisso,Adelbert von b. January 30, 1781; Boncourt Castle, France d.August 21, 1838; Berlin, Prussia

Cluss,Adolf b. July 14, 1825; Heilbronn am Neckar, Wurttemberg d.July 24, 1905;Washington, D.C.

Colombian German Air Transport Company see Sociedad Colombo-Alemana de Transportes Aereos

Committee on Public Information

Construction see Aufbau

Cooperative for American Remittance to Europe/Council of Relief Agencies Licensed for Operation in Germany

Council fora Democratic Germany

Darmstaedters (The Forty)

Davis,Angela Yvonne b. January 26, 1944; Birmingham,Alabama

Deckert, Friedrich Karl Emil b. February 26, l848;Taucha, Saxony d. October 1, 1916; Dornholzhausen, Hesse

Dieseldorff, Erwin Paul b. 1868 Birthplace: unknown d. 1940 Place of death: unknown

Dieterle,William b.July 15, 1893; Ludwigshafen am Rhein, (Bavarian Palatinate), Bavaria d. December 8, 1972; Ottobrunn, Bavaria

Dietrich, Marlene Magdalene b. December 27, 1901; Berlin- Schoneberg, Prussia d. May 6, 1992, Paris, France

Dobrizhoffer, Martin b. September 7, 1717; Friedberg (Bohemia),Austria [Frymburk], or Sept. 7, 1718; Graz d.July 17, 1791;Vienna,Austria

Dohms, Hermann Gottlieb b. November 3, 1887; Sapiranga, Rio Grande do Sul d. December 3, 1956; Sao Leopoldo, Rio Grande do Sul

Duden, Gottfried b. 1785; Remscheid (Westfalia), Prussia d. 1855; Remscheid (Westfalia), Prussia

Dunt, Detlef b. May 7, 1793; Lutjenburg, Holstein d. 1847; Columbus,Texas

Eckener, Hugo b.August 10, 1868; Flensburg (Schlesvig), Prussia d.August 14, 1954; Friedrichshafen Baden,Wurttemberg

Ederle, Gertrud b. October 23, 1906; New York City d. November 30, 2003; New York City

Egg Harbor City, New Jersey

Ehrenreich, Paul Max Alexander b. December 12, 1855; Berlin, Prussia d.April 4, 1914; Berlin, Prussia

Eichmann, Karl Adolf b. March 19, 1906; Solingen, Prussia d. May 31, 1962; Ramleh, Israel

82nd Illinois Volunteer Infantry Regiment

Einhorn, David b. November 10, 1809; Dispeck, Bavaria d. November 2, 1879; New York, New York

Einstein,Albert b. March 14, 1879; Ulm,Wurttemberg d.April 18, 1955; Princeton, New Jersey

Encyclopaedia Americana

Ende,Amalie (Amelia) von b.June 19, 1856;Warsaw, Russia d.August 25, 1932; New York, New York

Ernst, Friedrich b.June 18, 1796; Neustadt-Goedens, Grand Duchy of Oldenburg d. May 16�July 10, 1848; Industry,Texas

Ertl, Hans b. February 21, 1908; Urschalling am Chimsee, Bavaria d. October 23, 2000; La Dolorida, Chiquitania, Bolivia

Eschwege,Wilhelm Ludwig von b. November 10, l777;Aue (near Eschwege), Hesse d. February 1, 1855;Wolfsanger, Hesse

Espionage and Sedition Act

Eugenics/Euthanasia

Everett, Edward b.April II, 1794; Dorchester, Massachusetts d. January 15, 1865; Boston, Massachusetts

Far East, U.S.-German Entente in the

Faupel,Wilhelm b. October 29, 1873; Lindenbusch (Lower Silesia), Prussia d. May 1945; Berlin (?), Prussia

Federation of German Women�s Clubs see Bund Deutscher Frauenvereine

Feininger,Andreas b. December 27, 1906; Paris, France d. February 18, 1999; New York, New York

Festivities, German Brazilian

Film and Television (American) After World War II, Germany in

Film (German),American Influence on

Film (German),The Image of the United States in �American� landscapes and people have ap�peared repeatedly in German film from its emergence until today.

First Moroccan Crisis (1905-1906)

Flugel, Johann Gottfried b. November 22, 1788; Barby, Saxony d.June 24, 1855; Leipzig, Saxony

Follen, Charles (Karl) b. September 4, 1796; Romrod, Hesse d. January 13, 1840; near Long Island Sound, New York

Ford, Henry b. July 30, 1863; Dearborn, Michigan d.April 7, 1947; Dearborn, Michigan

Foreign Policy (U.S., 1949-1955), West Germany in The Strategy of Integration

Forster, Bernhard b. January 31, 1843; Delitzsch, Saxony d.June 3, 1889; San Bernardino, Paraguay

Francke, Kuno b. September 27, 1855; Kiel d.June 25, 1930; Cambridge, Massachusetts

Frankfurt am Main Citizens in the United States

Frankfurt School

Fredericksburg,T EXAS

Freiheit (Freedom)

Freund, Ernst b. January 30, 1864; New York, New York d. October 20, 1932; Chicago, Illinois

Friedman, Perry b. September 25, l935;Winnipeg, Manitoba d. March 16, 1995; Berlin, Germany

Friedrich, Carl Joachim b.June 5, 1901; Leipzig, Saxony d. September 19, 1984; Lexington, Massachusetts

Friends of the New GermanyNazi organization in the United States from 1933 to 1935.

Fritz, Samuel b.April 9, l654;Trautenau (Eastern Bohemia),Austria d.April 20, l725;Jeveros, Peru

Fromm, Erich b. March 23, 1900; Frankfurt am Main d. March 18, 1980; Muralto, Switzerland

Fuchs, Klaus b. December 29, 1911; Russelsheim, Hesse d. January 28, 1988; Berlin (East)

Fulbright Program

Fuller, Margaret b. May 23, 1810; Cambridgeport, Massachusetts d.July 19, 1850; near Fire Island, New York

Geisel, Ernesto b.August 3, 1907; Bento Gonςalves, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil b. September 12, 1996; Rio de Janeiro, Brazil

German Almanacs in Rio Grande Do Sul

German American Bund (Amerikadeutscher Volksbund)

German American Clubs (in West Germany)

German American Women�s Organizations

German Catholic Central-Verein

German Democratic Republic Studies in the United States

German Historical Institute in Washington, D.C.

German Reformed Church

German Society of Pennsylvania

German Society of the City of NewYork

German Students at American Universities

German Unification (1871)

German Unification (1990)

Germanism in Rio Grande Do Sul

Germantown, Pennsylvania

Gert,Valeska b.January II, 1892; Berlin, Prussia d. March I6 (?), 1978; Kampen, Schleswig-Holstein

GIs in West Germany

Goethe, Johann Wolfgang von,and the United States

Goldschmidt, Richard Benedict b.April 12, 1878; Frankfurt am Main d.April 24, 1958; Berkeley, California

Gonner, Nicholas E.,Jr. b. July 8, 1870; Cape Girardeau, Missouri d. December 2, 1922; Milwaukee, Wisconsin

Gottingen, University of

Great Depression

Griesinger, Karl Theodor b. December II, 1809; Kirnbach, Wurttemberg d. March 2 1884; Stuttgart,Wurttemberg

Gropius,Walter Adolph b. May 18, 1883; Berlin, Prussia d.July 5, 1969; Boston, Massachusetts

Grund, Franz Josef b. 1798; Klosterneuburg,Austria d. September 29, 1863; Philadelphia, Pennsylvania

Gusinde, Martin b. October 29, 1886; Breslau (Silesia), Prussia d. October 10, 1969; Modling,Austria

Haenke,T haddaus b. December 5, 1761; Kreibitz (Northern Bohemia),Austria d. November 11, 1816; Cochabamba, Spanish La Plata Province, Bolivia

Halvorsen, Gail S. b. October 10, 1920; Salt Lake City, Utah

Hammerstein, Oscar, I b. May 8, 1847 (?); Stettin (Pomerania), Prussia d.August 1, 1919; New York City

Hanfstaengl, Ernst and Helene Ernst, b. February 2, 1887; Munich, Bavaria d. November 6, 1975; Munich, Bavaria

Harmony Society

Harnack, Mildred Fish b. September 16, 1902; Milwaukee, Wisconsin d. February 16, 1943; Berlin-Plotzensee, Prussia

Hart, James Morgan b. November 2, 1839; Princeton, New Jersey d.April 18, 1916;Washington, D.C.

Hartmann, Franz b. 1838; Donauworth, Bavaria d. 1912; Leipzig, Saxony

Hauthal, Rudolf Johannes Friedrich b. March 3, 1854; Hamburg d. December 18, 1928; Hildesheim, Hanover (Prussia)

Heartfield, John b.June 19, 1891; Berlin-Schmargendorf, Prussia d.April 26, 1968; East Berlin, German Democratic Republic

Hecker, Friedrich b. September 28, 1810; Eichtersheim, Baden d. March 24, 1881; Summerfield, Illinois

Hegemann,Werner b.June 15, 1881; Mannheim, Baden d.April 12, 1936; New York City

Helbig, Karl Martin Alexander b. March 18, 1903; Hildesheim, Hanover (Prussia) d. October 9, 1991; Hamburg

Hermann, Missouri

Herzog,Werner b. September 5, 1942; Sachrang, Bavaria

Hettner,Alfred b.August 6, 1859; Dresden, Saxony d.August 31, 1941; Heidelberg, Baden

Hexamer, Charles J. b. May 6, 1862; Philadelphia, Pennsylvania d. January 8, 1920; Philadelphia, Pennsylvania

Heym, Stefan b.April 10, 1913; Chemnitz, Saxony d. December 16, 2001; Jerusalem, Israel

Hindenburg Disaster

Holborn, Hajo b. May 18, 1902; Berlin, Prussia d.June 20, 1969; Bonn, North Rhine- Westphalia

Holm, Hanya b. March 3, l893;Worms, Hesse d. November 3, 1992; New York City

Horkheimer, Max b. February 14, 1895; Stuttgart- Zuffausen,Wurttemberg d.July 7, 1973; Nurnberg, Bavaria

Huebsch, Ben W., Stefan Zweig, Lion Feuchtwanger, Franz Werfel,and the Viking Press Imprint

Humboldt,Alexander VON b. September 14, 1769; Berlin, Prussia d. May 6, 1859; Berlin, Prussia

HUMBOLDT,W∣LHELM VON b.June 22, 1767; Potsdam, Prussia d.April 8, 1835; Schloss Tegel, Prussia

Hutten, Ulrich von b.April 21, 1488; Burg Steckelberg (R,hon) d.August 29, 1523;Ufenau Island in Lake Zurich

Ihering, Hermann Friedrich Albrecht von b. October 9, 1850; Kiel, Holstein d. February 24, 1930; Budingen, Hesse

Illinois Staatszeitung

Indian Captivity

Indian Films ofthe Deutsche Film Aktiengesellschaft

Indians in German Literature

Intellectual Exile

International Council of Women

Iowa, German Dialects in

Jackson, Robert H. b. February 13, 1892; Spring Creek, Pennsylvania d. October 9, 1954;Washington, D.C.

Jannings, Emil b. July 23, 1884; Rorschach, Switzerland d. January 2, 1950; Strobl,Wolfgangsee, Austria

Jessing, John Joseph b. November 17, 1836; Munster, Westphalia (Prussia) d. November 2, 1899; Columbus, Ohio

Jewish Refugee Scientists

Johann, King of Saxony b. December 12, 1801; Dresden, Saxony d. October 29, 1873;

Johns Hopkins University

Johnson, Philip Cortelyou b.July 8, 1906; Cleveland, Ohio d. January 29, 2005; New Canaan, Connecticut

Joist, Johann Heinrich b. January 9, 1935; Bergisch-Gladbach (Westphalia), Prussia d. February 13, 2004; St. Louis, Missouri

Judaism, Reform (North America)

Kansas, German Dialects in

Kapp, Friedrich b.April 13, 1824; Hamm (Westphalia), Prussia d. October 27, 1884; Berlin, Prussia

Kappler,August b. November 10, 1815; Mannheim, Baden d. October 20, 1887; Stuttgart, Wurttemberg

Kelly, Petra b. November 29, 1947; Gunzburg/Donau, Bavaria d. October 1, 1992; Bonn, North Rhine- Westfalia

Kelpius, Johann b. (Exact date unknown) 1673; Schassburg, Siebenburgen d. (Exact date unknown) 1708; Roxborough, Pennsylvania

Kenkel, Frederick P. b. October 16, 1863; Chicago, Illinois d. February 16, 1952; St. Louis, Missouri

Kiesling, Hans von b. (Exact date unknown) 1873; Munich, Bavaria d. Unknown

Kino, Eusebius Franciscus b.August 10 or August 15, 1645; Segno, Diocese of Trent d. March 15, 1711; Santa Maria Magdalena, Sonora, Mexico

K∣RCHHOFF,T HEODOR b. January 8, 1828; Uetersen, Holstein d. March 2, 1899; San Francisco, California

Kisch, Egon Erwin b.April 29, 1885; Prag (Bohemia), Austria-Hungary d. March 31, 1948; Prague, Czechoslovakia

Kissinger, Henry b. May 27, 1923; Furth, Bavaria

Koch-Grunberg, Christian T heodor b.April 9, 1872; Grunberg, Hesse d. October 8, 1924;Vista Allegre, Brazil

Koerner, Gustave Philipp b. November 20, 1809; Frankfurt am Main d.April 9, 1896; Belleville, Illinois

KOERNER,W∣LLIAMHENRY Detlef b. November 17, 1878; Lunden, Holstein d.August 11, 1938; New York City

Kohl, Johann Georg b.April 28, 1808; Bremen d. October 28, 1878; Bremen

Kohler, Kaufmann b. May 10, 1843; Furth, Bavaria d. January 28, 1926; New York City

Kollonitz, Paula von b. 1830 (Exact date unknown);Vienna, Austria d. Unknown

Korngold, Erich Wolfgang b. May 29, 1897; Brunn,Austria d. November 29, 1957; Los Angeles, California

Koseritz, Karl von b. February 3, 1834; Dessau,Anhalt d.April 29, 1890; Porto Alegre, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil

Kracauer, Siegfried b. February 8, 1889; Frankfurt am Main, Prussia d. November 26, 1966; New York City

Kraemer, Fritz Gustav Anton b. July 3, 1908; Essen (West Falia), Prussia d. September 8, 2003;Washington, D.C.

Krause,Arthur and Aurel Aurel, b. December 30, 1848; Polnisch Konopath (West Prussia), Prussia d. March 11, 1908; Berlin-Lichterfelde, Prussia Arthur, b. January 25, 1851; Polnisch Konopath (West Prussia), Prussia d. September 29, 1920; Berlin- Lichterfelde, Prussia

Kuhn, Fritz Julius b. May 15, 1896; Munich, Bavaria d. December 14, 1951; Munich, Bavaria

Kunwald, Ernst b.April 14, 1869;Vienna,Austria d. December 12, 1939;Vienna,Austria

Landscape Architects, German American

Lang, Fritz b. December 5, 1890;Vienna,Austria d.August 2, 1976; Hollywood, California

Langsdorff, Georg Heinrich von b.April 4, l774;Wollstein, Hesse d.June 29, 1852; Freiburg im Breisgau, Baden

Latin America, German Military Advisers in

Latin America, Nazi Party in

Latin America and Nazi Economic Policy

Latin America, Nazis in

Leeser, Isaac b. December 12, 1806; Neukirchen, Westphalia d. February 1, 1868; Philadelphia, Pennsylvania

Leni, Paul b. July 8, 1895; Stuttgart,Wurttemberg d. September 2, 1929; Los Angeles, California

Lenk, Margarete b.August29, 1841; Leipzig, Saxony d. 1917 (Exact date unknown); Grun (Vogtland),Thuringia

Leo Baeck Institute

Leopoldine Foundation

Leutze, Emanuel Gottlieb b. May 24, 1816; Schwabisch-Gmund, Wurttemberg d.July 18, 1868;Washington, D.C.

Lewis, Sinclair b. February 7, 1885; Sauk Centre, Minnesota d. January 10, 1951; Rome, Italy

Liberal Republican Movement

Lieber, Francis (Franz) b. March 18, 1800; Berlin, Prussia d. October 2, 1872; New York City

Liebknecht,Wilhelm b. March 29, 1826; Giessen, Hesse d.August 7, 1900; Berlin, Prussia

Lindbergh, Charles Augustus b. February 4, 1902; Little Falls, Minnesota d.August 26, 1974; Maui, Hawaii

List, Friedrich b.August 6, 1789; Reutlingen, Wurttemberg d. November 30, 1846; Kufstein,Austria

Literature (Canadian), Germany and Germans in

Literature (German American) in the Nineteenth Century

Literature, German Canadian

Literature (German),the United States in

Llewellyn, Karl Nickerson b. May 22, 1893; Seattle,Washington d. February 13, 1962; Chicago, Illinois

Loeb, Jacques b.April 7, 1859; Mayen (Rhineland), Prussia d. February 11, 1924;

Loewenstein, Karl b. November 9, 1891; Munich, Bavaria d.July 10, 1973; Heidelberg, Baden- Wurttemberg

Lome, Johannes Konrad Wilhelm b. February 21, 1808; Furth, Bavaria d. January 2, 1872; Neuendettelsau, Bavaria

Longfellow, Henry Wadsworth b. February 27, 1807; Portland, Maine d. March 24, 1882; Cambridge, Massachusetts

Lorre, Peter b.June 26, 1904; Rosenberg, Slovakia (Austria-Hungary) d. March 23, 1964; Los Angeles, California

Lowe (Lowe),Adolph b. March 4, 1893; Stuttgart, Wurttemberg d.June 3, 1995;Wolfenbuttel, Lower Saxony

Lubitsch, Ernst b. January 28, 1892; Berlin, Prussia d. November 30, 1947; Hollywood, California

Ludwig-Missionsverein

Luschan, Felix von b.August II, 1854; Hollabrunn,Austria d. February 7, 1924; Berlin, Prussia

Lutheran Church- Missouri Synod

Maack, Reinhard b. October 2, 1892; Herford (Westphalia), Prussia d.August 13, 1969; Curitiba, Brazil

Maeser, Karl Gottfried b. January 16, l828;Vorbruecke, Saxony d. February 15, 1901; Salt Lake City, Utah

Mann,Thomas b.June 6, 1875; Lubeck d.August 12, 1955; Kilchberg, Switzerland

Marcuse, Herbert b.July 19, 1898; Berlin, Prussia d.July 29, 1979; Starnberg, Bavaria

Markgraf, Georg b. September 20, 1610; Liebstadt, Saxony d.July or August (?), 1644; Sao Paulo de Loanda (Angola)

Martius, Carl Friedrich Philipp von b.April 17, 1794; Erlangen, Bavaria d. December 13, 1868; Munich, Bavaria

May, Karl Friedrich b. February 25, 1842; Hohenstein- Ernstthal, Saxony d. March 30,1912; Radebeul, Saxony

McDonald�s Restaurant

Meusebach, John O. b. May 26, 1812; Dillenburg, Duchy of Nassau d. May 27, 1897; Loyal Valley,Texas

Mexico, German Jesuits in

Mexico, German-Mexican Relations in

Meyer, Hans Heinrich Joseph b. March 22, 1858; Hildburghausen, Thuringia d.July 5, 1929; Leipzig, Saxony

Meyer, Herrmann b.January II, 1869; Hildburghausen, Thuringia d. March 18, 1932; Leipzig, Saxony

Meyer, Kuno b. December 20, 1858; Hamburg d. October 11, 1919; Leipzig, Saxony

Mies van der Rohe, Ludwig b. March 27, 1886;Aachen (Rhineland), Prussia d.August. 19, 1969; Chicago, Illinois

Milwaukee Socialists

Minnesota Holy Land

MθLLHAUSEN, HEINRICH BALDUIN b. January 27, 1825; Jesuitenhof by Bonn (Rhineland), Prussia d. May 28, 1905; Berlin, Prussia

MORGENTHAU, HANS J. b. February 17, 1904; Coburg,Thuringia d.July 19, 1980; New York City

MORGENTHAU PLAN

Mosquito Coast, Moravian Missionaries

Mosse, George Lachmann b. September 20, 1918; Berlin, Prussia d. January 22, 1999; Madison,Wisconsin

Most, Johann b. February 5, 1846;Augsburg, Bavaria d. March 11, 1906; Cincinnati, Ohio

Motley, John Lothrop b.April 15, 1814; Dorchester, Massachusetts d. May 29, 1877; Dorsetshire, England

Muck, Karl b. November 22, 1859; Darmstadt, Hesse-Darmstadt d. March 3, 1940; Stuttgart, Wurttemberg

Muench,Aloisius b. February 18, 1889; Milwaukee, Wisconsin d. February 15, 1962; Rome, Italy

Muench, Friedrich b.June 25, 1799; Niedergemuenden, Hesse-Darmstadt d. December13, 1881; Dutzow, Missouri

Muhlenberg, Frederick Augustus Conrad b.January1, 1750;Trappe, Pennsylvania d.June 4, 1801; Lancaster, Pennsylvania

Muhlenberg, Henry Melchior b. September 6, 1711; Einbeck, Electorate of Hanover d. October 7, 1787;Trappe, Pennsylvania.

Muhlenberg, John Peter Gabriel b. October I, 1746;Trappe, Pennsylvania d. October 1, 1807;Trappe, Pennsylvania

Mumford, Lewis b. October 19, 1895; Flushing, New York d. January 26, 1990;Amenia, New York

MUNSTERBERG, HUGO b.June I, 1863; Danzig (West Prussia), Prussia d. December 16, 1916; Cambridge, Massachusetts

Murnau, Friedrich Wilhelm b. September 28, 1888; Bielefield, Westphalia (Prussia) d. March 11, 1931; Santa Barbara, California

Music (American), German Influence on

Nast,Thomas b. September 26, 1840; Landau, Bavaria d. December 7, 1902; Guayaquil, Ecuador

National German- American Alliance

Natterer, Johann Baptist b. November 9, 1787; Laxenburg,Austria d.June 17, 1843; Laxenburg,Austria

Neumann, Franz L. b. May 23, 1900; Kattowitz (Silesia), Prussia d. September 2, 1954;Visp/Wallis, Switzerland

New Braunfels,Texas

New Yorker Staats-Zeitung

Newspaper Press, German Language in the United States

Norddeutscher Lloyd

Novel, German American

Nueces, Battle of the

Nuremberg T rials

Olmsted, Frederick Law b.April 26, 1822; Hartford, Connecticut d.August 28, 1903; Belmont, Massachusetts

Ontario, German- Language Press in

Orozco y Huerta

Osterhaus, Peter J. b. January 4, 1823; Coblenz (Westphalia), Prussia d. January 2, 1917; Coblenz (Westphalia), Prussia

Paepcke,Walter Paul b.June 29, 1896; Chicago, Illinois d.April 13, 1963; Chicago, Illinois

Papen, Franz von b. October 29, 1879;Werl (Westfalen), Prussia d. May 2, 1969; Oversasbach, Baden- Wurttemberg

Pastorius, Francis Daniel b. September 26, 1651; Sommerhausen, Franconia d. Exact date unknown; sometime between December 26, 1719, and January 13 1720; Germantown, Pennsylvania

Paul Wilhelm, Duke of Wurttemberg b. 1797 d. 1860

Pennsylvania German (Dutch) Language

Peter,Val J. b.April 24, 1875; Steinbach bei Lohr am Main (Bavarian Franconia), Bavaria d. February 19, 1960; Omaha, Nebraska

Philippi, Bernhard Eunom b. September 19, 1811; Charlottenburg, Prussia d. Early November (?), 1852; Cabeza de Mar, Chile

Philippi, Rudolph Amandus b. September 14, 1808; Charlottenburg, Prussia d.July 23, 1904; Santiago de Chile, Chile

Plant, Richard b. July 22, 1910; Frankfurt am Main, Prussia d. March 3, 1998; New York City

Poeppig, Eduard Friedrich b.July 16, 1798; Plauen, Saxony d.June 17, 1843; Leipzig-Wahren, Saxony

Politics and German Americans

Prager, Robert Paul b. 1886 (?); Dresden (?), Saxony d.April 4-5, 1918; Collinsville, Illinois

Preminger, Otto Ludwig b. December 5, 1906;Vienna,Austria d.April 23, 1986; New York City

Presley in Germany

Preuss, Edward F. b. 1834 (?); Konigsberg (East Prussia), Prussia d. 1904 (?); St. Louis, Missouri

Printing and Publishing

Radio Free Europe

Radio Inside the American Sector

Ratzel, Friedrich b.August 30, 1844; Karlsruhe, Baden d.August 9, 1904;Ammerland am Starnberger See, Bavaria

Reconstruction of West Germany (1945-1949)

Redlich, Josef b.June 18, l869;Goding (Moravia), Austria-Hungary d. November 12, 1936;Vienna,Austria

Reed, Dean b. September 22, 1938;Wheat Ridge, Colorado d.June 17, 1986;Zeuthen Lake, German Democratic Republic

Reinhardt, Max b. September 9, 1873; Baden,Austria d. October 31, 1943; New York City

Reiss, Johann Wilhelm b.June 13, 1838; Mannheim, Baden d. September 29, 1908; Castle Konitz in Thuringia

Rheinstein, Max b.July 5, 1899; Bad Kreuznach (Bavarian Palatinate), Bavaria d.July 9, 1977; Bad Gastein,Austria

Rittinger, John Adam b. February 16, 1855; Berlin, Ontario d.July 29, 1915; Berlin (Kitchener), Ontario

Roebling, John Augustus and Washington Augustus John (Johann) Augustus: b.June 12, 1806; Muhlhausen,Thuringia d.July 22, 1869: Brooklyn Heights, New York Washington Augustus: b. May 16, 1837; Saxonburg, Pennsylvania d.July 21, 1926;Trenton, New Jersey

Rotermund,Wilhelm b. November 21, 1843; Stemmen, Hanover d.April 5, 1925; Sao Leopoldo, Brazil

Ruppius, Otto b.February I, 1819; Glauchau, Saxony d.June 25, 1864; Berlin, Prussia

Ruth, George Herman, �Babe� b. February 6, 1895; Baltimore, Maryland d.August 16, 1948, New York City

Salomon, Edward S. b. December 25, 1836; Schleswig- Holstein (?) d. (?) 1913; San Francisco, California

Sartorius, Karl C. b. (?) 1796; Gundernhausen, Hesse d. (?) 1872; Huatusco (Veracruz), Mexico

Sauer, Christoph b. (?) early 1695; Ladenburg on the Neckar, Palatinate d. September 25, 1758; Germantown, Pennsylvania

Schaff, Philip b.January I, 1819; Chur, Switzerland d. October 20, 1893; New York City

Schiff, Jacob Henry b. January 10, 1847; Frankfurt am Main d. September 25, 1920; New York City

Schimmelpfennig, Alexander b.July 20, 1824; Lithauen, Prussia d. September 5, 1865;Wernersville, Pennsylvania

Schindler, Rudolf b. May 10, 1888; Munich, Bavaria d. September 6, 1968; Munich, Bavaria

Schluter, Hermann b. October 8, 1851; Elmshorn, Holstein d. January 26, 1919; New York City

Schmidel (Schmidl, Schmidt), Ulrich b. (?) 1510/11; Straubing, Bavaria d. (?) 1581; Regensburg, Bavaria

Schomburgk, Robert Hermann b.June 5, 1804; Freyburg/Unstrut, Saxony d. March 11, 1865; Berlin-Schoneberg, Prussia

Schonberg,Arnold b. September 13, 1874;Vienna,Austria d.July 13, 1951; Los Angeles, California

Schultze-Jena, Leonhard Sigmund b. May 28, 1872; Jena,Thuringia d. March 29, 1955; Marburg, Hesse

Schurz,Agathe Margarethe b.August 27, 1833; Hamburg d. March 15, 1876; New York City

Schurz, Carl b. (?) 1829; Liblar (Rhineland), Prussia d. May 14, 1906; New York City

Schutz,Anton (Joseph Friedrich) b.April 19, 1894; Berndorf (Rhineland), Prussia d. October 6, 1977; New York City

Schwab, Frank X. b.Augustl4, 1874; Buffalo, New York d.April 23, 1946; Buffalo, New York

Schwab, Justus H. b. (?) 1847; Frankfurt am Main d. December 18, 1900; New York City

Schwarzenegger,Arnold b.July 30, l947;Thal,Austria

Sealsfield, Charles b. March 3, 1793; Poppitz (Moravia), Austrian Empire d. May 26, 1864; Soluthurn, Switzerland

Seghers,Anna b. November 19, 1900; Mainz, Hesse d.July 1, 1983; East Berlin, German Democratic Republic

Seume, Johann Gottfried b. January 29, 1763; Poserna, Saxony d.June 13, 1810;Teplitz (Bohemia), Austrian Empire

Shuster, George Nauman b.August 27, 1894; Lancaster,Wisconsin d. January 25, 1977; South Bend, Indiana

S∣EVERS,W∣LHELM b. December 3, I860; Hamburg d.June II, I92I; Gieβen, Hesse

Sigel, Franz b. November 18, 1824; Sinsheim, Baden d.August 22, 1902; New York City

Singmaster, Elsie b.August 29, 1879; Schuylkill Haven, Pennsylvania d. September 30, 1958; Gettysburg, Pennsylvania

Slavery in German American and German Texts

Socialist Labor Party

Sociedad Colombo- Alemana de Transportes Aereos

Solms-Braunfels, Prince Carl of b. July 27, 1812; Neustrelitz, Mecklenburg-Strelitz d. November 13, 1876; Rheingrafenstein, Hesse

Sons of Hermann

St. Raphaelsverein zum Schutze katholischer deutscher Auswanderer

St.Vincent Monastery and College

Staden, Hans b. (?) 1525; Homberg, Hesse d.(?)

Steffen, Hans b.July 20, 1865; Furstenwerder (Brandenburg), Prussia d.April 7, 1936; Clavadel, Switzerland

Steinen, Karl von den b. March 7, 1855; Mulheim an der Ruhr (Rheinland ), Prussia d. November 4, 1929; Kronberg, Hesse

Sternberg, Josef von b. May 29, l894;Vienna, Austria d. December 22, 1969; Hollywood, California

Sternburg, Hermann Speckvon b.August 21, 1852; Leeds, England d.August 23, 1908; Heidelberg, Baden

Steuben, Friederich Wilhelm von b. September 17, 1730; Magdeburg, Prussia d. November 28, 1794; Remsen, New York

Steuben Society of America

Stiefel, Ernst C. b. October 29, 1907; Mannheim, Baden d. September 3, 1997; Baden, Baden

Strauch,Adolph b.August 30, 1822; Eckersdorf (Silesia), Prussia d.April 25, 1883; Cincinnati, Ohio

Strauss, Leo b. September 20, 1899; Kirchain, Hesse d. October 18, 1973;Annapolis, Maryland

Stroessner,Alfredo b. November 3, 1912; Encarnacion, Paraguay

Stroheim, Erich von b. September 22, 1885;Vienna,Austria d. May 2l, 1957; Maurepas Castle, France

Strubberg, Friedrich August (Ps. Armand) b. March 18, 1806; Kassel, Kurhesse d.April 3, 1889; Gelnhausen, Hesse

Stubel, Moritz Alphons b. July 26, 1835; Leipzig, Saxony d. November 10, 1904; Dresden, Saxony

Taylor, (James) Bayard b.January II, 1825; KennettSquare, Pennsylvania d. December19, 1878; Berlin, Prussia

Tehran Conference

Termer, Karl Ferdinand Franz b.July 5, 1894; Berlin, Prussia d.April 15, 1968; Hamburg

Texas German Dialect

Thompson, Dorothy b.July 9, 1893; Lancaster, New York d. January 31, 1961; Lisbon, Portugal

Ticknor, George b.August I, 1791; Boston, Massachusetts d.Janary 26, 1871; Boston, Massachusetts

Tomuschat, Christian b.June 23, 1936; Stettin (Pomerania), Prussia

Transcendentalism

Travel Literature, German-U.S.

Traven, B. b. (?) 1890; (?) d. (?) 1969; Mexico City, Mexico

Treaty of 1785 (Prusso- American T reaty)

Treaty of Versailles

Tschudi, Johann Jakob b. July 25, 1818; Glarus, Switzerland d. October 8, 1889; Jakobshof, near Wiener Neustadt,Austria

Turner Societies

Twain, Mark b. November 30, 1835; Florida, Missouri d.April 21, 1910; Redding, Connecticut

Unabhangiger Orden Treuer Schwestern

United States, East German Perception of the

U.S. Bases in West Germany

U.S.-GDR Relations

U.S.-German Intellectual Exchange

U.S. Plans for Postwar Germany (1941-1945)

U.S. Government Plan 1943

Vagts,Alfred b. December I, 1892; Baskeck, Hamburg d. (?) 1986; New Haven, Connecticut

Vater, Johann Severin b. May 27, l772;Altenburg,Thuringia d. March 15, 1826; Halle, Prussia

Veidt, Conrad b. January 22, 1893; Berlin, Prussia d.April 3, 1943; Hollywood, California

Venezuelan Crisis (1902-1903)

Viereck, George Sylvester b. December 31, 1884; Munich, Bavaria d. March 1, 1962; Hadley, Massachusetts

Vietnam War and West German Protests

Volga Germans (Volga Deutsche) in the United States

Volkswagen Company and ItsVW Beetle

Von-Der-Heydt�sches Reskript (Heydt Edict)

Waldseemuller, Martin b. (?) about 1475; Freiburg, Breisgau d.(?)

Walther, Carl Ferdinand Wilhelm b. October 25, 1811; Langenschursdorf, Saxony d. May 7, 1887; St. Louis, Missouri

Warburg, Felix Moritz b. January 14, 1871; Hamburg d. October 20, 1937; New York City

Washington, Booker T., and German Togoland

Waterloo County, Ontario

Waterloo, Ontario

Weischet,Wolfgang b. January 21, 1921; Solingen (Rhineland), Prussia d. January 13, 1998; Freiburg im Breisgau, Baden-Wurttemberg

Weiser, Conrad b. November 2, l696;Affstatt, Wurttemberg d.July 13, l760;Womelsdorf, Pennsylvania

Weissmueller, Peter Jonas b.June 2, 1904; Freidorf (Banat),Austria- Hungary d. (?) 1984;Acapulco, Mexico

Weitling,Wilhelm (Christian) b. October 5, 1808; in Magdeburg, Prussia d. January 25, 1871; New York City

Welskopf-Henrich, Liselotte b. September 15, 1901; Munich, Bavaria d.June 16, 1979; Garmisch- Partenkirchen, Bavaria

Wenders,Wim b.August 14, 1945; Dusseldorf, North Rhine-Westfalia

Wied-Neuwied, Maximilian Alexander Philipp Prinz zu b. September 23, 1782; Neuwied, Rhineland d. February 3, 1867; Neuwied, (Rhineland), Prussia

Wigner, Eugen(e) Paul b. November 17, 1902; Budapest, Austria-Hungary d. January 1, 1995; Princeton, New Jersey

Wilder, Billy b.June 22, 1906; Sucha, Galicia,Austria- Hungary d. March 28, 2002; Los Angeles, California

Wilhelmy, Herbert b. February 4, 1910; Sondershausen, Thuringia d. February 1,2003;Tubingen, Baden- Wurttemberg

Willich,August (von) b. (?) 1810; (?) d. January 23, 1878; St. Marys, Ohio

Wirz, Henry b. November 25, 1823 (?); Zurich, Switzerland d. November 10, 1865;Washington, D.C.

Wise, Isaac Mayer b. March 29, 1819; Steingrub (Bohemia), Austria-Hungary d. March 26, 1900; Cincinnati, Ohio

Wolf, Franz T heodor b. February 13, 1841; Bartholomae, Wurttemberg d.June 22, 1924; Dresden, Saxony

Woman and Socialism

World War I and German Americans

World War I, German Prisonersand Civilian Internees in

World War I, German Sabotage in Canada during

World War II, German American Soldiers in

World War II, Internment of Germans from Latin America in

World Wars I and II, Brazil and Germany in

World Wars I and II, Canada and Germany in

Zakrzewska, Marie Elizabeth b. September 6, 1829; Berlin, Prussia d. May 12, 1902; Jamaica Plain, Massachusetts

Zenger,John Peter b. November 5, 1697; Passau, Upper Palatinate d.July 28, 1746; New York City

Zuckmayer, Carl b. December 27, 1896; Nackenheim, Hesse d. January 18, 1977;Visp, Switzerland

Translators and Contributors

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